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A study on an improved laser speckle contrast blood flow imaging methodology 关于改进型激光斑点对比血流成像方法的研究
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105512

The laser speckle contrast imaging technique based on the dynamic light scattering theory presents a non-scanning and wide-field method for blood flow imaging. However, its accuracy in biological tissues is limited to the decreased contrast and reduced image clarity as conventional single-exposure approaches are susceptible to static scattering. In this paper, based on the adaptive window space direction contrast (awsdK) imaging method proposed by the laboratory, combined with the optimized single exposure technology, the effect of static scattering under a single exposure is reduced. The experimental results show that the method can effectively correct static scattering and eliminate the effect of system noise on speckle contrast. This method not only improves the imaging quality, but also realizes the rapid monitoring of blood flow changes by using the speckle contrast ratio measured in a single exposure, which provides an effective solution for the further development of laser speckle contrast imaging technology.

基于动态光散射理论的激光斑点对比成像技术是一种非扫描、宽视场的血流成像方法。然而,由于传统的单次曝光方法容易受到静态散射的影响,其在生物组织中的准确性受到对比度下降和图像清晰度降低的限制。本文基于实验室提出的自适应窗口空间方向对比(awsdK)成像方法,结合优化的单次曝光技术,降低了单次曝光下的静态散射影响。实验结果表明,该方法能有效纠正静态散射,消除系统噪声对斑点对比度的影响。该方法不仅提高了成像质量,而且利用单次曝光测量的斑点对比度实现了对血流变化的快速监测,为激光斑点对比成像技术的进一步发展提供了有效的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Improved lightweight infrared road target detection method based on YOLOv8 基于 YOLOv8 的改进型轻量级红外道路目标探测方法
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105497

Infrared-based road scene object detection algorithms often face issues with excessive parameters and computational demands, making them incompatible with edge devices having constrained computational capabilities. This paper introduces an enhanced lightweight infrared-based road object detection algorithm based on YOLOv8n. Firstly, a streamlined network architecture is devised by merging YOLOv8n’s C2f module with PConv, creating a lighter module and reducing the neural network’s downsampling rate of infrared images. This strategy reduces redundant computations and memory access, preventing the loss of fine details in infrared images caused by deep convolutional neural networks. Additionally, the model’s accuracy in detecting infrared targets is significantly enhanced through the integration of the coordinate attention mechanism. Finally, replacing CIoU with Wise-IoU for bounding box regression in YOLOv8n accelerates the model’s convergence. Empirical findings indicate that in contrast to the YOLOv8n algorithm, the optimized model showcases a 34.17 % reduction in model size, a 40.35 % decrease in parameters, and a 4.8 % increase in average detection accuracy. This enhanced algorithm not only achieves a lightweight profile but also delivers superior performance on embedded edge devices.

基于红外的道路场景物体检测算法往往面临参数过多和计算需求过大的问题,使其无法与计算能力有限的边缘设备兼容。本文介绍了一种基于 YOLOv8n 的增强型轻量级红外道路物体检测算法。首先,通过将 YOLOv8n 的 C2f 模块与 PConv 合并,设计出一种精简的网络架构,创建了一个更轻的模块,并降低了神经网络对红外图像的下采样率。这一策略减少了冗余计算和内存访问,避免了深度卷积神经网络造成的红外图像细节丢失。此外,通过整合协调注意机制,该模型检测红外目标的准确性也得到了显著提高。最后,在 YOLOv8n 中用 Wise-IoU 代替 CIoU 进行边界框回归加速了模型的收敛。实证研究结果表明,与 YOLOv8n 算法相比,优化后的模型缩小了 34.17%,参数减少了 40.35%,平均检测准确率提高了 4.8%。这种增强型算法不仅实现了轻量级配置文件,而且还在嵌入式边缘设备上提供了卓越的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Computational modeling and virtual analysis using a moving heat source to join AZ61A and AA7075 alloys with the application of a titanium alloy interlayer 使用移动热源连接 AZ61A 和 AA7075 合金的计算建模和虚拟分析,并应用钛合金夹层
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105501

