Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105518
Bojin Lin, Hnin Lai Lai Aye, Daiki Yoshikawa, Yoshihiro Ishitani
Infrared thermal radiation emission in the 8.5 – 28 THz frequency region is obtained using surface metal–semiconductor grating structures on undoped (u-) GaAs, u-GaP, u-ZnO, u-GaN, and n-type SiC in a temperature range of 430 – 630 K. These emissions resonate with longitudinal optical (LO) phonon or LO-like lattice vibration energies determined by the zero points of the real parts of the dielectric functions in the surface structures. The emissions of materials with Reststrahlen bandwidths of a few tens of cm−1 show the emissions resonating with their LO phonon modes, while materials with bandwidth of more than 170 cm−1 show peak energies significantly lower than the LO phonon: LO-like phonon resonance. The emission intensity is found to be dominated by the balance of radiative and nonradiative LO or LO-like phonon annihilation rates. The radiative rate is dominated by the LO-phonon–radiation interaction Hamiltonian and the Bose-Einstein factor. High emission intensity is obtained for the structure on u-ZnO with intense LO-like phonon–radiation interaction. The dependence of the emission intensity on temperature and emission window width for various materials shows the effect of material-dependent metal/semiconductor interface conditions on the emission efficiency.
在 430 - 630 K 的温度范围内,利用未掺杂 (u-) GaAs、u-GaP、u-ZnO、u-GaN 和 n 型 SiC 上的表面金属半导体光栅结构,获得了 8.5 - 28 THz 频率区域的红外热辐射发射。这些发射与纵向光学 (LO) 声子或 LO 类晶格振动能量共振,这些能量由表面结构中介电常数实部的零点决定。雷斯特拉伦带宽为几十厘米-1 的材料的发射显示出与其 LO 声子模式共振的发射,而带宽超过 170 厘米-1 的材料则显示出明显低于 LO 声子的峰值能量:类 LO 声子共振。辐射强度受辐射和非辐射 LO 或 LO 类声子湮灭率平衡的影响。辐射率由 LO-声子-辐射相互作用哈密顿和玻色-爱因斯坦因子主导。u-ZnO上的结构具有强烈的LO-类声子辐射相互作用,因此发射强度很高。不同材料的发射强度与温度和发射窗口宽度的关系表明,与材料有关的金属/半导体界面条件对发射效率有影响。
{"title":"Impact of material-dependent radiation – longitudinal optical phonon interaction on thermal electric-dipole radiation from surface metal − semiconductor grating structures","authors":"Bojin Lin, Hnin Lai Lai Aye, Daiki Yoshikawa, Yoshihiro Ishitani","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Infrared thermal radiation emission in the 8.5 – 28 THz frequency region is obtained using surface metal–semiconductor grating structures on undoped (u-) GaAs, u-GaP, u-ZnO, u-GaN, and n-type SiC in a temperature range of 430 – 630 K. These emissions resonate with longitudinal optical (LO) phonon or LO-like lattice vibration energies determined by the zero points of the real parts of the dielectric functions in the surface structures. The emissions of materials with Reststrahlen bandwidths of a few tens of cm<sup>−1</sup> show the emissions resonating with their LO phonon modes, while materials with bandwidth of more than 170 cm<sup>−1</sup> show peak energies significantly lower than the LO phonon: LO-like phonon resonance. The emission intensity is found to be dominated by the balance of radiative and nonradiative LO or LO-like phonon annihilation rates. The radiative rate is dominated by the LO-phonon–radiation interaction Hamiltonian and the Bose-Einstein factor. High emission intensity is obtained for the structure on u-ZnO with intense LO-like phonon–radiation interaction. The dependence of the emission intensity on temperature and emission window width for various materials shows the effect of material-dependent metal/semiconductor interface conditions on the emission efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 105518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142117489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105517
Yidie Zhang , Guorui Feng , Zhen Li , Zhiwei Wang , Dengke Wang , Yanqun Yang , Xiaohong Yang
Exploring the characteristics of the instability and failure processes of gas-bearing coal and rock is crucial for monitoring and predicting mine gas accidents. Thus, a real gas environment was simulated based on a self-developed gas–solid coupling infrared observation system. The acoustic–thermal response characteristics and failure mode of the gas-bearing coal–rock composite structure were studied. The results showed the following: (1) From the plastic stage, the average infrared radiation temperature of the coal increased significantly. The variances of differential infrared temperature (VDIRT) of the combination and coal started to mutate approximately 30 s before the peak, and the b value of the combination began to fluctuate frequently, while the VDIRT of rock remained approximately 2.128 × 10−4 throughout the process. (2) When stress was about to peak, a clear temperature boundary formed between coal and rock. Acoustic emissions with high energy were mainly concentrated at the interface and inside the coal. (3) The early plastic stage was dominated by high-frequency, low-amplitude events. In the post-peak stage and late plastic stage, the proportion of events with 80–90 dB amplitude rose, and there was a significant increase in low-frequency, high-amplitude events. (4) As the loading proceeded, the density and area gradually increased and tended to move toward the shear crack region. The distribution range of the rise time/amplitude expanded from 0–12 ms/V at the beginning of the loading to the range of 0–60 ms/V in the post-peak stage.
