Over the last decade, the U.S. Medicare program has added new billing codes to enhance the financial rewards for Chronic Care Management and Transitional Care Management. We show that the take-up of these new billing codes is gradual and exhibits substantial variations across markets and physician groups, indicating that frictions to take-up may delay the impacts of payment reforms. We show that patterns of care and billing code substitution and complementarity can be important for assessing the costs and care access impacts of payment reforms. In our particular context, we estimate that the new Transitional Care Management codes had substantial impacts on the overall provision of evaluation and management services, flu vaccinations, and other recommended services, while the new Chronic Care Management codes did not. These patterns of complementarity shape both the costs and benefits of the introduction of these payment reforms, including the effects of the new billing codes on the overall return to specializing in primary care.
{"title":"Plugging Gaps in Payment Systems: Evidence from the Take-Up of New Medicare Billing Codes","authors":"Jeffrey Clemens, Jonathan M. Leganza","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3896144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3896144","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, the U.S. Medicare program has added new billing codes to enhance the financial rewards for Chronic Care Management and Transitional Care Management. We show that the take-up of these new billing codes is gradual and exhibits substantial variations across markets and physician groups, indicating that frictions to take-up may delay the impacts of payment reforms. We show that patterns of care and billing code substitution and complementarity can be important for assessing the costs and care access impacts of payment reforms. In our particular context, we estimate that the new Transitional Care Management codes had substantial impacts on the overall provision of evaluation and management services, flu vaccinations, and other recommended services, while the new Chronic Care Management codes did not. These patterns of complementarity shape both the costs and benefits of the introduction of these payment reforms, including the effects of the new billing codes on the overall return to specializing in primary care.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80741763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the impact on road safety of one-day massive speed limit monitoring operations (SLMO) accompanied by media campaigns that announce the SLMO and provide information on the dangers of speeding. Using register data on the universe of police reported accidents in a generalized difference-in-differences approach, we find that SLMO reduce traffic accidents and casualties by eight percent. Yet, immediately after the SLMO day, all effects vanish. Further evidence suggests that people drive more slowly and responsibly on SLMO days to avoid fines; providing information on the dangers of speeding does not alter driving behavior in a more sustainable way.
{"title":"Speed Limit Enforcement and Road Safety","authors":"Stefan Bauernschuster, Ramona Rekers","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3523528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3523528","url":null,"abstract":"We study the impact on road safety of one-day massive speed limit monitoring operations (SLMO) accompanied by media campaigns that announce the SLMO and provide information on the dangers of speeding. Using register data on the universe of police reported accidents in a generalized difference-in-differences approach, we find that SLMO reduce traffic accidents and casualties by eight percent. Yet, immediately after the SLMO day, all effects vanish. Further evidence suggests that people drive more slowly and responsibly on SLMO days to avoid fines; providing information on the dangers of speeding does not alter driving behavior in a more sustainable way.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75664294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.21.21265355
A. Karaivanov, Dongwoo Kim, S. Lu, H. Shigeoka
We estimate the impact of government-mandated proof of vaccination requirements for access to public venues and non-essential businesses on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We use event-study and difference-in-differences approaches exploiting the variation in the timing of these measures across Canadian provinces. We find that the announcement of a vaccination mandate is associated with large increase in new first-dose vaccinations in the first week (more than 50% on average) and the second week (more than 100%) immediately following the announcement. The estimated effect starts waning about six weeks past the announcement. Counterfactual simulations using our estimates suggest that these mandates have led to about 289,000 additional first-dose vaccinations in Canada as of September 30, 2021, which is 1 to 8 weeks after the policy announcements across the different provinces. Time-series analysis corroborates our results for Canada, and we further estimate that national vaccine mandates in three European countries also led to large gains in first-dose vaccinations (7+ mln in France, 4+ mln in Italy and 1+ mln in Germany, 7 to 12 weeks after the policy announcements). NOTE: The reported numbers may change with more data. Please see updated version when available.