Laser beam welding (LBW) uses a concentrated laser beam to fuse materials, providing benefits such as a smaller heat-affected zone (HAZ), speed, accuracy, adaptability across multiple materials, and seamless adoption into automation processes. Achieving optimal weld quality with LBW remains difficult due to the need to select the appropriate welding process variables and proper interlayer between dissimilar materials. Due to the high cost and safety risks to operators and equipment in LBW, it is challenging to use the practical experiment. Additionally, welding materials with high thermal conductivity and lower melting temperatures, such as AZ61A and AA7075, is a considerable challenge. Previous research focused on process parameters in laser beam welding of various metals, but not enough consideration has been given to the effect of a titanium interlayer on AA7075 and AZ61A using virtual data. This study aims to fill these gaps by using simulation data to assess the effects of process parameters and the titanium interlayer during LBW of dissimilar materials. A backpropagation neural network with the gradient descent learning rule was used for optimization, and a central composite design was used to predict the optimal process parameter interaction. The result indicates the optimum equivalent strain is obtained at the values of beam radius between 4.5 to 5 mm. The maximum equivalent stress reached during welding speed is between 4 to 4.5 mm/s. The maximum residual stress was obtained at the number of segments of 160. The predicted maximum and average anticipated errors for peak temperature are 0.1655 % and 0.0210 %, while for residual stress it is computed as 0.1766 % and 0.0754 %. The Ti-interlayer in magnesium and aluminum laser welding reduces peak temperatures, allows for uniform energy distribution, minimizes localized heating, and enhances weld quality while lowering residual stress.

激光束焊接(LBW)使用集中的激光束熔化材料,具有热影响区(HAZ)小、速度快、精度高、适用于多种材料以及可无缝应用于自动化流程等优点。由于需要选择适当的焊接工艺变量和异种材料之间的适当夹层,使用枸杞多糖实现最佳焊接质量仍然很困难。由于枸杞多糖焊接成本高,且对操作人员和设备存在安全风险,因此采用实际实验具有挑战性。此外,焊接 AZ61A 和 AA7075 等热导率高、熔化温度低的材料也是一个相当大的挑战。以往的研究侧重于各种金属激光束焊接的工艺参数,但对使用虚拟数据研究钛中间膜对 AA7075 和 AZ61A 的影响考虑不足。本研究旨在利用模拟数据评估异种材料激光束焊接过程中工艺参数和钛中间膜的影响,从而填补这些空白。采用梯度下降学习规则的反向传播神经网络进行优化,并使用中心复合设计来预测最佳工艺参数相互作用。结果表明,当梁半径值在 4.5 至 5 毫米之间时,可获得最佳等效应变。焊接速度在 4 至 4.5 mm/s 之间时达到最大等效应力。最大残余应力是在焊接段数为 160 段时获得的。峰值温度的预测最大误差和平均预期误差分别为 0.1655 % 和 0.0210 %,而残余应力的计算误差分别为 0.1766 % 和 0.0754 %。镁和铝激光焊接中的钛夹层可降低峰值温度,使能量分布均匀,最大限度地减少局部加热,提高焊接质量,同时降低残余应力。
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引用次数: 0
∼2μm luminescence and energy transfer mechanism in highly Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped bismuth glass ∼高Ho3+/Tm3+共掺铋玻璃中的2μm发光和能量传递机制
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105507

Highly Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped Bi2O3-B2O3-Al2O3-BaF2 glasses were fabricated using the melt-quenching technique. The emission, radiation, and gain characteristics of the glass samples at the wavelength of 2.0 μm were examined analyzed. An intense and broad 2.0 µm emission, resulting from the 3F43H6 transition of Tm3+ and the 5I65I7 transition of Tm3+, was detected under the stimulation of 808 nm LD. The gain coefficient of Ho3+ in Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped glass reaches 7.81 cm−1(at 2050 nm), which is 7.5 times as high as that of tellurite glass. Meanwhile, the large σemi × Δλeff(39.84 × 10-26 cm3) and σemi × τrad(16.10 × 10-21 cm2 ms) indicated BBTH4 glass possessed a large gain property and broadband. The energy transfer process of Tm3+: 3F4 ↔ Ho3+:5I7 was analyzed, the CD-A is 90 times larger than the CA-D. The Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped Bi2O3-B2O3-Al2O3-BaF2 glasses show potential as broadband mid-infrared emission gain material.

