Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-08DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106452
Hengyu Zhang , Baole Lu , Xiaoyan Liu , Qimeng Lin , Jintao Bai
We report a mode-locked fiber laser operating at 1.7 μm based on nonlinear polarization rotation. Due to the filtering effect, different wavelength pulse outputs can be obtained in the cavity, ranging from 1675.13 nm to 1742.95 nm. Through precise control of intracavity polarization and pump energy, the fiber laser achieves switchable output between multiple types of bound-state solitons and noise-like pulse. Additionally, we conduct numerical simulations on the pulse evolution of various kinds of solitons obtained in the experiment, and the simulation results show great agreement with the experimental observations. This work enriches the understanding of 1.7 μm ultrafast lasers.
{"title":"Wavelength and soliton-type switchable thulium-doped mode-locked fiber laser at 1.7 μm","authors":"Hengyu Zhang , Baole Lu , Xiaoyan Liu , Qimeng Lin , Jintao Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report a mode-locked fiber laser operating at 1.7 μm based on nonlinear polarization rotation. Due to the filtering effect, different wavelength pulse outputs can be obtained in the cavity, ranging from 1675.13 nm to 1742.95 nm. Through precise control of intracavity polarization and pump energy, the fiber laser achieves switchable output between multiple types of bound-state solitons and noise-like pulse. Additionally, we conduct numerical simulations on the pulse evolution of various kinds of solitons obtained in the experiment, and the simulation results show great agreement with the experimental observations. This work enriches the understanding of 1.7 μm ultrafast lasers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106445
Hang Ren , Ying Yang , He Cao , Zhan Hong Lip , Fanlong Dong , Jun Guo , Jiachen Wang , Jinzhang Wang , Tengfei Wu , Chunyu Guo , Shuangchen Ruan
In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate the generation of a dual-wavelength pulse from a mid-infrared spatiotemporally mode-locking (STML) large-mode-area Er: ZBLAN fiber laser based on the nonlinear polarization rotation technology for the first time. Under a pump power of 4.04 W, a dual-wavelength spectrum with a pulse duration of 42 ps is achieved, centered at 2792 nm and 2796 nm, and delivering a pulse energy of 9.94 nJ. Here, we conducted numerical simulations by solving the generalized multimode nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The experimental and simulation results indicate that both long-wavelength and short-wavelength components can independently achieve STML operation, thereby confirming the realization of dual-wavelength STML operation. This work can enhance the understanding of pulse dynamics in mid-infrared multi-wavelength STML fiber lasers.
{"title":"Dual-wavelength pulse generation from a 2.8 μm spatiotemporally mode-locking fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation","authors":"Hang Ren , Ying Yang , He Cao , Zhan Hong Lip , Fanlong Dong , Jun Guo , Jiachen Wang , Jinzhang Wang , Tengfei Wu , Chunyu Guo , Shuangchen Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate the generation of a dual-wavelength pulse from a mid-infrared spatiotemporally mode-locking (STML) large-mode-area Er: ZBLAN fiber laser based on the nonlinear polarization rotation technology for the first time. Under a pump power of 4.04 W, a dual-wavelength spectrum with a pulse duration of 42 ps is achieved, centered at 2792 nm and 2796 nm, and delivering a pulse energy of 9.94 nJ. Here, we conducted numerical simulations by solving the generalized multimode nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The experimental and simulation results indicate that both long-wavelength and short-wavelength components can independently achieve STML operation, thereby confirming the realization of dual-wavelength STML operation. This work can enhance the understanding of pulse dynamics in mid-infrared multi-wavelength STML fiber lasers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106445"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106456
Yirong Chen , Zhaoqi Liu , Nian Pan , Siyuan Lin , Yin Ye , Kai Li , Pengbo Lyu , Changfu Xu , Lizhong Sun