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Vaccine Uptake","authors":"A. Karaivanov, Dongwoo Kim, S. Lu, H. Shigeoka","doi":"10.1101/2021.10.21.21265355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.21.21265355","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the impact of government-mandated proof of vaccination requirements for access to public venues and non-essential businesses on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We use event-study and difference-in-differences approaches exploiting the variation in the timing of these measures across Canadian provinces. We find that the announcement of a vaccination mandate is associated with large increase in new first-dose vaccinations in the first week (more than 50% on average) and the second week (more than 100%) immediately following the announcement. The estimated effect starts waning about six weeks past the announcement. Counterfactual simulations using our estimates suggest that these mandates have led to about 289,000 additional first-dose vaccinations in Canada as of September 30, 2021, which is 1 to 8 weeks after the policy announcements across the different provinces. Time-series analysis corroborates our results for Canada, and we further estimate that national vaccine mandates in three European countries also led to large gains in first-dose vaccinations (7+ mln in France, 4+ mln in Italy and 1+ mln in Germany, 7 to 12 weeks after the policy announcements). NOTE: The reported numbers may change with more data. Please see updated version when available.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91118462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study favoritism by cabinet members in 36 African countries and hand-collect birthplace information for all cabinet members (2001-2015). We focus on health outcomes and provide causal evidence of favoritism by health ministers and, to a lower degree, key ministers. Neonates' and infants' mortality is lower when the current health minister originates from their region. Increased healthcare access can partly explain this effect. Moreover, we find some evidence that the health ministers' regions benefit from higher health aid flows. We conclude that ministers' favoritism manifests itself in diverse forms.
{"title":"Ministers Engage in Favoritism Too","authors":"Philine Widmer, Noémie Zurlinden","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3818193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3818193","url":null,"abstract":"We study favoritism by cabinet members in 36 African countries and hand-collect birthplace information for all cabinet members (2001-2015). We focus on health outcomes and provide causal evidence of favoritism by health ministers and, to a lower degree, key ministers. Neonates' and infants' mortality is lower when the current health minister originates from their region. Increased healthcare access can partly explain this effect. Moreover, we find some evidence that the health ministers' regions benefit from higher health aid flows. We conclude that ministers' favoritism manifests itself in diverse forms.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82999475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Key takeaways from our report: Counties with tourism-based economies were hit hardest. Rural and frontier counties experienced lower rates of unemployment. Most workers who lost jobs are looking for employment. More than 77 percent of Oregonians who were unemployed in June 2020 were looking for work. More than 1/3 of workers who lost jobs were unemployed for more than a year. Enhanced unemployment benefits are not the primary reason unemployed workers are not looking for work. Only three percent indicated that they were not looking because the unemployment benefits paid more than their jobs would. Most employers made accommodations for their employees. Half of Oregon’s labor force worked remotely or at home at some point during the pandemic. Workers are not in a rush to get back to the office. More than 70 percent of workers would prefer to work remotely at least some days. More than 1/3 of Oregon workers felt that remote work improved their overall job performance, productivity, quality of work, and ability to focus. The stay-at-home orders changed spending habits most dramatically around dining, take-out, and groceries. About 13 percent of households reported missing rent or mortgage payments. The eviction moratorium has been extraordinarily beneficial to those behind on their rent. Sixty-two percent of households with unpaid rent would have been evicted without the moratorium in place. Most Oregonians used their stimulus checks to pay bills, pay off debt, or pay rent/mortgage payments.
