In this paper we have studied the necessity of determining the moral consumption (obsolescence) of wagons and locomotives in the conditions of market economy. In this case it has resulted that moral consumption should be determined by comparing the actual value of cash flows related to the operation of the object to be evaluated and the new analog object, for their term service. For this purpose we have determined the factors that affect the obsolescence of locomotives for freight transport. In the paper mathematical models has been employed and combined to arise to an equation able to determine the moral depreciation. Received: 20 September 2022 / Accepted: 22 November 2022 / Published: 20 December 2022
{"title":"Determining the Moral Depreciation Function of Railway Vehicles in Market Economy Conditions: A Review","authors":"Koçi Doraci, Leonard Çomeni, Erjon Selmani","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s210","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we have studied the necessity of determining the moral consumption (obsolescence) of wagons and locomotives in the conditions of market economy. In this case it has resulted that moral consumption should be determined by comparing the actual value of cash flows related to the operation of the object to be evaluated and the new analog object, for their term service. For this purpose we have determined the factors that affect the obsolescence of locomotives for freight transport. In the paper mathematical models has been employed and combined to arise to an equation able to determine the moral depreciation. \u0000 \u0000Received: 20 September 2022 / Accepted: 22 November 2022 / Published: 20 December 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130841417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents achieved results of conducted survey within the Erasmus + CBHE project "Development of Regional Joint Master Program in Maritime Environmental Protection and Management - MEP&M". The purpose of the study was to determine the expectation of students and professors at University of Montenegro/Faculty of Maritime studies Kotor and Montenegrin blue economy stakeholders toward new regional interdisciplinary joint MSc program Marine Environmental Protection and Management. In addition, the study included a survey of professors' and students' satisfaction with existing courses in different fields of marine environmental protection and management, the implementation of distance learning at the Faculty, and their knowledge of English, as the new program will be held in English and organized as blended learning. Survey on satisfaction level of blue economy stakeholders with cooperation with academia was conducted as well. According to the findings, the majority of respondents showed high expectations for the new MSc program and believe that having this program is very important for the University as well as blue economy sector in Montenegro. Also, satisfaction levels of different surveys showed that professors and students would need additional preparation in order to fully implement new MSc program, and that current collaboration between the university and the blue economy sector would need to be enhanced. Received: 24 September 2022 / Accepted: 24 November 2022 / Published: 20 December 2022
{"title":"A Survey of Students, Professors, and Stakeholders' Expectations for the New MSc Study Program in Maritime Environmental Protection and Management at the University of Montenegro/Faculty of Maritime Studies in Kotor","authors":"D. Nikolic, Maja Skuric, Radmila Gagić","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s211","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents achieved results of conducted survey within the Erasmus + CBHE project \"Development of Regional Joint Master Program in Maritime Environmental Protection and Management - MEP&M\". The purpose of the study was to determine the expectation of students and professors at University of Montenegro/Faculty of Maritime studies Kotor and Montenegrin blue economy stakeholders toward new regional interdisciplinary joint MSc program Marine Environmental Protection and Management. In addition, the study included a survey of professors' and students' satisfaction with existing courses in different fields of marine environmental protection and management, the implementation of distance learning at the Faculty, and their knowledge of English, as the new program will be held in English and organized as blended learning. Survey on satisfaction level of blue economy stakeholders with cooperation with academia was conducted as well. According to the findings, the majority of respondents showed high expectations for the new MSc program and believe that having this program is very important for the University as well as blue economy sector in Montenegro. Also, satisfaction levels of different surveys showed that professors and students would need additional preparation in order to fully implement new MSc program, and that current collaboration between the university and the blue economy sector would need to be enhanced. \u0000 \u0000Received: 24 September 2022 / Accepted: 24 November 2022 / Published: 20 December 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116835371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to present in detail the economic policies as well as social protection in Albania and is realised based on many previous studies and research, but also has additional information and data related to the topic addressed. Initially, social policies and their presence in the Constitution of Albania will be presented. Social policies cover all provisions and measures aimed at preventing, eliminating, or alleviating poverty situations and social problems. Of course, we have also provided data on various statistics on these policies. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an important element of the economy, not leaving behind points such as national income, inflation, unemployment, poverty, etc. There are detailed data for each of them, from qualitative and quantitative methods, the simulation model is evaluated using the risk threats. This project will also address the recent economic situations, including the difficulties of the Covid-19 pandemic, which greatly affected the economic situation in Albania. This paper will include data from various serious institutions, and information gathered during my online survey. How to approach the question. The study is primarily informative, not superficial, cited at the end of the paper, also included are the results processed by google forms. In order to carry out the works, the structure of the questionnaire was designed as a start, where no questionnaires are sensitively included. This study aims to obtain information about the real economic, social and emotional state faced by Albanians, and address the effect of globalization on the notion economic and social development of states and how nation-states have adapted to the challenges of globalization. Received: 12 September 2022 / Accepted: 20 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"Globalization, Social Economic Interdependence and Opportunities","authors":"Albana Demi Mosho, Eglantina Farruku, I. Canco","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s102","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to present in detail the economic policies as well as social protection in Albania and is realised based on many previous studies and research, but also has additional information and data related to the topic addressed. Initially, social policies and their presence in the Constitution of Albania will be presented. Social policies cover all provisions and measures aimed at preventing, eliminating, or alleviating poverty situations and social problems. Of course, we have also provided data on various statistics on these policies. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an important element of the economy, not leaving behind points such as national income, inflation, unemployment, poverty, etc. There are detailed data for each of them, from qualitative and quantitative methods, the simulation model is evaluated using the risk threats. This project will also address the recent economic situations, including the difficulties of the Covid-19 pandemic, which greatly affected the economic situation in Albania. This paper will include data from various serious institutions, and information gathered during my online survey. How to approach the question. The study is primarily informative, not superficial, cited at the end of the paper, also included are the results processed by google forms. In order to carry out the works, the structure of the questionnaire was designed as a start, where no questionnaires are sensitively included. This study aims to obtain information about the real economic, social and emotional state faced by Albanians, and address the effect of globalization on the notion economic and social development of states and how nation-states have adapted to the challenges of globalization. \u0000 \u0000Received: 12 September 2022 / Accepted: 20 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120945984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today’s world of complex and interdependent security challenges within and across borders, national security sectors need to adapt to fast-changing and unpredictable environments. Experience shows that an accountable, effective and inclusive security sector with full respect for human rights, including gender equality and the rule of law can effectively provide security to a State and its people, while at the same time promoting stability, trust and confidence in the OSCE area and beyond . It is important to first define what we mean by the security sector and security sector reform. The security sector is taken to mean all those organisations which have authority to use, or order the use of force, or threat of force, to protect the state and its citizens, as well as those civil structures that are responsible for their management and oversight. The security sector can therefore be viewed as forming three pillars: a) Groups with a mandate to wield the instruments of violence – military, paramilitaries and police forces; b) Institutions with a role in managing and monitoring the security sector – civilian ministries, parliaments and NGOs; and c) Bodies responsible for guaranteeing the rule of law – the judiciary, the penal system, human rights ombudsmen and, where these bodies are particularly weak, the international community . The overall aim of ‘Security Sector Reform’ is the transformation of security institutions so that they play an effective, legitimate and democratically accountable role in providing external and internal security for their citizens. Transformation of the security sector requires broad consultation and includes goals such as strengthening civilian control and oversight of the security sector; professionalisation of the security forces; demilitarisation and peace-building; and strengthening the rule of law . Security sector reform addresses security problems and tries to improve the situation through institutional reforms. Security and peace are seen as a public good. Society as a whole, as well as its individual members, benefits from an increase in security. Security sector reform must be understood as a broad concept, which also entails a more efficient use of scarce resources to improve security. It seeks to align the contributions of military, diplomatic, development and security actors. Democratic, civilian control over security forces is crucial for the provision of security in the interests of the population. Democratic decision-making requires transparency and accountability. Security sector reform is widely recognised as key to conflict prevention, peace-building, sustainable development and democratisation. Almost all states need to reform their security sectors to a greater or lesser extent, according to the specific security, political and socio-economic contexts, as well as in response to the new security challenges resulting from globalization. Received: 15 September 2022 / Accepted: 24 October 2022