Broadband near-infrared (NIR) light sources spanning the NIR-I and NIR-II regions are of considerable interest for infrared illumination, sensing, and imaging applications. Here, we investigate a series of La3Ga5.54Ta0.46O14:Cr3+ phosphors (x = 0.01–0.10) and clarify the contributions of different Cr3+ emission centers to their near-infrared luminescence. Under blue LED excitation (430–460 nm), all compositions exhibit broadband NIR emission extending from approximately 600 to 1600 nm, providing continuous spectral coverage across the NIR-I and NIR-II regions. Spectral deconvolution and time-resolved photoluminescence reveal two emissive contributions: isolated Cr3+ ions responsible for NIR-I emission around 760 nm and exchange-coupled Cr3+ centers contributing to longer-wavelength emission near 1.0 μm. The relative intensities and decay dynamics of these components evolve systematically with Cr3+ concentration, indicating energy transfer from isolated centers to the longer-wavelength-emitting species. Temperature-dependent measurements further show that the isolated Cr3+ emission remains thermally stable, retaining approximately 95 % of its room-temperature intensity at 423 K, while the overall emission maintains good thermal stability. As a result of the combined contributions from these emission centers, the phosphors exhibit broadband NIR output with favorable quantum efficiency, with the optimal composition (x = 0.04) achieving an internal quantum efficiency of 76.99 %. These results demonstrate that Cr3+-activated La3Ga5.54Ta0.46O14 provides a stable oxide-based platform for broadband NIR emission spanning the NIR-I and NIR-II regions, supporting its potential use in infrared illumination and imaging technologies.
{"title":"Broadband Near-Infrared emission from Cr3+-Activated La3Ga5.54Ta0.46O14 phosphors spanning the NIR-I and NIR-II regions","authors":"Yirong Chen , Zhaoqi Liu , Nian Pan , Siyuan Lin , Yin Ye , Kai Li , Pengbo Lyu , Changfu Xu , Lizhong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Broadband near-infrared (NIR) light sources spanning the NIR-I and NIR-II regions are of considerable interest for infrared illumination, sensing, and imaging applications. Here, we investigate a series of La<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>5.54</sub>Ta<sub>0.46</sub>O<sub>14</sub>:Cr<sup>3+</sup> phosphors (<em>x</em> = 0.01–0.10) and clarify the contributions of different Cr<sup>3+</sup> emission centers to their near-infrared luminescence. Under blue LED excitation (430–460 nm), all compositions exhibit broadband NIR emission extending from approximately 600 to 1600 nm, providing continuous spectral coverage across the NIR-I and NIR-II regions. Spectral deconvolution and time-resolved photoluminescence reveal two emissive contributions: isolated Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions responsible for NIR-I emission around 760 nm and exchange-coupled Cr<sup>3+</sup> centers contributing to longer-wavelength emission near 1.0 μm. The relative intensities and decay dynamics of these components evolve systematically with Cr<sup>3+</sup> concentration, indicating energy transfer from isolated centers to the longer-wavelength-emitting species. Temperature-dependent measurements further show that the isolated Cr<sup>3+</sup> emission remains thermally stable, retaining approximately 95 % of its room-temperature intensity at 423 K, while the overall emission maintains good thermal stability. As a result of the combined contributions from these emission centers, the phosphors exhibit broadband NIR output with favorable quantum efficiency, with the optimal composition (<em>x</em> = 0.04) achieving an internal quantum efficiency of 76.99 %. These results demonstrate that Cr<sup>3+</sup>-activated La<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>5.54</sub>Ta<sub>0.46</sub>O<sub>14</sub> provides a stable oxide-based platform for broadband NIR emission spanning the NIR-I and NIR-II regions, supporting its potential use in infrared illumination and imaging technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106454
Chen Yang , Jing Luo , Yuxuan Luan , Lixin Xu , Peijun Yao
High-repetition-rate (HRR) ultrafast fiber lasers are useful for optical communications due to their ability to enhance data transmission rates; however, conventional HRR lasers do not have a broad enough spectrum, which limits their capacity to provide abundant channel resources. Furthermore, traditional schemes that utilize highly nonlinear fiber for ultra-broadband spectral generation are constrained by poor power scalability and inferior spectral quality, while their low output power makes it difficult to maintain a high optical signal-to-noise ratio during long-distance transmission. To address these issues, this paper proposes a HRR, ultra-broadband, and high-power all-fiber erbium-doped mode-locked laser. Based on a figure-9 all-polarization-maintaining fiber laser, the system incorporates extra-cavity pulse interleaving and a cascaded amplification system, complemented by dispersion management and power control. The laser ultimately delivers picosecond pulses with a repetition rate of ∼ 100 MHz (signal-to-noise ratio of 76 dB) and an average output power of 4.1 W. The resulting spectrum is highly flat with a 10 dB bandwidth exceeding 125.27 nm, successfully covering the C + L + U bands of fiber-optic communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the extra-cavity repetition-rate multiplier is highly effective. The laser exhibited a power fluctuation of only 0.15% (relative standard deviation) over 1 h, with a measured timing jitter of 42.6 fs within the offset frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz, indicating its superior noise performance.