{"title":"Acoustic and thermal response characteristics and failure mode of gas-bearing coal–rock composite structure under loading","authors":"Yidie Zhang , Guorui Feng , Zhen Li , Zhiwei Wang , Dengke Wang , Yanqun Yang , Xiaohong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exploring the characteristics of the instability and failure processes of gas-bearing coal and rock is crucial for monitoring and predicting mine gas accidents. Thus, a real gas environment was simulated based on a self-developed gas–solid coupling infrared observation system. The acoustic–thermal response characteristics and failure mode of the gas-bearing coal–rock composite structure were studied. The results showed the following: (1) From the plastic stage, the average infrared radiation temperature of the coal increased significantly. The variances of differential infrared temperature (VDIRT) of the combination and coal started to mutate approximately 30 s before the peak, and the b value of the combination began to fluctuate frequently, while the VDIRT of rock remained approximately 2.128 × 10<sup>−4</sup> throughout the process. (2) When stress was about to peak, a clear temperature boundary formed between coal and rock. Acoustic emissions with high energy were mainly concentrated at the interface and inside the coal. (3) The early plastic stage was dominated by high-frequency, low-amplitude events. In the post-peak stage and late plastic stage, the proportion of events with 80–90 dB amplitude rose, and there was a significant increase in low-frequency, high-amplitude events. (4) As the loading proceeded, the density and area gradually increased and tended to move toward the shear crack region. The distribution range of the rise time/amplitude expanded from 0–12 ms/V at the beginning of the loading to the range of 0–60 ms/V in the post-peak stage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 105517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142077072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105514
Zhenghua Huang , Biyun Xu , Menghan Xia , Qian Li , Lianying Zou , Shaoyi Li , Xi Li
The intention of infrared and visible image fusion is to combine the images captured by different modal sensors in the same scene to enhance its understanding. Deep learning has been proven its powerful application in image fusion due to its fine generalization, robustness, and representability of deep features. However, the performance of these deep learning-based methods heavily depends on the illumination condition. Especially in dark or exposed scenes, the fused results are over-smoothness and low-contrast, resulting in inaccuracy of object detection. To address these issues, this paper develops a multi-stage feature learning approach with channel-spatial attention mechanism, namely MSCS, for infrared and visible image fusion. The MSCS is composed of the following four key procedures: Firstly, the infrared and visible images are decomposed into illumination and reflectance components by a proposed network called as Retinex_Net. Then, the components are transported to an encoder for features coding. Next, we propose an adaptive fusion module with attention mechanisms to fuse the features. Finally, the fused image is generated by the decoder for decoding the fused features. Meanwhile, a novel fusion loss function and a multi-stage training strategy are proposed to train the above modules. The subjective and objective results of experiments on TNO, LLVIP and MSRS datasets illustrate that the proposed method is effective and performs better than the state-of-the-art fusion methods on achieving enjoyable results in dark or over-exposure scenes. And the results of further experiments on the fused images for object detection demonstrate that the fusion outputs produced by our MSCS are more beneficial for detection tasks.