{"title":"Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Households and Workers in Oregon","authors":"Robert K. Parker, Benjamin Y. Clark","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3923790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3923790","url":null,"abstract":"Key takeaways from our report: Counties with tourism-based economies were hit hardest. Rural and frontier counties experienced lower rates of unemployment. Most workers who lost jobs are looking for employment. More than 77 percent of Oregonians who were unemployed in June 2020 were looking for work. More than 1/3 of workers who lost jobs were unemployed for more than a year. Enhanced unemployment benefits are not the primary reason unemployed workers are not looking for work. Only three percent indicated that they were not looking because the unemployment benefits paid more than their jobs would. Most employers made accommodations for their employees. Half of Oregon’s labor force worked remotely or at home at some point during the pandemic. Workers are not in a rush to get back to the office. More than 70 percent of workers would prefer to work remotely at least some days. More than 1/3 of Oregon workers felt that remote work improved their overall job performance, productivity, quality of work, and ability to focus. The stay-at-home orders changed spending habits most dramatically around dining, take-out, and groceries. About 13 percent of households reported missing rent or mortgage payments. The eviction moratorium has been extraordinarily beneficial to those behind on their rent. Sixty-two percent of households with unpaid rent would have been evicted without the moratorium in place. Most Oregonians used their stimulus checks to pay bills, pay off debt, or pay rent/mortgage payments.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87097476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using data on banking transactions, we analyze how people changed their spending behaviour when recreational cannabis became legal in Canada. In the data set, we identify people with purchases in a cannabis store after the legalization. We apply a difference-in-difference approach to compare their spending before and after legalization. People with cannabis purchases after legalization reduced significantly and persistently their cash spending and electronic transfers, indicating a shift from the black to the legal cannabis market. We also find that, across all age and gender groups, cannabis consumers spend significantly more than other people on fast food and alcohol.
{"title":"The Success of Cannabis Legalization: Evidence from Banking Transactions","authors":"Bohdan Horak, C. Frei","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3921606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3921606","url":null,"abstract":"Using data on banking transactions, we analyze how people changed their spending behaviour when recreational cannabis became legal in Canada. In the data set, we identify people with purchases in a cannabis store after the legalization. We apply a difference-in-difference approach to compare their spending before and after legalization. People with cannabis purchases after legalization reduced significantly and persistently their cash spending and electronic transfers, indicating a shift from the black to the legal cannabis market. We also find that, across all age and gender groups, cannabis consumers spend significantly more than other people on fast food and alcohol.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83980314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19 disease, the World Health Organization declared it a global pandemic on 11/03/2019.This article provides an overview of COVID-19 diseases which become a global epidemic, and its origin as well as previous epidemic. Sri Lanka a South Asian country has also become a victim of the epidemic ,which in addition to it’s health effects has had a number of adverse effects in various field and that case also discussed here. Curfew has severely affected Sri Lanka's manufacturing, agricultural, export and service industries due to severe travel restrictions and this tutorial will briefly study those implications. This note also discusses the tourism industry which is a major source of income in Sri Lanka and its impact due to the epidemic. It also focuses on the impact of employment on Sri Lanka's GDP and the consequent poverty in Sri Lanka. It also draws attention to the adverse effects on the Sri Lankan economy due to the adverse effects on the export industry, which accounts for 30% of Sri Lanka's export earnings.
{"title":"How The COVID-19 Epidemic Affected the Sri Lankan Economy","authors":"D. Wijesinghe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3909641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3909641","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19 disease, the World Health Organization declared it a global pandemic on 11/03/2019.This article provides an overview of COVID-19 diseases which become a global epidemic, and its origin as well as previous epidemic. Sri Lanka a South Asian country has also become a victim of the epidemic ,which in addition to it’s health effects has had a number of adverse effects in various field and that case also discussed here. Curfew has severely affected Sri Lanka's manufacturing, agricultural, export and service industries due to severe travel restrictions and this tutorial will briefly study those implications. This note also discusses the tourism industry which is a major source of income in Sri Lanka and its impact due to the epidemic. It also focuses on the impact of employment on Sri Lanka's GDP and the consequent poverty in Sri Lanka. It also draws attention to the adverse effects on the Sri Lankan economy due to the adverse effects on the export industry, which accounts for 30% of Sri Lanka's export earnings.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91478134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study used the econometrics methods to identify the interactions among oil price, gold price, exchange rate, and stock price which represented by the (ISX60) index under the Iraq stock exchange pre-during global pandemic of COVID-19. The analysis employed daily data which categorized into three time periods: full sample pre-during COVID-19 from 24 December 2018 to 3 September 2020, the pre-COVID-19 period from 31 December 2018 to 30 December 2019, as well as during-COVID-19 from 27 December 2019 to 3 September 2020 in order to measure the interactions between the variables for each period. To accomplish that the study used the correlation matrix, unit root test to assure the stationary for the ARDL model and the granger causality test. The correlation output showed different results between the variables based on the period division. Furthermore, the study results accepted the null hypothesis of no cointegration exists between the variables respectively for the (Full sample Pre-during and pre-COVID-19) period, and no decision could be made about the long-run relationship amongst the variables for the (during-COVID-19) period, while the results of the causal short-run model showed that effect of oil price, gold price and exchange rate insignificant with Iraq stock exchange.