{"title":"All-fiber figure-9 erbium-doped mode-locked laser with extra-cavity pulse interleaving: 100 MHz repetition-rate doubling and 125 nm ultra-broadband output","authors":"Chen Yang , Jing Luo , Yuxuan Luan , Lixin Xu , Peijun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-repetition-rate (HRR) ultrafast fiber lasers are useful for optical communications due to their ability to enhance data transmission rates; however, conventional HRR lasers do not have a broad enough spectrum, which limits their capacity to provide abundant channel resources. Furthermore, traditional schemes that utilize highly nonlinear fiber for ultra-broadband spectral generation are constrained by poor power scalability and inferior spectral quality, while their low output power makes it difficult to maintain a high optical signal-to-noise ratio during long-distance transmission. To address these issues, this paper proposes a HRR, ultra-broadband, and high-power all-fiber erbium-doped mode-locked laser. Based on a figure-9 all-polarization-maintaining fiber laser, the system incorporates extra-cavity pulse interleaving and a cascaded amplification system, complemented by dispersion management and power control. The laser ultimately delivers picosecond pulses with a repetition rate of ∼ 100 MHz (signal-to-noise ratio of 76 dB) and an average output power of 4.1 W. The resulting spectrum is highly flat with a 10 dB bandwidth exceeding 125.27 nm, successfully covering the C + L + U bands of fiber-optic communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the extra-cavity repetition-rate multiplier is highly effective. The laser exhibited a power fluctuation of only 0.15% (relative standard deviation) over 1 h, with a measured timing jitter of 42.6 fs within the offset frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz, indicating its superior noise performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106454"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-16DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106478
Fanxi Sun, Longtian Xie, Kaihua Zhang, Kun Yu, Yufang Liu
The development of tunable multilayer thin-film systems, leveraging phase-change materials as the functional core, represents a pivotal advancement for augmenting infrared stealth capabilities and facilitating adaptive thermal management across diverse operational scenarios. Such systems hold substantial promise for both engineering applications and scientific inquiry. In this study, we designed and fabricated a Ge/ZnS/GST/Ag multilayer camouflage architecture, wherein the phase-transition characteristics of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) serve as the principal mechanism for dynamically modulating thermal emissivity within the mid-wave (3–5 μm) and long-wave (8–14 μm) infrared atmospheric windows. Specifically, when GST is maintained in its amorphous state (a-GST), the film stack demonstrates remarkably low emissivity—averaging 0.0254 in the mid-infrared and 0.1264 in the long-infrared regimes—thereby enabling effective infrared stealth by minimizing radiative signature. Conversely, upon transition to the crystalline phase (c-GST) induced by external stimuli, the system exhibits a substantial enhancement in emissivity, with prominent peaks at 3.77 μm and 10.84 μm, enabling a switching contrast in average emissivity of 0.65 in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and 0.58 in the long-wave infrared (LWIR), thus promoting efficient radiative cooling. Simulation-based infrared thermal imaging assays validated consistent camouflage performance under varying thermal gradients, underscoring the structure’s robustness and versatility for multiband stealth applications in complex environments. These findings underscore the potential of non-volatile, phase-change-driven designs for next-generation adaptive thermal regulation technologies.