{"title":"Fostering Security in Albania and the Eu’s Role in the Security Sector Reform","authors":"Ikbale Tepelena","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s113","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s world of complex and interdependent security challenges within and across borders, national security sectors need to adapt to fast-changing and unpredictable environments. Experience shows that an accountable, effective and inclusive security sector with full respect for human rights, including gender equality and the rule of law can effectively provide security to a State and its people, while at the same time promoting stability, trust and confidence in the OSCE area and beyond . It is important to first define what we mean by the security sector and security sector reform. The security sector is taken to mean all those organisations which have authority to use, or order the use of force, or threat of force, to protect the state and its citizens, as well as those civil structures that are responsible for their management and oversight. The security sector can therefore be viewed as forming three pillars: a) Groups with a mandate to wield the instruments of violence – military, paramilitaries and police forces; b) Institutions with a role in managing and monitoring the security sector – civilian ministries, parliaments and NGOs; and c) Bodies responsible for guaranteeing the rule of law – the judiciary, the penal system, human rights ombudsmen and, where these bodies are particularly weak, the international community . The overall aim of ‘Security Sector Reform’ is the transformation of security institutions so that they play an effective, legitimate and democratically accountable role in providing external and internal security for their citizens. Transformation of the security sector requires broad consultation and includes goals such as strengthening civilian control and oversight of the security sector; professionalisation of the security forces; demilitarisation and peace-building; and strengthening the rule of law . Security sector reform addresses security problems and tries to improve the situation through institutional reforms. Security and peace are seen as a public good. Society as a whole, as well as its individual members, benefits from an increase in security. Security sector reform must be understood as a broad concept, which also entails a more efficient use of scarce resources to improve security. It seeks to align the contributions of military, diplomatic, development and security actors. Democratic, civilian control over security forces is crucial for the provision of security in the interests of the population. Democratic decision-making requires transparency and accountability. Security sector reform is widely recognised as key to conflict prevention, peace-building, sustainable development and democratisation. Almost all states need to reform their security sectors to a greater or lesser extent, according to the specific security, political and socio-economic contexts, as well as in response to the new security challenges resulting from globalization. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Received: 15 September 2022 / Accepted: 24 October 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114146330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to present the main goals that the "Open Balkans" initiative aims to achieve, for regional cooperation, the first advantages and shortcomings from a civic perspective. The initiative system for regional cooperation is the free movement of women, without stopping at border crossings between Albania, Serbia and Northern Macedonia, the establishment of an illegal system for inter-company transfers, freedom other than the recognition of professional qualifications, freedom of goods and services . As part of this initiative, the EU member state, according to the media, is divided into two camps, congratulating this initiative, but also assessing it as a copy of the existing Berlin process. An objective of the study is to highlight its conclusion therefore, the benefits that make this country, their perceptions regarding the EU membership process. The guiding principle of the paper is that coordinating the initiative with intent for the region and not the individual country to have initiatives that want a faster, smoother communication of goods and others that are related to others. Received: 19 September 2022 / Accepted: 23 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"On the Inter-Regional Initiative: The Open Balkans Case study: Open Balkans, an Alternative to the European Union?","authors":"Anxhela Laska, Parashqevi Draçi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to present the main goals that the \"Open Balkans\" initiative aims to achieve, for regional cooperation, the first advantages and shortcomings from a civic perspective. The initiative system for regional cooperation is the free movement of women, without stopping at border crossings between Albania, Serbia and Northern Macedonia, the establishment of an illegal system for inter-company transfers, freedom other than the recognition of professional qualifications, freedom of goods and services . As part of this initiative, the EU member state, according to the media, is divided into two camps, congratulating this initiative, but also assessing it as a copy of the existing Berlin process. An objective of the study is to highlight its conclusion therefore, the benefits that make this country, their perceptions regarding the EU membership process. The guiding principle of the paper is that coordinating the initiative with intent for the region and not the individual country to have initiatives that want a faster, smoother communication of goods and others that are related to others. \u0000 \u0000Received: 19 September 2022 / Accepted: 23 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122049837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Albania continues to be a high risk country in ritualistic criminal activities, due to absence of appropriate legislation to fully and institutionally react with proper measures to condemn the perpetrators. Enforcement agencies are facing serious challenges regarding efforts to combat this phenomenon, due to lack of trainings and information. Investigators are having many difficulties to identify and professionally prevent, investigate or reveal the core scopes of these criminal acts. The crimes committed in fulfillment of the rituals of secret cults, abusing vulnerable persons until the loss of their lives, have been unknown until recent years to the Albanian reality. In the US and Europe there is a long history and criminological studies, which have subsequently dictated the legal and institutional reforms of the respective states. Regarding cruelty and danger in public security elements, this kind of activities has been reported continuously with high level of concern by media outlet and civil society, which repeatedly emphasize the risks of deterioration of this illegal activity. In 2020-2021, according to media reports and official statements of the State Police, 4 people lost their lives in mysterious circumstances, where the collected evidence raised strong doubts about the application of