Infrared Physics & Technology最新文献

英文中文

Intermediate state between steady and breathing solitons in fiber lasers 光纤激光器中介于稳定和呼吸孤子之间的中间状态

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105622

Ultrafast fiber laser, a vital tool in both science and industry, exhibits two distinct pulse states: the steady soliton (SS) and the breathing soliton (BS). While these states have been extensively studied individually, understanding the complex transition between them is crucial for controlling lasing states effectively. Herein, our experimental observations reveal an intermediate state that toggles between SS and BS, enabled by the dispersive Fourier transform technique. We find that energy hop and decaying breathing processes, driven respectively by the energy quantization effect and Q-switched modulation, govern this transition. Additionally, we observe that the transition between different BS states primarily involves a pure decaying breathing process. Numerical simulations are used to generate similar transition dynamics in a model that combines equations describing the population inversion in a mode-locked laser. This study sheds light on the transition dynamics in non-equilibrium systems, offering insights for intelligently manipulating lasing states.

超快光纤激光器是科学和工业领域的重要工具，它有两种截然不同的脉冲状态：稳定孤子（SS）和呼吸孤子（BS）。虽然对这两种状态进行了广泛的单独研究，但了解它们之间的复杂转变对于有效控制激光状态至关重要。在这里，我们的实验观察揭示了一种在 SS 和 BS 之间切换的中间状态，并通过色散傅立叶变换技术得以实现。我们发现，由能量量化效应和 Q 开关调制分别驱动的能量跳跃和衰减呼吸过程控制着这种过渡。此外，我们还观察到不同 BS 状态之间的转换主要涉及纯衰减呼吸过程。通过数值模拟，我们在一个结合了模式锁定激光器中种群反转描述方程的模型中生成了类似的过渡动力学。这项研究揭示了非平衡系统中的过渡动力学，为智能操纵激光状态提供了启示。

引用次数: 0

Improving the thermochromic performance of VO2 films by embedding Cu-Al nanoparticles as heterogeneous nucleation cores in the VO2/VO2 bilayer structure 通过在 VO2/VO2 双层结构中嵌入铜铝纳米粒子作为异质成核核心，提高 VO2 薄膜的热变色性能

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105620

VO₂-based films show great potential applications in thermochromic smart windows. However, enhancing luminous transmittance (T_lum) while maintaining high solar modulation ability (ΔT_sol) remains a formidable challenge. Here, we present a novel VO₂/Cu-Al nanoparticles (NPs)/VO₂ composite film structure, seamlessly integrating Cu-Al bimetallic NPs within VO₂ films by pulsed laser deposition on alkali-free glass substrates. The content of Cu-Al NPs in the composite films is controlled by the pulse number (N_p) applied to the Cu-Al alloy target. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the crystallinity of VO₂ films is significantly enhanced by the incorporation of an appropriate amount of Cu-Al NPs. The SEM characterization results revealed that the particle size of VO₂ composite films initially increases to approximately 131 nm and subsequently decreases to around 120 nm as N_p increases, with a concurrent transition in particle shape from quasi-circular to elongated. The T_lum and ΔT_sol of the resulting composite films were dramatically improved to 71.6 % and 9.5 %, respectively, when N_p was 300. These enhanced thermochromic properties are attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the VO₂ particles. This research opens up a promising avenue for the convenient production of customized high-quality VO₂ films tailored for smart window applications.

基于 VO2 的薄膜在热致变色智能窗中显示出巨大的应用潜力。然而，在提高透光率（Tlum）的同时保持较高的太阳调制能力（ΔTsol）仍然是一项艰巨的挑战。在此，我们提出了一种新型 VO2/Cu-Al 纳米粒子 (NPs) /VO2 复合薄膜结构，通过脉冲激光沉积在无碱玻璃基底上，将 Cu-Al 双金属 NPs 无缝地集成在 VO2 薄膜中。复合薄膜中 Cu-Al NPs 的含量由应用于 Cu-Al 合金靶的脉冲数（Np）控制。X 射线衍射结果表明，加入适量的 Cu-Al NPs 能显著提高 VO2 薄膜的结晶度。SEM 表征结果表明，随着 Np 的增加，VO2 复合薄膜的粒径最初增大到约 131 nm，随后减小到约 120 nm，同时粒形从准圆形过渡到细长形。当 Np 为 300 时，所得复合薄膜的 Tlum 和 ΔTsol 分别大幅提高到 71.6% 和 9.5%。这些增强的热致变色特性归因于 VO2 粒子的局部表面等离子体共振 (LSPR)。这项研究为方便地生产用于智能窗应用的定制化高质量 VO2 薄膜开辟了一条大有可为的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Dielectric-elastomer-driven long-wave infrared Alvarez lenses for continuous zooming imaging 用于连续变焦成像的介电弹性体驱动长波红外阿尔瓦雷斯透镜