{"title":"MSCS: Multi-stage feature learning with channel-spatial attention mechanism for infrared and visible image fusion","authors":"Zhenghua Huang , Biyun Xu , Menghan Xia , Qian Li , Lianying Zou , Shaoyi Li , Xi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The intention of infrared and visible image fusion is to combine the images captured by different modal sensors in the same scene to enhance its understanding. Deep learning has been proven its powerful application in image fusion due to its fine generalization, robustness, and representability of deep features. However, the performance of these deep learning-based methods heavily depends on the illumination condition. Especially in dark or exposed scenes, the fused results are over-smoothness and low-contrast, resulting in inaccuracy of object detection. To address these issues, this paper develops a multi-stage feature learning approach with channel-spatial attention mechanism, namely MSCS, for infrared and visible image fusion. The MSCS is composed of the following four key procedures: Firstly, the infrared and visible images are decomposed into illumination and reflectance components by a proposed network called as Retinex_Net. Then, the components are transported to an encoder for features coding. Next, we propose an adaptive fusion module with attention mechanisms to fuse the features. Finally, the fused image is generated by the decoder for decoding the fused features. Meanwhile, a novel fusion loss function and a multi-stage training strategy are proposed to train the above modules. The subjective and objective results of experiments on <em>TNO</em>, <em>LLVIP</em> and <em>MSRS</em> datasets illustrate that the proposed method is effective and performs better than the state-of-the-art fusion methods on achieving enjoyable results in dark or over-exposure scenes. And the results of further experiments on the fused images for object detection demonstrate that the fusion outputs produced by our MSCS are more beneficial for detection tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 105514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142076993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A flexible single-polarization single-mode (SPSM) polymer/Ag-coated hollow waveguide with a racetrack-shaped cross-section was designed and prepared using a simple hot-pressing method and plasma treatment. The waveguide structural parameters were numerically optimized using the finite element method and the SPSM transmission can be achieved in a high birefringent (>0.8) hollow racetrack-shaped waveguide (HRW). The racetrack-like waveguides were facilely prepared by hot-pressing commercially available circular acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) tubing, followed by plasma treatment and silver-plating. The HRW samples with a length of 40 cm were prepared, with a straight transmission loss of 1.74 and 1.68 dB/m at 0.1 THz, respectively, and the polarization degree is 99.9 %. When bent for 120° at a 10 cm radius or twisted by 90°, the waveguide samples have additional losses less than 0.22 and 0.14 dB/m, respectively, while the polarization degrees keep almost unchanged. After 200 h hydrothermal aging (85 RH%, 85 ℃) and 20 times high (85 ℃)/low (−40 ℃) temperature tests, the loss increase is less than 0.14 dB/m and the polarization degree remains unaffected. The HRW could be used in practice as a competitive substitute for traditional rectangular metal waveguides due to its high SPSM performance, lightweight, robustness, flexibility, and easy fabrication.