rituals by secret sects. All four victims were attached to alternative rituals and beliefs, and esoteric items and signs were found, proving their participation in certain circumstances. By the end of this year, Albania is planning to adopt new criminal code with new relevant articles in order to improve national anti-crime strategies. In the above context, the new legislation and the amendments on this regards, are very important to track, denounce and punishes such ritualistic activities toward human beings and animal as well. This paper aims to analyze the current situation and to point out the challenges that Albania is facing to combat the ritualistic organized criminal activity, focusing mainly on legislation amendments and other institutional or education reforms. During these analyses, will be given other European and western in comparative way, in order to explore the best system adaptable to our national security necessities. This paper will analyze also the notion of occult criminology, including their reasoning and definition, raising some questions as follows: What is the cause of these crimes in Albania? What are the categories of victims who lose their lives from these rituals and what is their victimlogy profiling? What is the profile of the perpetrators and the ideology they follow for committing these crimes? At the end of this paper, in addition to the general conclusions that have been presented, a special part is preserved to figure out some recommendations, which should be taken into account by law enforcement agencies in order to intensify the activity and improve legislation to prevent this kind of criminal activity in Albania. Thi
{"title":"The Ritualistic Crimes and Criminal Code of Albania","authors":"Ervin Karamuço","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s108","url":null,"abstract":"Albania continues to be a high risk country in ritualistic criminal activities, due to absence of appropriate legislation to fully and institutionally react with proper measures to condemn the perpetrators. Enforcement agencies are facing serious challenges regarding efforts to combat this phenomenon, due to lack of trainings and information. Investigators are having many difficulties to identify and professionally prevent, investigate or reveal the core scopes of these criminal acts. The crimes committed in fulfillment of the rituals of secret cults, abusing vulnerable persons until the loss of their lives, have been unknown until recent years to the Albanian reality. In the US and Europe there is a long history and criminological studies, which have subsequently dictated the legal and institutional reforms of the respective states. Regarding cruelty and danger in public security elements, this kind of activities has been reported continuously with high level of concern by media outlet and civil society, which repeatedly emphasize the risks of deterioration of this illegal activity. In 2020-2021, according to media reports and official statements of the State Police, 4 people lost their lives in mysterious circumstances, where the collected evidence raised strong doubts about the application of rituals by secret sects. All four victims were attached to alternative rituals and beliefs, and esoteric items and signs were found, proving their participation in certain circumstances. By the end of this year, Albania is planning to adopt new criminal code with new relevant articles in order to improve national anti-crime strategies. In the above context, the new legislation and the amendments on this regards, are very important to track, denounce and punishes such ritualistic activities toward human beings and animal as well. This paper aims to analyze the current situation and to point out the challenges that Albania is facing to combat the ritualistic organized criminal activity, focusing mainly on legislation amendments and other institutional or education reforms. During these analyses, will be given other European and western in comparative way, in order to explore the best system adaptable to our national security necessities. This paper will analyze also the notion of occult criminology, including their reasoning and definition, raising some questions as follows: What is the cause of these crimes in Albania? What are the categories of victims who lose their lives from these rituals and what is their victimlogy profiling? What is the profile of the perpetrators and the ideology they follow for committing these crimes? At the end of this paper, in addition to the general conclusions that have been presented, a special part is preserved to figure out some recommendations, which should be taken into account by law enforcement agencies in order to intensify the activity and improve legislation to prevent this kind of criminal activity in Albania. Thi","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130988681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
European integration is a process whereby states commit themselves to become part of it, considering that this process requires the approximation of legislation with the basis of Acquis Communautaire . From this perspective we would say that this process affects all spheres ofsocial life. We see this in terms of building democratic institutions and aligning institutional basis with the Acquis Communautaire. Fundamental values and traditions of the Albanian nationdoes not weaken, but rather they become more intense walking in the way of good maturity and Function democracy principles that it carries. This process needs to joint within its elements on common fields which compose the basis of a civil society with fundamental values and traditions, a communion of values based on law and legality, communion of interests and communion of actions so that the European integration can be seen as the intersection of a wide intercultural segment of a moral, political and ideological nature. We can say that the European Union can be considered, as a whole, a regionally integrated institution in which the relations between states can be considered to a large extent an example of globalization. Today European Union faces post-pandemic challenges and Ukraine's war with Russia. Beginning with the desire to gain certain advantages at the level of the European Union, but especially for reasons of electoral image, the UK’s exit initiative was turned into reality by the British vote. Received: 20 September 2022 / Accepted: 25 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"European