{"title":"Tunable thermal emissivity with non-volatile switching: A Ge2Sb2Te5-based multilayer film for adaptive camouflage and radiative cooling","authors":"Fanxi Sun, Longtian Xie, Kaihua Zhang, Kun Yu, Yufang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of tunable multilayer thin-film systems, leveraging phase-change materials as the functional core, represents a pivotal advancement for augmenting infrared stealth capabilities and facilitating adaptive thermal management across diverse operational scenarios. Such systems hold substantial promise for both engineering applications and scientific inquiry. In this study, we designed and fabricated a Ge/ZnS/GST/Ag multilayer camouflage architecture, wherein the phase-transition characteristics of Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> (GST) serve as the principal mechanism for dynamically modulating thermal emissivity within the mid-wave (3–5 μm) and long-wave (8–14 μm) infrared atmospheric windows. Specifically, when GST is maintained in its amorphous state (a-GST), the film stack demonstrates remarkably low emissivity—averaging 0.0254 in the mid-infrared and 0.1264 in the long-infrared regimes—thereby enabling effective infrared stealth by minimizing radiative signature. Conversely, upon transition to the crystalline phase (c-GST) induced by external stimuli, the system exhibits a substantial enhancement in emissivity, with prominent peaks at 3.77 μm and 10.84 μm, enabling a switching contrast in average emissivity of 0.65 in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and 0.58 in the long-wave infrared (LWIR), thus promoting efficient radiative cooling. Simulation-based infrared thermal imaging assays validated consistent camouflage performance under varying thermal gradients, underscoring the structure’s robustness and versatility for multiband stealth applications in complex environments. These findings underscore the potential of non-volatile, phase-change-driven designs for next-generation adaptive thermal regulation technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106491
Kanika, Neena Jaggi, Than Singh Saini
Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation (SCG) has gained significant interest among researchers due to its extensive applications, such as gas sensing, bioimaging, molecular fingerprinting, etc. However, effective dispersion tuning is crucial to balance spectral broadening and coherence. This paper presents a numerical simulation of mid-IR SC spectra in TeO2 semi-elliptical rib waveguide structure, optimized for pumping in both anomalous and normal dispersion regions. We numerically present 3-octave broadband SC spectra spanning from 800 nm to 6500 nm (−30 dB), operating at 2000 nm in anomalous region (away from zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) but with lower value of β2) to maintain spectral coherence. 50 fs input laser pulse with 3 kW peak power was utilized in 3 mm long waveguide. For normal region pumping, we numerically generated 2.3-octave broad mid-IR SC spectra at 1550 nm, near the ZDW, resulting in a spectral range from 850 nm to 4100 nm (−50 dB) with high degree of coherence. In this case, 3.5 kW input laser pulse with 50 fs pulse width was employed in 5 mm long waveguide. A comparative analysis of coherence and spectral bandwidth provides valuable insights into trade-offs between stability and bandwidth. Moreover, semi-elliptical rib waveguide presents advantages over rectangular designs, including enhanced nonlinearity and simplified fabrication processes. These numerical findings clearly show that semi-elliptical TeO2 rib waveguide structure is an excellent option for broadband mid-IR light sources. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of dispersion engineering, ZDW, optimizing pump parameters, waveguide geometry, and length, while directly linking pumping conditions to practical applications.