{"title":"Robust flexible hollow racetrack-shaped terahertz waveguide with single-polarization single-mode and low-loss by plasma aided hot-pressing method","authors":"Sheng Liu, Guangning Hou, Zhipeng Zha, Shuoying Yu, Jun Ding, Shaohua Liu, Chengbin Jing, Junhao Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A flexible single-polarization single-mode (SPSM) polymer/Ag-coated hollow waveguide with a racetrack-shaped cross-section was designed and prepared using a simple hot-pressing method and plasma treatment. The waveguide structural parameters were numerically optimized using the finite element method and the SPSM transmission can be achieved in a high birefringent (>0.8) hollow racetrack-shaped waveguide (HRW). The racetrack-like waveguides were facilely prepared by hot-pressing commercially available circular acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) tubing, followed by plasma treatment and silver-plating. The HRW samples with a length of 40 cm were prepared, with a straight transmission loss of 1.74 and 1.68 dB/m at 0.1 THz, respectively, and the polarization degree is 99.9 %. When bent for 120° at a 10 cm radius or twisted by 90°, the waveguide samples have additional losses less than 0.22 and 0.14 dB/m, respectively, while the polarization degrees keep almost unchanged. After 200 h hydrothermal aging (85 RH%, 85 ℃) and 20 times high (85 ℃)/low (−40 ℃) temperature tests, the loss increase is less than 0.14 dB/m and the polarization degree remains unaffected. The HRW could be used in practice as a competitive substitute for traditional rectangular metal waveguides due to its high SPSM performance, lightweight, robustness, flexibility, and easy fabrication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 105513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142040098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105516
Lijun Zhuo , Changhu Liu , Jun Zhou , Jianguo Zhu , Chaoyi Li , Antonio Fernández López
The thickness of the optically translucent coating was evaluated using the transmission thermography. The transmitted temperature of a two-layer structure was theoretically analysed based on the equation of 1D heat transfer in the depth direction, and accordingly, the method for the measurement of coating thickness in a two-layer structure was established based on a long-pulse transmission thermography. The coating thickness was determined based on the characteristic time at the maximum half-rise temperature. Then, the proposed method was experimentally validated and calibrated by coating specimen with a different coating thickness. The thickness measurement method was further applied to measure an uneven coating specimen fabricated by mechanical grinding. The measurements were compared with a 3D digital image correlation method and the averaged relative error was less than 4%. Finally, thermal excitation, sampling rate of thermography and translucence of organic coating were discussed for accurate measurement.
{"title":"Thickness evaluation of organic coating using active long-pulse transmission thermography","authors":"Lijun Zhuo , Changhu Liu , Jun Zhou , Jianguo Zhu , Chaoyi Li , Antonio Fernández López","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thickness of the optically translucent coating was evaluated using the transmission thermography. The transmitted temperature of a two-layer structure was theoretically analysed based on the equation of 1D heat transfer in the depth direction, and accordingly, the method for the measurement of coating thickness in a two-layer structure was established based on a long-pulse transmission thermography. The coating thickness was determined based on the characteristic time at the maximum half-rise temperature. Then, the proposed method was experimentally validated and calibrated by coating specimen with a different coating thickness. The thickness measurement method was further applied to measure an uneven coating specimen fabricated by mechanical grinding. The measurements were compared with a 3D digital image correlation method and the averaged relative error was less than 4%. Finally, thermal excitation, sampling rate of thermography and translucence of organic coating were discussed for accurate measurement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 105516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142076991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105490
Jinglin Xin, Man Luo, Xinxin Cao, Teng Liu, Jiakang Yuan, Rong Liu, Yunhong Xin
The main problem of infrared small target detection in complex background is how to effectively eliminate the edge residue. In this paper, we propose an efficient method named Superpixel Patch Image (SPI) model to handle this challenging task. The SPI model can fit the edges of the background well, thus effectively eliminating edge interference in the process of target detection, and achieving excellent performance. The SPI method consists of three steps: Firstly, an improved Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (ISLIC) algorithm is proposed to generate compact superpixels that perfectly match the background edge. Secondly, setting each superpixel patch as a column, a large patch-image matrix is constructed, and the target foreground image and background image is separated by imprecisely augmented Lagrange multiplication. Finally, based on the comprehensively analysis of the distribution characteristics of the target and the highlighted edge in the foreground image, an adaptive threshold is used to extract the target from the foreground superpixel patch. The experimental results of real infrared scenes show that the presented SPI model achieves the best SCRG, BSF and ROC curves compared with the existing 9 state-of-art algorithms, and can effectively extract small targets under different complex backgrounds.