本研究运用计量经济学方法，对全球新冠肺炎大流行前伊拉克证券交易所下以ISX60指数为代表的油价、金价、汇率和股价之间的相互作用进行了研究。分析使用了每日数据，这些数据分为三个时间段:2018年12月24日至2020年9月3日的全样本COVID-19前期，2018年12月31日至2019年12月30日的COVID-19前期，以及2019年12月27日至2020年9月3日的COVID-19期间，以衡量每个时期变量之间的相互作用。为了做到这一点，本研究使用了相关矩阵、单位根检验和格兰杰因果检验来保证ARDL模型的平稳性。根据周期划分，相关输出显示变量之间的不同结果。此外，研究结果接受了(Full sample Pre-during and pre-COVID-19)期间变量之间不存在协整的原假设，并且无法确定(Full sample Pre-during and pre-COVID-19)期间变量之间的长期关系，而因果短期模型的结果显示油价、金价和汇率对伊拉克证券交易所的影响不显著。
{"title":"Oil Price, Gold Price, Exchange Rate and Stock Market in Iraq Pre-During COVID-19 Outbreak: An ARDL Approach","authors":"Zeravan Abdulmuhsen Asaad","doi":"10.32479/ijeep.11552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11552","url":null,"abstract":"This study used the econometrics methods to identify the interactions among oil price, gold price, exchange rate, and stock price which represented by the (ISX60) index under the Iraq stock exchange pre-during global pandemic of COVID-19. The analysis employed daily data which categorized into three time periods: full sample pre-during COVID-19 from 24 December 2018 to 3 September 2020, the pre-COVID-19 period from 31 December 2018 to 30 December 2019, as well as during-COVID-19 from 27 December 2019 to 3 September 2020 in order to measure the interactions between the variables for each period. To accomplish that the study used the correlation matrix, unit root test to assure the stationary for the ARDL model and the granger causality test. The correlation output showed different results between the variables based on the period division. Furthermore, the study results accepted the null hypothesis of no cointegration exists between the variables respectively for the (Full sample Pre-during and pre-COVID-19) period, and no decision could be made about the long-run relationship amongst the variables for the (during-COVID-19) period, while the results of the causal short-run model showed that effect of oil price, gold price and exchange rate insignificant with Iraq stock exchange.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81160290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmaceutical patents listed in the FDA’s “Orange Book” are some of the most valuable patents in the world. Accordingly, for this valuable subset of patents, it is paramount that the Patent & Trademark Office (PTO) correctly issue valid patents and preclude invalid patents from issuing. In this paper, we study what happens to those patents in litigation, reporting the results for every Orange Book patent case that resulted in a merits decision. We find that about 25% of active Orange Book patents were invalidated in court. Since these invalid patents could wrongly increase the costs of prescription drugs, we investigate what happens during prosecution of these patents at the PTO. Our study is the first to link the prosecution of Orange Book patents directly to litigation outcomes. Our goal is to determine if there are ways to identify and prevent the issuance of these later invalidated Orange Book patents. We find that litigated Orange Book patents have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other pharmaceutical patents. They are issued by a relatively small number of examiners. Most litigated patents (90%) are “secondary” patents – patents on smaller tweaks to an existing drug rather than a patent on a new chemical. The owners of these later-litigated patent applications treat them very differently than they do other patents in the same field. They are part of large patent families, suggesting that the applicants are trying to build a patent fence around a known product. They frequently employ a procedural device known as “Track One” to obtain quicker patent prosecution. They are more likely to be subject to rejections based on double-patenting. When initially rejected by the patent examiner, owners of these applications are more likely to fight back rather than amend their claims. All of this suggests that applicants enter prosecution with these patents knowing that they are important and likely destined for litigation, and that they are deliberately creating patent “thickets” to make it harder for generics to enter the market. Remarkably, we find that while patent examiners already have more time to spend on Orange Book patents than on other patents, the prosecution history of many of these invalidated patents are identical. That is, many of these invalidated patents have the same assignee, the same examiner and the same prosecuting attorney cut and paste rejections as well as responses, thus creating identical or very similar prosecution histories. We also find that while the patents that end up being litigated are clearly distinguishable from other pharmaceutical patents during patent prosecution, there is little difference in the PTO between the patents that end up surviving a court challenge and the ones that are invalidated. Our data offer important guidance for reforming the process of prosecuting Orange Book patents. We can and should take advantage of advance knowledge about the importance of these patents to give them a mo