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105614

With the concept of SWaP-C (size, weight, power, and cost), a light, small, low-cost, and high-performance uncooled infrared optical zooming imaging system is pursued. However, the traditional mechanical optical zooming method makes it difficult to meet those requirements. In this paper, a compact uncooled long-wave infrared continuous zooming imaging system using the Alvarez lens actuated by dielectric elastomer is proposed. The infrared zoom imaging system mainly consists of two pairs of infrared Alvarez lenses, an adjustable optical stop, focusing lenses, and an infrared detector. The first pair of infrared Alvarez lenses serves as the zoom group and the second pair serves as the compensation group. The infrared Alvarez lenses are fabricated by five-axis diamond turning and milling technology. The experiment results show that when the dielectric elastomer can provide a lateral displacement of 1.44 mm to the first pair of infrared Alvarez lenses and a lateral displacement of 1.03 mm to the second pair of infrared Alvarez lenses. The infrared continuous zooming imaging system covers the long-wave band of 8 ∼ 12 µm. The zoom ratio can be changed from 5 × to 15 × and the F-number is 2.0. The total optical length of the proposed system is less than 80 mm. The resolution of the infrared detector is 640 × 512 with a pixel spacing of 17 µm. The dynamic response time testing revealed that the rise and fall times are 132 ms and 92 ms, respectively. The proposed long-wave infrared continuous zooming imaging system can be used in miniaturized devices such as UAV equipment and thermal imaging cameras in the future.

根据 SWaP-C（尺寸、重量、功率和成本）的概念，人们追求一种轻、小、低成本和高性能的非制冷红外光学变焦成像系统。然而，传统的机械光学变焦方法很难满足这些要求。本文提出了一种紧凑型非制冷长波红外连续变焦成像系统，该系统采用由介电弹性体驱动的阿尔瓦雷斯透镜。该红外变焦成像系统主要由两对红外阿尔瓦雷斯透镜、可调光学挡板、聚焦透镜和红外探测器组成。第一对红外阿尔瓦雷斯透镜作为变焦组，第二对作为补偿组。红外阿尔瓦雷斯透镜采用五轴金刚石车铣技术制造。实验结果表明，当介质弹性体为第一对红外阿尔瓦雷斯透镜提供 1.44 毫米的横向位移时，为第二对红外阿尔瓦雷斯透镜提供 1.03 毫米的横向位移。红外连续变焦成像系统覆盖 8 ∼ 12 µm 的长波波段。变焦比可从 5 × 变为 15 ×，F 值为 2.0。拟议系统的总光长小于 80 毫米。红外探测器的分辨率为 640 × 512，像素间距为 17 µm。动态响应时间测试表明，上升和下降时间分别为 132 毫秒和 92 毫秒。拟议的长波红外连续变焦成像系统未来可用于无人机设备和热像仪等微型设备。

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引用次数: 0

Gate-tunable in-sensor computing vdW heterostructures for infrared photodetection 用于红外光探测的栅极可调谐传感器内计算 vdW 异质结构

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105611

Convolutional preprocessing is feasible for feature extraction and accurate recognition. In-sensor computing, which requires a photodetector with a computation function, is a potential candidate for hardware-implemented preprocessing. However, limited by the high carrier concentration in infrared sensing materials, reconfigurable manipulation of photocarriers is hardly complemented. Thus, previous works mostly focused on preprocessing in the visible range. Here, we propose a gate-tunable BP/MoS₂ heterostructure. With an elaborate design on the material’s thickness, the depletion region can be precisely controlled, resulting in multiple and reconfigurable responsivity states. With a sharp and clean interface, our device shows strong linear dependence over the broadband spectrum, which is the prerequisite for constructing convolutional kernels. Furthermore, observing the maximum photocurrent in the V_g sweeping process demonstrates strong regulation of carrier concentration in the infrared sensing material, BP layer. Since it has superior performance in high linearity and multiple states construction, our device is suitable for realizing computation in photodetector for convolutional preprocessing, underscoring its superiority in intelligent infrared perception and preprocessing.