{"title":"Infrared superpixel patch-image model for small target detection under complex background","authors":"Jinglin Xin, Man Luo, Xinxin Cao, Teng Liu, Jiakang Yuan, Rong Liu, Yunhong Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main problem of infrared small target detection in complex background is how to effectively eliminate the edge residue. In this paper, we propose an efficient method named Superpixel Patch Image (SPI) model to handle this challenging task. The SPI model can fit the edges of the background well, thus effectively eliminating edge interference in the process of target detection, and achieving excellent performance. The SPI method consists of three steps: Firstly, an improved Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (ISLIC) algorithm is proposed to generate compact superpixels that perfectly match the background edge. Secondly, setting each superpixel patch as a column, a large patch-image matrix is constructed, and the target foreground image and background image is separated by imprecisely augmented Lagrange multiplication. Finally, based on the comprehensively analysis of the distribution characteristics of the target and the highlighted edge in the foreground image, an adaptive threshold is used to extract the target from the foreground superpixel patch. The experimental results of real infrared scenes show that the presented SPI model achieves the best SCRG, BSF and ROC curves compared with the existing 9 state-of-art algorithms, and can effectively extract small targets under different complex backgrounds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 105490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142076994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105509
Yuchi Liu, Linshuang Long, Yufei Gao, Wei Li, Zhipeng Tang, Hong Ye
The rapid development of infrared detection technology has generated an urgent demand for infrared camouflage, sparking widespread interest in low-emissivity materials. Novel material designs and advanced micro/nanofabrication technologies make it possible to realize materials with extremely low emissivity. However, a lower infrared emissivity does not always mean a better camouflage performance. There is a lack of sufficient discussion on how to determine an appropriate emissivity for a specific working condition to achieve effective infrared camouflage. Here, through outdoor experiments, we demonstrated that for a specific scenario, an appropriate emissivity always exists that can make the infrared characteristics of the target effectively blend into its background, and deviations from the emissivity result in deteriorated camouflage performance. Further, we established a heat transfer model to conduct quantitative analysis on the influence of emissivity on infrared camouflage performance in terms of surface temperature and radiative temperature in various conditions. In addition, we proposed a general method for determining the optimal emissivity of infrared camouflage, defined as the emissivity value at which the radiative temperatures of the target and the background are equal. To facilitate practical application of this method, we developed a user-friendly MATLAB app named “Optimal Emissivity Calculator” to calculate the optimal emissivity. It was found that for a vehicle’s engine compartment surface at approximately 340.0 K, the optimal emissivity is 0.4 with a background temperature of 300.0 K. This work highlights the significance of selecting appropriate emissivity for infrared camouflage and provides a reference for designing the emissivity of infrared camouflage materials.
{"title":"Influence of emissivity on infrared camouflage performance","authors":"Yuchi Liu, Linshuang Long, Yufei Gao, Wei Li, Zhipeng Tang, Hong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid development of infrared detection technology has generated an urgent demand for infrared camouflage, sparking widespread interest in low-emissivity materials. Novel material designs and advanced micro/nanofabrication technologies make it possible to realize materials with extremely low emissivity. However, a lower infrared emissivity does not always mean a better camouflage performance. There is a lack of sufficient discussion on how to determine an appropriate emissivity for a specific working condition to achieve effective infrared camouflage. Here, through outdoor experiments, we demonstrated that for a specific scenario, an appropriate emissivity always exists that can make the infrared characteristics of the target effectively blend into its background, and deviations from the emissivity result in deteriorated camouflage performance. Further, we established a heat transfer model to conduct quantitative analysis on the influence of emissivity on infrared camouflage performance in terms of surface temperature and radiative temperature in various conditions. In addition, we proposed a general method for determining the optimal emissivity of infrared camouflage, defined as the emissivity value at which the radiative temperatures of the target and the background are equal. To facilitate practical application of this method, we developed a user-friendly MATLAB app named “Optimal Emissivity Calculator” to calculate the optimal emissivity. It was found that for a vehicle’s engine compartment surface at approximately 340.0 K, the optimal emissivity is 0.4 with a background temperature of 300.0 K. This work highlights the significance of selecting appropriate emissivity for infrared camouflage and provides a reference for designing the emissivity of infrared camouflage materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 105509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the widespread use of multi-spectrum detection technology, the stealth of a single frequency band cannot meet the practical application requirements. Recently, the investigation of wearable and insulated multi-spectrum compatible stealth technology has become urgent. The flexible and thermally isolated wideband microwave meta-absorber with infrared and visible camouflage has been proposed, fabricated, and measured. An infrared shielding layer (IRSL) and a radar absorbing layer (RAL) are the two main components of the absorber. IRSL is realized by specifically arranging the pre-designed patch structure with three different filling ratios, which can confuse the detection of thermal infrared in 3–14 μm. RAL is achieved by etching the structure of the lossy material to form electrical loss in plane and magnetic loss between layers, so as to realize the broadband absorption of microwave higher than 90 % from 6.2-22.2 GHz. In addition, the absorber employs flexible and thermally isolated materials, providing excellent high-temperature stability normally at temperatures up to 130 °C. These unique properties confirm the feasibility of the proposed strategy. To effectively adapt to different thermal camouflage environments, it is essential to create IR digital camouflage patterns. Moreover, the additional flexibility and thermal insulation characteristics make it powerful in compatible camouflage-stealth facilities when used in complex environments and a wide range of high temperatures.