Union Integration, Perspectives and Challenges","authors":"Gerta Gorjani Xhaferi, Ilia Ilia","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s109","url":null,"abstract":"European integration is a process whereby states commit themselves to become part of it, considering that this process requires the approximation of legislation with the basis of Acquis Communautaire . From this perspective we would say that this process affects all spheres ofsocial life. We see this in terms of building democratic institutions and aligning institutional basis with the Acquis Communautaire. Fundamental values and traditions of the Albanian nationdoes not weaken, but rather they become more intense walking in the way of good maturity and Function democracy principles that it carries. This process needs to joint within its elements on common fields which compose the basis of a civil society with fundamental values and traditions, a communion of values based on law and legality, communion of interests and communion of actions so that the European integration can be seen as the intersection of a wide intercultural segment of a moral, political and ideological nature. We can say that the European Union can be considered, as a whole, a regionally integrated institution in which the relations between states can be considered to a large extent an example of globalization. Today European Union faces post-pandemic challenges and Ukraine's war with Russia. Beginning with the desire to gain certain advantages at the level of the European Union, but especially for reasons of electoral image, the UK’s exit initiative was turned into reality by the British vote. \u0000 \u0000Received: 20 September 2022 / Accepted: 25 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123271844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Union remains one of the most important unions on our continent and beyond. Its political-economic role is equally important in the international arena. Over the years, this union has been the target of most European countries. Integration enabled the free movement of goods and people, along with a number of other advantages that strengthened the political and economic position of each of the member states. Of course, just one article is not enough to talk about the development history of the European Union. What constitutes curiosity and reason to study is the current state of this union, its stability and the possibility of further enlargement, as has been discussed for years, including the countries of the Western Balkans, which since the fall of communist systems after the 90's they aspired to integration towards it. This article aims to give another critical perspective to these discussions, taking into account the current situation and economic and political developments within the European continent. We can not ignore the situation of the war between Ukraine and Russia in this discussion and the chain effects it has brought within the EU and beyond. Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"European Union Integration - Perspectives and Challenges of Western Balkans","authors":"Julejda Aliaj, Vanesa Sulmina","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s111","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union remains one of the most important unions on our continent and beyond. Its political-economic role is equally important in the international arena. Over the years, this union has been the target of most European countries. Integration enabled the free movement of goods and people, along with a number of other advantages that strengthened the political and economic position of each of the member states. Of course, just one article is not enough to talk about the development history of the European Union. What constitutes curiosity and reason to study is the current state of this union, its stability and the possibility of further enlargement, as has been discussed for years, including the countries of the Western Balkans, which since the fall of communist systems after the 90's they aspired to integration towards it. This article aims to give another critical perspective to these discussions, taking into account the current situation and economic and political developments within the European continent. We can not ignore the situation of the war between Ukraine and Russia in this discussion and the chain effects it has brought within the EU and beyond. \u0000 \u0000Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132180170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been quite some time since the re-emergence of the Socialist Republic of China as one of key political and trade key partners for the former Eastern European countries. As matter of fact, China for some time has been very influential worldwide through the Belt and Road Initiative, in the Southeastern Europe through its 16+1 format, as well as specifically in Western Balkans, particularly with its major investments in industry, road construction, debt trap diplomacy, Confucius institutes and other political, economic and cultural leverages. Albania could not have been the sole exception from the rule, although it relies less on Chinese investments and direct interference as some of its Western Balkan neighbors, save for the Republic of Kosovo. However, the Albanian case has received only scant interest, both in academic circles and scholarly works as well as in mass media and other means of public communications. This has mainly been based on the assumption that Albania is naturally immune from any Chinese influences, be that in political, economic, or socio-cultural axes. Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"Walking on Tightropes: The Idiosyncrasies of Albania-China Relations","authors":"Ilir Kalemaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s110","url":null,"abstract":"It has been quite some time since the re-emergence of the Socialist Republic of China as one of key political and trade key partners for the former Eastern European countries. As matter of fact, China for some time has been very influential worldwide through the Belt and Road Initiative, in the Southeastern Europe through its 16+1 format, as well as specifically in Western Balkans, particularly with its major investments in industry, road construction, debt trap diplomacy, Confucius institutes and other political, economic and cultural leverages. Albania could not have been the sole exception from the rule, although it relies less on Chinese investments and direct interference as some of its Western Balkan neighbors, save for the Republic of Kosovo. However, the Albanian case has received only scant interest, both in academic circles and scholarly works as well as in mass media and other means of public communications. This has mainly been based on the assumption that Albania is naturally immune from any Chinese influences, be that in political, economic, or socio-cultural axes. \u0000 \u0000Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128802316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic security is one of the main challenges facing the Western Balkans. Poverty, unemployment and inequality threaten the everyday security of average citizens in the region. The Western Balkan economies have emerged from a serious economic recession and are in search of a new growth path on their way to eventual EU membership. However, they are beset by numerous economic and social problems that hinder their progress. The economic transition in the Western Balkans implicated a large structural change which has come through the processes of privatization and enterprise restructuring which caused the disappearance of many professions and jobs and have made the stock of skills inherited from the former system obsolete. All countries in the Western Balkans are striving to join the European Union. This transformation process presents enormous challenges and requires many changes and improvements in various fields especially when regards the economic development and employment. The Western Balkan (WB6) region, consisting in small emerging market economies, is aspiring to embark on an export-led growth and convergence path. After a late start in transition due to civil wars, the region experienced notable income growth nearly doubling its real GDP level in the last two decades. However, income convergence with advanced Europe has been less impressive when compared to new member states, partly reflecting lower exports. Western Balkan countries have the same problematics which regard widespread corruption, the presence of organized crime, the lack of freedom of legal functioning, and the deep politicization of public administration. The countries differ according to the importance and the sensibility of their problems, politics will treat them according to their platforms, legal frameworks in place and capacity for enforcement. These issues have a great impact for economic performance, generating employment, state revenue collection, and the development of small and medium enterprises. These problems are rooted in the general state of democracy and the political culture in the region, as well as diplomatic issues surrounding statehood. The main aim of this paper is to reflect and analyze the economic development through GDP in the Western Balkan in relation to unemployment and inflation. The analysis is based on the literature review, on the reports given form different structures and also based on quantitative data form the Worl Bank for Western Balkans’ countries on GDP, unemployment and inflation and testing their correlations through the e Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Model. At the end of this paper based on the theoretical and practical review are give the conclusions and the recommendation of the study. Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"Economic Development, Unemployment and Inflation in the Western Balkans","authors":"Gentiana Kraja, Denis Dedej, Llambi Prendi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s101","url":null,"abstract":"Economic security is one of the main challenges facing the Western Balkans. Poverty, unemployment and inequality threaten the everyday security of average citizens in the region. The Western Balkan economies have emerged from a serious economic recession and are in search of a new growth path on their way to eventual EU membership. However, they are beset by numerous economic and social problems that hinder their progress. The economic transition in the Western Balkans implicated a large structural change which has come through the processes of privatization and enterprise restructuring which caused the disappearance of many professions and jobs and have made the stock of skills inherited from the former system obsolete. All countries in the Western Balkans are striving to join the European Union. This transformation process presents enormous challenges and requires many changes and improvements in various fields especially when regards the economic development and employment. The Western Balkan (WB6) region, consisting in small emerging market economies, is aspiring to embark on an export-led growth and convergence path. After a late start in transition due to civil wars, the region experienced notable income growth nearly doubling its real GDP level in the last two decades. However, income convergence with advanced Europe has been less impressive when compared to new member states, partly reflecting lower exports. Western Balkan countries have the same problematics which regard widespread corruption, the presence of organized crime, the lack of freedom of legal functioning, and the deep politicization of public administration. The countries differ according to the importance and the sensibility of their problems, politics will treat them according to their platforms, legal frameworks in place and capacity for enforcement. These issues have a great impact for economic performance, generating employment, state revenue collection, and the development of small and medium enterprises. These problems are rooted in the general state of democracy and the political culture in the region, as well as diplomatic issues surrounding statehood. The main aim of this paper is to reflect and analyze the economic development through GDP in the Western Balkan in relation to unemployment and inflation. The analysis is based on the literature review, on the reports given form different structures and also based on quantitative data form the Worl Bank for Western Balkans’ countries on GDP, unemployment and inflation and testing their correlations through the e Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Model. At the end of this paper based on the theoretical and practical review are give the conclusions and the recommendation of the study. \u0000 \u0000Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130240967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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