利用熔淬技术制备了高Ho3+/Tm3+共掺杂Bi2O3-B2O3-Al2O3-BaF2玻璃。研究分析了波长为 2.0 μm 的玻璃样品的发射、辐射和增益特性。在 808 nm LD 的刺激下,检测到了由 Tm3+ 的 3F4→3H6 转变和 Tm3+ 的 5I6→5I7 转变产生的强烈而宽广的 2.0 µm 发射。Ho3+/Tm3+ 共掺玻璃中 Ho3+ 的增益系数达到 7.81 cm-1(2050 nm 处),是碲玻璃的 7.5 倍。同时,较大的σemi × Δλeff(39.84 × 10-26 cm3)和σemi × τrad(16.10 × 10-21 cm2 ms)表明 BBTH4 玻璃具有较大的增益特性和宽带。分析了 Tm3+: 3F4 ↔ Ho3+:5I7 的能量转移过程,CD-A 是 CA-D 的 90 倍。Ho3+/Tm3+共掺杂Bi2O3-B2O3-Al2O3-BaF2玻璃具有作为宽带中红外发射增益材料的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
DGFusion: An effective dynamic generalizable network for infrared and visible image fusion DGFusion:用于红外和可见光图像融合的有效动态通用网络
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105495

The objective of infrared and visible image fusion is to generate a unified image that highlights prominent targets and retains intricate texture details, even in scenarios with imbalanced source image information. However, current image fusion algorithms primarily consider factors like illumination, restricting their applicability to certain scenes and compromising their adaptability. To tackle the issue, this paper proposes the DGFusion, which utilizes TWSSLoss to balance the contribution of source images in the fused output, effectively mitigating the limitations linked to relying solely on illumination guidance. Additionally, modality-complement feature attention harmonizer (MCFAH) facilitates cross-modal channel attention learning. This process assigns weights to features and accomplishes fusion by exchanging cross-modal differential information, thereby enriching each feature with details from the other modality. Furthermore, the multi convolution attentive net (MCAN) dynamically adjusts the contributions of features from different modalities. It prioritizes the most expressive characteristics to accentuate complementary information, enabling efficient fusion. In conclusion, our method outperforms seven state-of-the-art alternatives in terms of preserving target details and retaining texture information. Rigorous generalization experiments across five diverse datasets demonstrate the robustness of our DGFusion model in various scenarios.

红外和可见光图像融合的目的是生成统一的图像,即使在源图像信息不平衡的情况下,也能突出突出的目标并保留复杂的纹理细节。然而,目前的图像融合算法主要考虑光照等因素,限制了其对特定场景的适用性,影响了其适应性。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了 DGFusion,它利用 TWSSLoss 来平衡源图像在融合输出中的贡献,有效地缓解了仅依赖光照引导的局限性。此外,模态互补特征注意协调器(MCFAH)促进了跨模态通道注意学习。这一过程为特征分配权重,并通过交换跨模态差异信息实现融合,从而用另一种模态的细节丰富每个特征。此外,多卷积注意力网(MCAN)还能动态调整不同模态特征的贡献。它优先考虑最具表现力的特征,以突出互补信息,从而实现高效融合。总之,在保留目标细节和纹理信息方面,我们的方法优于七种最先进的替代方法。在五个不同的数据集上进行的严格泛化实验证明了我们的 DGFusion 模型在各种情况下的鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
Infrared low-altitude and slow-speed small target detection via fusion of target sparsity and motion saliency 通过目标稀疏性和运动显著性的融合实现红外低空慢速小目标探测
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105492

Infrared (IR) small target detection exerts a significant role in IR early warning and UAV surveillance. However, in the low-altitude slow-speed small (LSS) target detection scene, the existing algorithms cannot effectively suppress high-contrast corners and sparse edges in the low-altitude background, resulting in many false alarms. To solve this problem, we propose an IR LSS target detection method based on fusion of target sparsity and motion saliency (TSMS). In the low-rank sparse model, we introduce a robust dual-window gradient operator to construct a fine local prior, which avoids the influence of highlighted edges and corners; The Geman norm is used to approximate the background rank to accurately estimate the background and effectively extract sparse targets. Then, a motion saliency model based on inter-frame local matching is constructed to accurately extract the inter-frame features of small target. Finally, the real LSS target is obtained by fusing target sparsity and motion saliency. Experiments indicate that, compared with existing advanced methods, the proposed method has stronger robustness and can effectively detect LSS targets under complex low-altitude background.