卷积预处理对于特征提取和准确识别是可行的。传感器内计算需要一个具有计算功能的光电探测器，是硬件实施预处理的潜在候选方案。然而，受限于红外传感材料中的高载流子浓度，光载流子的可重构操作很难得到补充。因此，以前的工作主要集中在可见光范围内的预处理。在这里，我们提出了一种栅极可调谐 BP/MoS2 异质结构。通过对材料厚度的精心设计，耗尽区可以得到精确控制，从而产生多种可重新配置的响应状态。由于界面清晰整洁，我们的器件在宽带光谱上显示出很强的线性依赖性，这是构建卷积核的先决条件。此外，通过观察 Vg 扫频过程中的最大光电流，我们还发现红外传感材料 BP 层中的载流子浓度具有很强的调节能力。由于该器件在高线性度和多态构建方面表现出色，因此适合在光电探测器中实现用于卷积预处理的计算，从而凸显其在智能红外感知和预处理方面的优越性。

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引用次数: 0

An improved infrared polarization model considering the volume scattering effect for coating materials 考虑到涂层材料体积散射效应的改进型红外偏振模型

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105613

The conventional infrared polarization models ignore the absorption and scattering of infrared light within the coating materials, as well as directional diffuse reflection effect of infrared radiation on the coating surface, which have the limitation for the description of infrared polarization characteristic of coating materials. An improved infrared polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) model is proposed based on the microfacet theory, which integrates a volume scattering component developed from the Kubelka-Munk theory, a multiple reflection component and a specular reflection component. This model is more consistent with the infrared polarization characteristics within the actual coating materials. The expression of degree of linear polarization (DoLP) of the infrared radiation is derived. The infrared polarization data of the silver and brown coatings at different measuring angles are acquired by the infrared polarization imaging system, and the model parameters are inverted using the least squares inverse performance method. The simulated and measured results for our coating samples show that the DoLP values simulated by the improved infrared pBRDF model are found in a good agreement with the measurements. The infrared DoLP does not change with the azimuth angle, and mainly influenced by the detection zenith angle, which has a great potential for material classification, polarization remote sensing and infrared scene modeling.

传统的红外偏振模型忽略了涂层材料内部对红外光的吸收和散射，以及红外辐射在涂层表面的定向漫反射效应，这对描述涂层材料的红外偏振特性有一定的局限性。基于微面理论提出了一种改进的红外偏振双向反射分布函数（pBRDF）模型，该模型综合了库贝尔卡-蒙克理论中的体积散射分量、多重反射分量和镜面反射分量。该模型更符合实际涂层材料的红外偏振特性。推导出了红外辐射线性偏振度（DoLP）的表达式。通过红外偏振成像系统获取银色和棕色涂层在不同测量角度下的红外偏振数据，并使用最小二乘法反演法反演模型参数。涂层样品的模拟和测量结果表明，改进后的红外 pBRDF 模型模拟的 DoLP 值与测量值非常吻合。红外线 DoLP 值不随方位角变化，主要受探测天顶角的影响，这在材料分类、偏振遥感和红外场景建模方面具有很大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Spectral data analysis based on bagging stochastic configuration networks 基于袋式随机配置网络的频谱数据分析

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105609

Although stochastic configuration networks(SCN) has the universal approximation property and faster learning speed,during the process of model construction,the randomness of weight and biases assignment as well as the uncertainty of model structure lead to instability. Inspired by bagging,an ensemble model named bagging SCN is proposed to address the limitation of the single model. Firstly,multiple different training subsets are extracted by bootstrap sampling. Then the SCN submodels are trained on each subset. Finally,the median output of these submodels is taken as the final prediction. Predictions made by bagging SCN are tested on two public datasets. The performance of bagging SCN is then compared with other techniques,including SCN,bagging SCN with other aggregating rules. Experimental results demonstrate that bagging SCN proposed in this study exhibits good stability and high prediction accuracy,making it suitable for quantitative analysis of spectral data.