{"title":"Dispersion-tuned TeO2 semi-elliptical rib waveguide for mid-IR supercontinuum generation: anomalous v/s normal pumping regions","authors":"Kanika, Neena Jaggi, Than Singh Saini","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation (SCG) has gained significant interest among researchers due to its extensive applications, such as gas sensing, bioimaging, molecular fingerprinting, etc. However, effective dispersion tuning is crucial to balance spectral broadening and coherence. This paper presents a numerical simulation of mid-IR SC spectra in TeO<sub>2</sub> semi-elliptical rib waveguide structure, optimized for pumping in both anomalous and normal dispersion regions. We numerically present 3-octave broadband SC spectra spanning from 800 nm to 6500 nm (−30 dB), operating at 2000 nm in anomalous region (away from zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) but with lower value of β<sub>2</sub>) to maintain spectral coherence. 50 fs input laser pulse with 3 kW peak power was utilized in 3 mm long waveguide. For normal region pumping, we numerically generated 2.3-octave broad mid-IR SC spectra at 1550 nm, near the ZDW, resulting in a spectral range from 850 nm to 4100 nm (−50 dB) with high degree of coherence. In this case, 3.5 kW input laser pulse with 50 fs pulse width was employed in 5 mm long waveguide. A comparative analysis of coherence and spectral bandwidth provides valuable insights into trade-offs between stability and bandwidth. Moreover, semi-elliptical rib waveguide presents advantages over rectangular designs, including enhanced nonlinearity and simplified fabrication processes. These numerical findings clearly show that semi-elliptical TeO<sub>2</sub> rib waveguide structure is an excellent option for broadband mid-IR light sources. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of dispersion engineering, ZDW, optimizing pump parameters, waveguide geometry, and length, while directly linking pumping conditions to practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106491"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-24DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106487
Xiaoting Su , Yi Tian , Qi Li , Shaobo She , Feiyue Zhu , Yang Yang , Nan Chen , Liang Zhao
To increase the realism of infrared target and environmental simulation in cryogenic conditions, as well as create a high-dynamic simulation test environment that closely resembles high-altitude plateaus and polar regions, a method for simulating infrared target with ultra low background noise under cryogenic nitrogen conditions was proposed. A cryogenic modeling system and a cryogenic working environment for the entire optical transmission chain were created. A multi-point infrared target simulation system with near-background-limited weak signatures was established. The target simulation system achieved excellent imaging quality over a wide temperature range through the athermal design of an off-axis three-mirror optical system. The image quality of the optical system under cryogenic circumstances was confirmed through performance testing of the cryogenic infrared target system. Concurrently, a cryogenic technique for reducing stray light in infrared target simulation systems is put forward. Through full-chain modeling and computational analysis, it is demonstrated that, the equivalent blackbody temperature of the background radiation at exit pupil of the cryogenic simulation system can be lowered from 218 K (without Stray radiation suppression) to 178 K. The actual measures lowest background equivalent blackbody temperature was 182 K. The proposed cryogenic nitrogen environment ultra-low background noise infrared target simulation technique had been applied to some engineering application. Furthermore, the proposed technique can be expanded to other applications.
{"title":"Ultra-low background noise infrared target simulation technology in cryogenic nitrogen environments","authors":"Xiaoting Su , Yi Tian , Qi Li , Shaobo She , Feiyue Zhu , Yang Yang , Nan Chen , Liang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To increase the realism of infrared target and environmental simulation in cryogenic conditions, as well as create a high-dynamic simulation test environment that closely resembles high-altitude plateaus and polar regions, a method for simulating infrared target with ultra low background noise under cryogenic nitrogen conditions was proposed. A cryogenic modeling system and a cryogenic working environment for the entire optical transmission chain were created. A multi-point infrared target simulation system with near-background-limited weak signatures was established. The target simulation system achieved excellent imaging quality over a wide temperature range through the athermal design of an off-axis three-mirror optical system. The image quality of the optical system under cryogenic circumstances was confirmed through performance testing of the cryogenic infrared target system. Concurrently, a cryogenic technique for reducing stray light in infrared target simulation systems is put forward. Through full-chain modeling and computational analysis, it is demonstrated that, the equivalent blackbody temperature of the background radiation at exit pupil of the cryogenic simulation system can be lowered from 218 K (without Stray radiation suppression) to 178 K. The actual measures lowest background equivalent blackbody temperature was 182 K. The proposed cryogenic nitrogen environment ultra-low background noise infrared target simulation technique had been applied to some engineering application. Furthermore, the proposed technique can be expanded to other applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106487"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-21DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106477
Zongyi Wu , Bisong Tan , Yunxiang Di , Kun Ba , Yan Chen , Yi Long , Jianlu Wang
Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) is a critical material for infrared detection, yet its performance is often limited by surface defects, making effective passivation essential. While capacitance–voltage (C-V) measurement serves as the standard technique for evaluating passivation quality, the interpretation of C-V curves remains challenging due to the complex interplay of multiple physical mechanisms. In this work, we integrate experimental fabrication with numerical simulation to systematically investigate the influence of key material and interface parameters on the C-V characteristics of HgCdTe-based metal–insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices. The results reveal that the dielectric properties and thickness of the passivation layer determine the accumulation capacitance, while interfacial charges and defect states primarily induce voltage shifts and curve distortions. Furthermore, bulk material attributes including doping concentration, alloy composition, and carrier lifetime, were found to significantly govern the behaviors of the depletion and inversion regions. These findings establish a diagnostic framework for distinguishing between process-induced anomalies and intrinsic material variations, providing targeted theoretical guidance for optimizing surface passivation in high-performance infrared detectors.