{"title":"Flexible wideband microwave meta-absorber with designable digital infrared and visible camouflage","authors":"Yina Cui, Jun Wang, Ruichao Zhu, Huiting Sun, Cuilian Xu, Zhenxu Wang, Yuxi Li, Yueyu Meng, Jiafu Wang, Shaobo Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the widespread use of multi-spectrum detection technology, the stealth of a single frequency band cannot meet the practical application requirements. Recently, the investigation of wearable and insulated multi-spectrum compatible stealth technology has become urgent. The flexible and thermally isolated wideband microwave <em>meta</em>-absorber with infrared and visible camouflage has been proposed, fabricated, and measured. An infrared shielding layer (IRSL) and a radar absorbing layer (RAL) are the two main components of the absorber. IRSL is realized by specifically arranging the pre-designed patch structure with three different filling ratios, which can confuse the detection of thermal infrared in 3–14 μm. RAL is achieved by etching the structure of the lossy material to form electrical loss in plane and magnetic loss between layers, so as to realize the broadband absorption of microwave higher than 90 % from 6.2-22.2 GHz. In addition, the absorber employs flexible and thermally isolated materials, providing excellent high-temperature stability normally at temperatures up to 130 °C. These unique properties confirm the feasibility of the proposed strategy. To effectively adapt to different thermal camouflage environments, it is essential to create IR digital camouflage patterns. Moreover, the additional flexibility and thermal insulation characteristics make it powerful in compatible camouflage-stealth facilities when used in complex environments and a wide range of high temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 105503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142040099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105515
C. Boué, S. Holé
Cracks can develop obliquely to the metal surface. The multi-speed laser lock-in thermography method is suited for the contactless estimation of open crack angles and depths in metal with oblique linear cracks. A continuous laser source regularly scans the studied sample leading to a periodical heating. The heat diffusion disturbances induced by a crack located in the thermal diffusion area are measured synchronously with the repeated continuous laser scan passes. The thermal signature of the crack is extracted from the amplitude of surface temperature images for various scanning speeds of the thermal source. The asymmetry of the thermal signatures obtained on each side of the crack is analysed as a function of a length relying on the thermal diffusion length. The local crack depth and crack angle are evaluated simultaneously. The method, explained with 3D simulations, is experimentally implemented and tested with calibrated oblique linear cracks. The results demonstrate the potentiality of multi-speed laser lock-in thermography method as a contactless measurement tool for the evaluation of oblique crack shapes up to 3.5 mm depth.