虽然随机配置网络（SCN）具有普遍的逼近特性和较快的学习速度，但在构建模型的过程中，权重和偏置分配的随机性以及模型结构的不确定性会导致模型的不稳定性。为了解决单一模型的局限性，本文受袋装模型的启发，提出了一种名为袋装 SCN 的集合模型。首先，通过引导抽样提取多个不同的训练子集。然后在每个子集中训练 SCN 子模型。最后，将这些子模型输出的中值作为最终预测结果。在两个公共数据集上测试了袋装 SCN 预测结果。然后，将袋装 SCN 的性能与其他技术（包括 SCN、袋装 SCN 和其他聚合规则）进行了比较。实验结果表明，本研究提出的袋集 SCN 具有良好的稳定性和较高的预测准确性，因此适用于光谱数据的定量分析。

引用次数: 0

Phase Demodulation under Ultra-low sampling rate in heterodyne coherent Φ-OTDR 异频相干 Φ-OTDR 超低采样率下的相位解调

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105597

Heterodyne coherent phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry(

Φ

-OTDR) requires a higher data sampling rate to demodulate phase in the “distance” direction effectively. Aiming at the problem of large amount of demodulated data, we propose a phase demodulation method that can effectively recover disturbance information from ultra-low sampling data. This method demodulates the phase of the two-dimensional reconstructed signal in the “time” direction. Thus, the influence of spectrum aliasing in the “distance” direction caused by undersampling is avoided. The undersampling rate is not limited by the spectrum aliasing effect of the detected signal when using this method to demodulate phase. Therefore, accurate phase information can be retrieved under ultra-low sampling rates, significantly reducing the data for phase demodulation in heterodyne coherent

Φ

-OTDR. In the experiment, three sampling rates (100 MSa/s, 10 MSa/s, 1 MSa/s) within the restricted area of the traditional undersampling demodulation method were selected to acquire data, and the proposed method can also accurately demodulate phase information.

异相相干相敏光时域反射仪（Φ-OTDR）需要较高的数据采样率才能有效地对 "距离 "方向的相位进行解调。针对解调数据量大的问题，我们提出了一种相位解调方法，可以有效地从超低采样数据中恢复干扰信息。这种方法在 "时间 "方向上对二维重建信号的相位进行解调。这样，就避免了欠采样造成的 "距离 "方向频谱混叠的影响。使用这种方法解调相位时，欠采样率不受检测信号频谱混叠效应的限制。因此，可以在超低采样率下获取准确的相位信息，从而大大减少了异频相干Φ-OTDR 中的相位解调数据。在实验中，在传统欠采样解调方法的限制范围内选择了三种采样率（100 MSa/s、10 MSa/s、1 MSa/s）来获取数据，所提出的方法也能准确地解调出相位信息。

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引用次数: 0

Optical and dielectric properties of water-bearing sandstones in the terahertz range 太赫兹范围内含水砂岩的光学和介电特性

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105610

Water content significantly impacts the physical properties of sandstone. Studying the properties of water-bearing sandstone helps understand its behavior in seismic wave propagation, groundwater flow, and hydrocarbon reservoirs. This paper investigates the optical and dielectric properties of water-bearing quartz sandstone and arkose using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The intrinsic dielectric permittivities were extracted using effective medium theory and fitted with the Debye model. Results show that increasing water content extends the slow relaxation time from 2.746 ps to 3.791 ps and the fast relaxation time from 0.032 ps to 0.282 ps. Compared to quartz sandstone, arkose shows a slower increase in dielectric permittivity due to restricted water molecule movement caused by its higher ion content, with the analysis focusing on the frequency dependence of the polarizability of the internal components.