{"title":"Capacitance-voltage characterization and numerical simulation of HgCdTe/ZnS metal–insulator-semiconductor devices","authors":"Zongyi Wu , Bisong Tan , Yunxiang Di , Kun Ba , Yan Chen , Yi Long , Jianlu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) is a critical material for infrared detection, yet its performance is often limited by surface defects, making effective passivation essential. While capacitance–voltage (C-V) measurement serves as the standard technique for evaluating passivation quality, the interpretation of C-V curves remains challenging due to the complex interplay of multiple physical mechanisms. In this work, we integrate experimental fabrication with numerical simulation to systematically investigate the influence of key material and interface parameters on the C-V characteristics of HgCdTe-based metal–insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices. The results reveal that the dielectric properties and thickness of the passivation layer determine the accumulation capacitance, while interfacial charges and defect states primarily induce voltage shifts and curve distortions. Furthermore, bulk material attributes including doping concentration, alloy composition, and carrier lifetime, were found to significantly govern the behaviors of the depletion and inversion regions. These findings establish a diagnostic framework for distinguishing between process-induced anomalies and intrinsic material variations, providing targeted theoretical guidance for optimizing surface passivation in high-performance infrared detectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue that threatens global ecological security and sustainable agricultural development. This study focuses on the Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, where 51 spectral indices were derived from Landsat-9 multispectral imagery. By integrating the Bootstrap Soft Shrinkage (BOSS) feature selection algorithm with the Particle Swarm Optimization-Random Forest (PSO-RF) model, we achieved high-precision prediction and spatial mapping of total soil salinity (TSS) and eight major water-soluble salt ions (Na++K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3–, and CO32–). The BOSS algorithm was employed to filter high-dimensional spectral features, effectively reducing redundant information while preserving key sensitive bands. Meanwhile, the PSO-RF model leveraged a nonlinear ensemble learning mechanism and global parameter optimization to capture the complex interactions between spectral features and salt ion concentrations. The results demonstrated that the PSO-RF model achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) exceeding 0.6 for TSS and all salt ions, with the highest prediction accuracy observed for TSS (R2 = 0.78), Mg2+ (R2 = 0.71), and SO42- (R2 = 0.71). Compared with the traditional Random Forest (RF) model, the PSO-RF model improved prediction accuracy by 5.4%–19.8%. Spatial mapping revealed that high salinity areas were concentrated along the edges of the Ebinur Lake wetland, with Na++K+ and Cl- distributions closely matching total salinity patterns. In contrast, HCO3– and CO32– exhibited characteristics of alkaline salinization in the northern region. The proposed BOSS-PSO-RF framework offers an efficient technical solution for soil salinization monitoring in arid regions. The multi-ion synergistic mapping results provide a scientific basis for zonal management and ecological restoration.