红外(IR)小目标检测在红外预警和无人机监控中发挥着重要作用。然而,在低空慢速小型(LSS)目标检测场景中,现有算法无法有效抑制低空背景中的高对比度拐角和稀疏边缘,导致误报率较高。为解决这一问题,我们提出了一种基于目标稀疏性和运动显著性(TSMS)融合的红外 LSS 目标检测方法。在低秩稀疏模型中,我们引入了稳健的双窗口梯度算子来构建精细的局部先验,从而避免了高亮边缘和角落的影响;使用 Geman 准则来近似背景秩,从而准确估计背景并有效提取稀疏目标。然后,构建基于帧间局部匹配的运动显著性模型,准确提取小目标的帧间特征。最后,通过融合目标稀疏性和运动显著性,得到真正的 LSS 目标。实验表明,与现有的先进方法相比,本文提出的方法具有更强的鲁棒性,能在复杂的低空背景下有效检测 LSS 目标。
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引用次数: 0
Collaborative representation based unsupervised CNN for hyperspectral anomaly detection 基于协作表示的无监督 CNN 用于高光谱异常检测
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105498

The convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown high success in supervised analysis of hyperspectral images. But, the use of a supervised CNN is not possible for an unsupervised task such as hyperspectral anomaly detection. So, an unsupervised CNN with pre-determined convolutional kernels without requirement to labeled samples or training process is proposed in this work. The proposed method uses the collaborative representation (CR) for background estimate and introduces the global preserving projection (GPP) for dimensionality reduction of it. Then, the convolutional kernels are randomly selected from the reduced CR data. Moreover, two distances in inner and guard windows are defined, which difference of them results in the anomaly score. The CR based unsupervised CNN (CUCNN) method achieves high detection accuracy compared to its counterparts and is more than 9 times faster than other presented unsupervised CNN detectors.

卷积神经网络(CNN)在高光谱图像的监督分析中取得了巨大成功。但是,对于像高光谱异常检测这样的无监督任务,使用有监督卷积神经网络是不可能的。因此,本研究提出了一种无监督 CNN,它具有预先确定的卷积核,无需标记样本或训练过程。该方法使用协作表示(CR)进行背景估计,并引入全局保全投影(GPP)对其进行降维处理。然后,从缩减的 CR 数据中随机选择卷积核。此外,还定义了内窗口和防护窗口中的两个距离,它们之间的差异会导致异常得分。与同类方法相比,基于 CR 的无监督 CNN(CUCNN)方法达到了很高的检测精度,而且比其他无监督 CNN 检测器快 9 倍以上。
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引用次数: 0
Hundred-watt Ho:YAG oscillator pumped by high-power Tm:YLF laser with orthogonal cylindrical lenses spot shaping 采用正交圆柱透镜光斑整形的高功率 Tm:YLF 激光器泵浦的百瓦级 Ho:YAG 振荡器
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105510

A hundred-watt, linearly-polarized Ho:YAG oscillator, pumped by a 200 W, home-made and s-polarized Tm:YLF laser, was demonstrated. By utilizing a combination of a half-wave plate (HWP) and a thin-film polarizer (TFP), the Tm:YLF laser was split into two orthogonally polarized parts. Each part was significantly reshaped by a system of orthogonally arranged cylindrical lenses and subsequently used to dual-end pump the oscillator. With a total incident pump power of 183 W, a continuous wave (CW) output power of 101 W at 2.1 μm was achieved, with corresponding slope efficiency and optical-to-optical conversion efficiency (OOCE) of 61.6 % and 55.2 %, respectively. Additionally, the beam quality factors, measured in the x and y directions, were 1.59 and 1.35, respectively. Finally, under Q-switched operation at a repetition rate of 20 kHz, a maximum output power of 97 W was achieved, with a corresponding pulse width of less than 34 ns. The central wavelength of the laser was measured to be 2090.2 nm.

演示了由 200 瓦自制 s 偏振 Tm:YLF 激光器泵浦的百瓦级线性偏振 Ho:YAG 振荡器。通过结合使用半波板(HWP)和薄膜偏振片(TFP),Tm:YLF 激光器被分成两个正交偏振部分。每个部分都通过一个正交排列的圆柱透镜系统进行了大幅整形,随后用于双端泵浦振荡器。在入射泵浦总功率为 183 W 的情况下,2.1 μm 波长的连续波(CW)输出功率为 101 W,相应的斜率效率和光-光转换效率(OOCE)分别为 61.6 % 和 55.2 %。此外,在 x 和 y 方向测量的光束质量因子分别为 1.59 和 1.35。最后,在重复频率为 20 kHz 的 Q 开关操作下,最大输出功率达到 97 W,相应的脉冲宽度小于 34 ns。经测量,该激光器的中心波长为 2090.2 nm。
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引用次数: 0
Supercontinuum generation by nonlinear polarization rotation mode-locked fiber laser with pulse type switchable 可切换脉冲类型的非线性偏振旋转锁模光纤激光器产生超连续光
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105508