含水量对砂岩的物理性质有重大影响。研究含水砂岩的特性有助于了解其在地震波传播、地下水流和油气藏中的行为。本文利用太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）研究了含水石英砂岩和芒硝的光学和介电性质。利用有效介质理论提取了固有介电常数，并用德拜模型进行了拟合。结果表明，水含量的增加会将慢弛豫时间从 2.746 ps 延长到 3.791 ps，将快弛豫时间从 0.032 ps 延长到 0.282 ps。与石英砂岩相比，芒硝的介电常数增加较慢，原因是其离子含量较高导致水分子运动受限，分析的重点是内部成分极化率的频率依赖性。

引用次数: 0

Marine remote target signal extraction based on 128 line-array single photon LiDAR 基于 128 线阵单光子激光雷达的海洋远程目标信号提取

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105592

LiDAR technology has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its superior directivity, high resolution, and precise 3D information acquisition capabilities, making it indispensable in navigation systems. Among its variants, single-photon LiDAR stands out for maritime applications, owing to its reduced power consumption and extended detection range. However, the high sensitivity of single-photon detectors often results in substantial noise, necessitating effective denoising before data can be utilized for identification, tracking, and other purposes. In this study, we present a novel 128-line, 1550 nm shipborne long-range single-photon LiDAR system, with data collected and analyzed in maritime environments. This system contends with challenges such as a large dynamic range, abundant noise photons, and the complexity of sea surface conditions. To address these issues, we propose an efficient and adaptive denoising algorithm based on the k-th nearest neighbor (KNN) methodology. By examining the distribution characteristics of signal and noise photons, our approach enables target extraction even under conditions of intense noise and sparse signals. Our method exhibits robust adaptability across various detection scenarios. Experimental evaluations demonstrate its efficacy, accurately identifying targets at distances of 3.2 km in clear weather and 1.6 km in foggy conditions.

近年来，激光雷达技术因其卓越的指向性、高分辨率和精确的三维信息采集能力而备受关注，成为导航系统中不可或缺的技术。在各种激光雷达中，单光子激光雷达因其功耗低、探测范围大而在海事应用中脱颖而出。然而，单光子探测器的高灵敏度往往会产生大量噪声，因此在将数据用于识别、跟踪和其他用途之前，必须进行有效的去噪处理。在本研究中，我们介绍了一种新型的 128 线 1550 nm 船载长距离单光子激光雷达系统，并在海洋环境中收集和分析了数据。该系统面临的挑战包括动态范围大、噪声光子多以及海面条件复杂等。为解决这些问题，我们提出了一种基于 kth 近邻（KNN）方法的高效自适应去噪算法。通过研究信号和噪声光子的分布特征，我们的方法即使在噪声强烈和信号稀疏的条件下也能提取目标。我们的方法在各种检测场景中都表现出强大的适应性。实验评估证明了该方法的有效性，在晴朗天气下可准确识别 3.2 千米远的目标，在大雾天气下可准确识别 1.6 千米远的目标。

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引用次数: 0

Large bandwidth array waveguide grating design for FBG interrogation system 用于 FBG 检测系统的大带宽阵列波导光栅设计

IF 3.1 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105599

The array waveguide grating (AWG) demodulation method has been widely used in recent years. However, the resolution and total measurement range of AWG-based Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) interrogation systems are limited by the output characteristics of AWGs. We designed and fabricated a multi-channel SiO₂-based AWG as a key component of FBG Interrogation. To increase the dynamic range of demodulation, a multimode interference coupler (MMI) structure is introduced in the middle of the input waveguide and the input slab waveguide. From the simulation results, the 3-dB bandwidth of the AWG is increased from 1.04 nm to 1.86 nm. We test the performance of the interrogation system based on this AWG. The results demonstrate that the system can achieve continuous demodulation in the C-band, with an interrogation accuracy better than 20.22 pm and a wavelength resolution of 1 pm.

近年来，阵列波导光栅（AWG）解调方法得到了广泛应用。然而，基于 AWG 的光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）询问系统的分辨率和总测量范围受到 AWG 输出特性的限制。我们设计并制造了一种基于二氧化硅的多通道 AWG，作为 FBG 干涉的关键部件。为了提高解调的动态范围，我们在输入波导和输入板坯波导中间引入了多模干扰耦合器（MMI）结构。从仿真结果来看，AWG 的 3-dB 带宽从 1.04 nm 增加到了 1.86 nm。我们测试了基于该 AWG 的询问系统的性能。结果表明，该系统可以在 C 波段实现连续解调，询问精度优于 20.22 pm，波长分辨率为 1 pm。

引用次数: 0

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