{"title":"Soil salinity and water-soluble ion mapping in the ebinur lake wetland using the boss-pso-rf model","authors":"Jinming Zhang , Jianli Ding , Jinjie Wang , Zihan Zhang , Chuanmei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue that threatens global ecological security and sustainable agricultural development. This study focuses on the Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, where 51 spectral indices were derived from Landsat-9 multispectral imagery. By integrating the Bootstrap Soft Shrinkage (BOSS) feature selection algorithm with the Particle Swarm Optimization-Random Forest (PSO-RF) model, we achieved high-precision prediction and spatial mapping of total soil salinity (TSS) and eight major water-soluble salt ions (Na<sup>+</sup>+K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>, and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>). The BOSS algorithm was employed to filter high-dimensional spectral features, effectively reducing redundant information while preserving key sensitive bands. Meanwhile, the PSO-RF model leveraged a nonlinear ensemble learning mechanism and global parameter optimization to capture the complex interactions between spectral features and salt ion concentrations. The results demonstrated that the PSO-RF model achieved a coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) exceeding 0.6 for TSS and all salt ions, with the highest prediction accuracy observed for TSS (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.78), Mg<sup>2+</sup> (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.71), and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.71). Compared with the traditional Random Forest (RF) model, the PSO-RF model improved prediction accuracy by 5.4%–19.8%. Spatial mapping revealed that high salinity areas were concentrated along the edges of the Ebinur Lake wetland, with Na<sup>+</sup>+K<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> distributions closely matching total salinity patterns. In contrast, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> exhibited characteristics of alkaline salinization in the northern region. The proposed BOSS-PSO-RF framework offers an efficient technical solution for soil salinization monitoring in arid regions. The multi-ion synergistic mapping results provide a scientific basis for zonal management and ecological restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106461
Yudong Liu , Baixuan Zhao , Yupeng Chen , Xudong Du , Luyang Wang , Kaifeng Zheng , Yingze Zhao , Haitao Nie , Yuxin Qin , Meiru Zheng , Weibiao Wang , Jingqiu Liang , Jinguang Lv
In this work, we propose a dispersion-interference coupled infrared static Fourier transform spectrometer (DICIS-FTS). By innovatively integrating a dual-blazed-grating dispersion compensation system with a static Fourier transform spectrometer based on a stepped micro-mirror array, the proposed system synchronously acquires two-dimensional interferograms featuring coupled spectral dispersion and narrowband interference without mechanical scanning, thereby enabling broadband, high-resolution spectral measurement in the mid-wave infrared region. A scalar-diffraction-theory-based model is established to quantitatively describe the dispersion-interference coupling mechanism. Using this model, the influence of key parameters in both the dispersion-compensation module and the static FTS on spectral resolution, optical field distribution, and diffraction efficiency is systematically investigated through numerical simulation. Furthermore, an experimental DICIS-FTS system is implemented, demonstrating a spectral resolution measurement error of less than 15%. Measurements of a standard bandpass filter and an acetonitrile sample yield a center-wavenumber peak-positioning error ≤ 0.5 cm⁻1.
{"title":"Dispersion-interference coupled infrared static Fourier transform spectrometer","authors":"Yudong Liu , Baixuan Zhao , Yupeng Chen , Xudong Du , Luyang Wang , Kaifeng Zheng , Yingze Zhao , Haitao Nie , Yuxin Qin , Meiru Zheng , Weibiao Wang , Jingqiu Liang , Jinguang Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2026.106461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we propose a dispersion-interference coupled infrared static Fourier transform spectrometer (DICIS-FTS). By innovatively integrating a dual-blazed-grating dispersion compensation system with a static Fourier transform spectrometer based on a stepped micro-mirror array, the proposed system synchronously acquires two-dimensional interferograms featuring coupled spectral dispersion and narrowband interference without mechanical scanning, thereby enabling broadband, high-resolution spectral measurement in the mid-wave infrared region. A scalar-diffraction-theory-based model is established to quantitatively describe the dispersion-interference coupling mechanism. Using this model, the influence of key parameters in both the dispersion-compensation module and the static FTS on spectral resolution, optical field distribution, and diffraction efficiency is systematically investigated through numerical simulation. Furthermore, an experimental DICIS-FTS system is implemented, demonstrating a spectral resolution measurement error of less than 15%. Measurements of a standard bandpass filter and an acetonitrile sample yield a center-wavenumber peak-positioning error ≤ 0.5 cm⁻<sup>1</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 106461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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