{"title":"What Litigators Can Teach the Patent Office About Pharmaceutical Patents","authors":"S. Tu, Mark A. Lemley","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3903513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3903513","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical patents listed in the FDA’s “Orange Book” are some of the most valuable patents in the world. Accordingly, for this valuable subset of patents, it is paramount that the Patent & Trademark Office (PTO) correctly issue valid patents and preclude invalid patents from issuing. In this paper, we study what happens to those patents in litigation, reporting the results for every Orange Book patent case that resulted in a merits decision. We find that about 25% of active Orange Book patents were invalidated in court. Since these invalid patents could wrongly increase the costs of prescription drugs, we investigate what happens during prosecution of these patents at the PTO. Our study is the first to link the prosecution of Orange Book patents directly to litigation outcomes. Our goal is to determine if there are ways to identify and prevent the issuance of these later invalidated Orange Book patents. We find that litigated Orange Book patents have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other pharmaceutical patents. They are issued by a relatively small number of examiners. Most litigated patents (90%) are “secondary” patents – patents on smaller tweaks to an existing drug rather than a patent on a new chemical. The owners of these later-litigated patent applications treat them very differently than they do other patents in the same field. They are part of large patent families, suggesting that the applicants are trying to build a patent fence around a known product. They frequently employ a procedural device known as “Track One” to obtain quicker patent prosecution. They are more likely to be subject to rejections based on double-patenting. When initially rejected by the patent examiner, owners of these applications are more likely to fight back rather than amend their claims. All of this suggests that applicants enter prosecution with these patents knowing that they are important and likely destined for litigation, and that they are deliberately creating patent “thickets” to make it harder for generics to enter the market. Remarkably, we find that while patent examiners already have more time to spend on Orange Book patents than on other patents, the prosecution history of many of these invalidated patents are identical. That is, many of these invalidated patents have the same assignee, the same examiner and the same prosecuting attorney cut and paste rejections as well as responses, thus creating identical or very similar prosecution histories. We also find that while the patents that end up being litigated are clearly distinguishable from other pharmaceutical patents during patent prosecution, there is little difference in the PTO between the patents that end up surviving a court challenge and the ones that are invalidated. Our data offer important guidance for reforming the process of prosecuting Orange Book patents. We can and should take advantage of advance knowledge about the importance of these patents to give them a mo","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83274971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I study the impact of hunger on traffic accidents by exploiting the fasting that is religiously mandated during the month of Ramadan. Identification comes from working hours not being adjusted during Ramadan in Turkey. I find that driving while fasting at rush hour is associated with a significant increase in road traffic accidents. Using existing survey evidence on fasting rates in Turkey, I conclude that hunger induced by fasting increases the probability of an accident by 25%, which is smaller than the effect of driving while intoxicated, but larger than the effect of mild sleep deprivation.
{"title":"Driving while Hungry: The Effect of Fasting on Traffic Accidents","authors":"Ahmet Gulek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3782700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3782700","url":null,"abstract":"I study the impact of hunger on traffic accidents by exploiting the fasting that is religiously mandated during the month of Ramadan. Identification comes from working hours not being adjusted during Ramadan in Turkey. I find that driving while fasting at rush hour is associated with a significant increase in road traffic accidents. Using existing survey evidence on fasting rates in Turkey, I conclude that hunger induced by fasting increases the probability of an accident by 25%, which is smaller than the effect of driving while intoxicated, but larger than the effect of mild sleep deprivation.","PeriodicalId":13563,"journal":{"name":"Insurance & Financing in Health Economics eJournal","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91473683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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