We report on the generation of a supercontinuum (SC) by nonlinear polarization-rotating (NPR) mode-locked fiber laser, which includes a pulsed switchable NPR mode-locked fiber laser, an Er-doped fiber amplifier, and high nonlinear fiber (HNLF). In the experiment, by adjusting the polarization controller (PC) angle and pump power, we obtained three different pulses. They are traditional soliton bunch pulses, the coexistence of soliton bunch pulses and square pulses, and multi-longitudinal mode noise like square pulses. All three pulses can generate SC with spectrum width be about of 1000 nm. We fixed the pump power in the laser and observed the influence of amplifier power on the spectrum width and output power of SC. The SC width of soliton bunch pulse reaches 950.9 nm, the SC of soliton bunch pulse and square pulse coexisting pulse is 1009.7 nm, and the SC spectrum width of multi-longitudinal mode noise like square pulse is 887.1 nm. Our results demonstrate the generation of SC with three types of switchable pulses, opening up possibilities for various application requirements.

我们报告了非线性偏振旋转(NPR)锁模光纤激光器产生超连续(SC)的情况,其中包括脉冲可切换 NPR 锁模光纤激光器、掺铒光纤放大器和高非线性光纤(HNLF)。在实验中,通过调节偏振控制器(PC)角度和泵浦功率,我们获得了三种不同的脉冲。它们分别是传统的孤子束脉冲、孤子束脉冲和方形脉冲共存以及类似方形脉冲的多纵模噪声。这三种脉冲都能产生光谱宽度约为 1000 nm 的 SC。我们固定了激光器的泵浦功率,并观察了放大器功率对SC谱宽和输出功率的影响。孤子束脉冲的 SC 宽度达到 950.9 nm,孤子束脉冲和方波脉冲共存脉冲的 SC 为 1009.7 nm,方波脉冲等多纵模噪声的 SC 谱宽为 887.1 nm。我们的研究结果表明,三种可切换脉冲都能产生 SC,从而为满足各种应用需求提供了可能性。
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引用次数: 0
High sensitivity and low noise photodetector based on topological crystalline insulator SnTe/Si heterostructure 基于拓扑晶体绝缘体锡碲/硅异质结构的高灵敏度低噪声光电探测器
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105486

Topological insulators, as a class of materials with narrow bulk bandgap and gapless surface states with response wavelengths covering infrared to terahertz, have great potential for application in new generation photodetector, but the large dark current and small photocurrent limit their application, so the device performance is generally improved by the method of heterogeneous integration. SnTe, as a topological crystalline insulator with multiple surface states, has a narrower forbidden bandwidth, it is suitable for the fabrication of infrared photodetector. In this work, SnTe thin films were deposited on Si substrates by magnetron sputtering, and SnTe/n-Si heterostructure photodetectors were fabricated on this basis. The photodetector exhibited good photoresponses in the visible near-infrared (532–1400 nm), with the responsivity (R) and normalized detectivity (D*) reaching 1.12 A/W, 5.17 × 1011 Jones. Thanks to the formation of the built-in electric field at the SnTe/Si interface, the photogenerated carriers can be rapidly separated and transported, and the switching ratio reaches 103. In addition, the rise time and fall time of the device are 218 μs and 174 μs, respectively. The good performance and simple preparation method make the device have a wide application prospect in the new generation of photodetector.

拓扑绝缘体是一类具有窄体带隙和无隙表面态的材料,响应波长覆盖红外到太赫兹,在新一代光电探测器中具有巨大的应用潜力,但其暗电流大、光电流小的特点限制了其应用,因此一般通过异质集成的方法来提高器件性能。SnTe作为具有多个表面态的拓扑晶体绝缘体,具有较窄的禁带宽度,适合制作红外光探测器。本研究采用磁控溅射法在硅衬底上沉积了 SnTe 薄膜,并在此基础上制作了 SnTe/n-Si 异质结构光电探测器。该光电探测器在可见光近红外波段(532-1400 nm)表现出良好的光响应,响应率(R)和归一化检测率(D*)分别达到 1.12 A/W 和 5.17 × 1011 Jones。由于在锡碲/硅界面上形成了内置电场,光生载流子可以迅速分离和传输,开关比达到 103。此外,该器件的上升时间和下降时间分别为 218 μs 和 174 μs。良好的性能和简单的制备方法使该器件在新一代光电探测器中具有广阔的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Infrared Physics & Technology
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