{"title":"Depth and angle evaluations of oblique linear cracks in metal using multi-speed laser lock-in thermography method","authors":"C. Boué, S. Holé","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cracks can develop obliquely to the metal surface. The multi-speed laser lock-in thermography method is suited for the contactless estimation of open crack angles and depths in metal with oblique linear cracks. A continuous laser source regularly scans the studied sample leading to a periodical heating. The heat diffusion disturbances induced by a crack located in the thermal diffusion area are measured synchronously with the repeated continuous laser scan passes. The thermal signature of the crack is extracted from the amplitude of surface temperature images for various scanning speeds of the thermal source. The asymmetry of the thermal signatures obtained on each side of the crack is analysed as a function of a length relying on the thermal diffusion length. The local crack depth and crack angle are evaluated simultaneously. The method, explained with 3D simulations, is experimentally implemented and tested with calibrated oblique linear cracks. The results demonstrate the potentiality of multi-speed laser lock-in thermography method as a contactless measurement tool for the evaluation of oblique crack shapes up to 3.5 mm depth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 105515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142088211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105493
Xuesong Wang, Bin Zhou, Jian Peng, Feng Huang, Xianyu Wu
The fusion of multi-modal images to create an image that preserves the unique features of each modality as well as the features shared across modalities is a challenging task, particularly in the context of infrared (IR)-visible image fusion. In addition, the presence of polarization and IR radiation information in images obtained from IR polarization sensors further complicates the multi-modal image-fusion process. This study proposes a fusion network designed to overcome the challenges associated with the integration of low-resolution IR, IR polarization, and high-resolution visible (VIS) images. By introducing cross attention modules and a multi-stage fusion approach, the network can effectively extract and fuse features from different modalities, fully expressing the diversity of the images. This network learns end-to-end mapping from sourced to fused images using a loss function, eliminating the need for ground-truth images for fusion. Experimental results using public datasets and remote-sensing field-test data demonstrate that the proposed methodology achieves commendable results in qualitative and quantitative evaluations, with gradient based fusion performance , mutual information (MI), and values higher than the second-best values by 0.20, 0.94, and 0.04, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive representation of target scene information that results in enhanced image quality and improved object identification capabilities. In addition, outdoor and VIS image datasets are produced, providing a data foundation and reference for future research in related fields.
多模态图像的融合是一项极具挑战性的任务,尤其是在红外(IR)-可见光图像融合的背景下,如何融合多模态图像以创建既能保留各模态独特特征又能保留各模态共享特征的图像是一项极具挑战性的任务。此外,从红外偏振传感器获取的图像中存在偏振和红外辐射信息,这使得多模态图像融合过程更加复杂。本研究提出了一种融合网络,旨在克服与低分辨率红外、红外偏振和高分辨率可见光(VIS)图像融合相关的挑战。通过引入交叉注意模块和多级融合方法,该网络可以有效地提取和融合不同模态的特征,充分表达图像的多样性。该网络利用损失函数学习从源图像到融合图像的端到端映射,从而消除了融合时对地面实况图像的需求。使用公共数据集和遥感现场测试数据得出的实验结果表明,所提出的方法在定性和定量评估方面都取得了值得称赞的结果,基于梯度的融合性能 QAB/F、互信息(MI)和 QCB 值分别比次佳值高出 0.20、0.94 和 0.04。这项研究提供了目标场景信息的综合表征,从而提高了图像质量和物体识别能力。此外,还生成了室外和 VIS 图像数据集,为今后相关领域的研究提供了数据基础和参考。
{"title":"Enhancing three-source cross-modality image fusion with improved DenseNet for infrared polarization and visible light images","authors":"Xuesong Wang, Bin Zhou, Jian Peng, Feng Huang, Xianyu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fusion of multi-modal images to create an image that preserves the unique features of each modality as well as the features shared across modalities is a challenging task, particularly in the context of infrared (IR)-visible image fusion. In addition, the presence of polarization and IR radiation information in images obtained from IR polarization sensors further complicates the multi-modal image-fusion process. This study proposes a fusion network designed to overcome the challenges associated with the integration of low-resolution IR, IR polarization, and high-resolution visible (VIS) images. By introducing cross attention modules and a multi-stage fusion approach, the network can effectively extract and fuse features from different modalities, fully expressing the diversity of the images. This network learns end-to-end mapping from sourced to fused images using a loss function, eliminating the need for ground-truth images for fusion. Experimental results using public datasets and remote-sensing field-test data demonstrate that the proposed methodology achieves commendable results in qualitative and quantitative evaluations, with gradient based fusion performance <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>AB</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>F</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, mutual information (MI), and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>Q</mi><mrow><mi>CB</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> values higher than the second-best values by 0.20, 0.94, and 0.04, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive representation of target scene information that results in enhanced image quality and improved object identification capabilities. In addition, outdoor and VIS image datasets are produced, providing a data foundation and reference for future research in related fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13549,"journal":{"name":"Infrared Physics & Technology","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 105493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142012705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}