{"title":"Vitamin D Deficiency as a Potential Inducer of Autoimmune Diseases in Patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum","authors":"A. Taieb, Elhachmi Mounira, B. A. Asma","doi":"10.36922/itps.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.292","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73538975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Case of Bacterial Conjunctivitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in an Infant","authors":"Hatice Uras, K. Yanık, Cemal Yeter","doi":"10.36922/itps.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.270","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89876473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is considered a major global health problem, causing various health issues, including cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer. The risk of developing such complications increases when the viral load is above 105 copies/mL. Early identification of HBV infection is imperative to preventing the spread of infection to other parts of the body. Although various sensing methods have been developed to identify HBV, researchers are still working toward developing cheap, easy, and sensitive detection methods. We developed a highly sensitive and rapid HBV detection method using nanomaterials on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aptamer-antibody was utilized as the detection probe and immobilized on a zeolite-modified ELISA plate to detect the HBV biomarker hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). To enhance the detection of HBsAg, aptamer and antibody were attached to gold nanoparticle through electrostatic interaction and immobilized on the zeolite-modified ELISA plate through amine linker. This probe-modified ELISA plate detected low levels of HBsAg, with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. Furthermore, serum spiked experiments showed increment of absorbance with increasing HBsAg concentration, but control trials with other biomolecules showed no increment of absorbance, showing the specific and selective detection of HBsAg. This nanomaterial-modified ELISA plate can detect low levels of HBsAg and help in the diagnosis of HBV infection in its early stages.
{"title":"Highly Sensitive Hepatitis B Virus Identification by Antibody-Aptamer Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","authors":"Huijuan Geng, S. Gopinath, Wenyan Niu","doi":"10.36922/itps.298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.298","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is considered a major global health problem, causing various health issues, including cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer. The risk of developing such complications increases when the viral load is above 105 copies/mL. Early identification of HBV infection is imperative to preventing the spread of infection to other parts of the body. Although various sensing methods have been developed to identify HBV, researchers are still working toward developing cheap, easy, and sensitive detection methods. We developed a highly sensitive and rapid HBV detection method using nanomaterials on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aptamer-antibody was utilized as the detection probe and immobilized on a zeolite-modified ELISA plate to detect the HBV biomarker hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). To enhance the detection of HBsAg, aptamer and antibody were attached to gold nanoparticle through electrostatic interaction and immobilized on the zeolite-modified ELISA plate through amine linker. This probe-modified ELISA plate detected low levels of HBsAg, with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. Furthermore, serum spiked experiments showed increment of absorbance with increasing HBsAg concentration, but control trials with other biomolecules showed no increment of absorbance, showing the specific and selective detection of HBsAg. This nanomaterial-modified ELISA plate can detect low levels of HBsAg and help in the diagnosis of HBV infection in its early stages.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76759110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal gel that contains Curcuma longa extract. The ethanolic extract of C. longa’s rhizome was used to create a gel formulation in different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%). Topical anti-inflammatory activity of gel was also assessed. Gel was prepared using Carbopol® 940 (1% w/v), C. longa extract, ethanol, propylene glycol 400, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tri-ethanolamine, and the necessary amount of distilled water. The prepared formulations were assessed for their physical qualities, pH, spreadability, and ability to irritate skin to detect toxicity or side effects. The findings suggested that gel compositions were good in terms of appearance and uniformity.
{"title":"Formulation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Herbal Gel Containing Curcuma longa","authors":"P. Kumari, Souravh Bais","doi":"10.36922/itps.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.287","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal gel that contains Curcuma longa extract. The ethanolic extract of C. longa’s rhizome was used to create a gel formulation in different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%). Topical anti-inflammatory activity of gel was also assessed. Gel was prepared using Carbopol® 940 (1% w/v), C. longa extract, ethanol, propylene glycol 400, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tri-ethanolamine, and the necessary amount of distilled water. The prepared formulations were assessed for their physical qualities, pH, spreadability, and ability to irritate skin to detect toxicity or side effects. The findings suggested that gel compositions were good in terms of appearance and uniformity.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87119644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pranali A Chandurkar, Mrunali D. Dhokne, N. Wankhede, S. Mangrulkar, B. Taksande, A. Upaganlawar, M. Umekar, Mayur B. Kale
Mitochondria are crucial cellular organelles that regulate energy production, oxidative balance, and calcium homeostasis, among other things. Aging is a natural, multifactorial, and multi-organic process, in which both pathological and physiological changes occur gradually over time. Autophagy capacity and mitochondrial processes such as mitophagy, biogenesis, and dynamics are associated with aging. These processes are important for maintaining the structural integrity of mitochondria and thus cell life since mitochondrial dysfunction leads to an impairment in energy metabolism and an increased production of reactive oxygen species, both of which may stimulate mechanisms of cellular senescence and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, in both model organisms and humans, a decline in mitochondrial activity can contribute to age-related disease phenotypes. As people age, mitochondrial damage and malfunction may induce apoptosis, thus explaining the rise in cell death. Many aging processes are believed to be driven by oxidative stress. Taken together, the evidence strongly suggests a relation between mitochondrial function and a wide spectrum of aging processes. Although there is no general consensus among the studies reviewed, it appears that aging reduces mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as well as the mitophagy capacity of the organism involved. This review describes the involvement of autophagy and apoptosis in the modulation of mitochondrial function in the brain.
{"title":"Modulation of Mitochondrial Function in Elderly Brain: Involvement of Autophagy and Apoptosis","authors":"Pranali A Chandurkar, Mrunali D. Dhokne, N. Wankhede, S. Mangrulkar, B. Taksande, A. Upaganlawar, M. Umekar, Mayur B. Kale","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i2.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i2.205","url":null,"abstract":"Mitochondria are crucial cellular organelles that regulate energy production, oxidative balance, and calcium homeostasis, among other things. Aging is a natural, multifactorial, and multi-organic process, in which both pathological and physiological changes occur gradually over time. Autophagy capacity and mitochondrial processes such as mitophagy, biogenesis, and dynamics are associated with aging. These processes are important for maintaining the structural integrity of mitochondria and thus cell life since mitochondrial dysfunction leads to an impairment in energy metabolism and an increased production of reactive oxygen species, both of which may stimulate mechanisms of cellular senescence and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, in both model organisms and humans, a decline in mitochondrial activity can contribute to age-related disease phenotypes. As people age, mitochondrial damage and malfunction may induce apoptosis, thus explaining the rise in cell death. Many aging processes are believed to be driven by oxidative stress. Taken together, the evidence strongly suggests a relation between mitochondrial function and a wide spectrum of aging processes. Although there is no general consensus among the studies reviewed, it appears that aging reduces mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as well as the mitophagy capacity of the organism involved. This review describes the involvement of autophagy and apoptosis in the modulation of mitochondrial function in the brain.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88217420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The liver is the primary organ for metabolizing and eliminating foreign chemicals. When liver cells are exposed to large concentrations of dangerous substances, hepatocyte malfunction, membrane damage, and degradation may occur. Another chemical that can harm the liver is carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). CCl4 is converted into trichloromethyl radical [CCl3]- by several cytochrome P450 isoforms. [CCl3]- subsequently reacts with oxygen to generate trichloromethyl peroxyl radical [CCl3OO]- and induce lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. In this study, the mechanism by which a variety of recently identified medicinal plants display hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced liver injury is investigated. We find that animal models have been used in investigations of plant extracts. Herbal plants largely protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity because their phytochemicals have an inhibitory nature. The antioxidant properties of phytochemicals can halt lipid oxidation and restrict the production of free radicals by inhibiting microsomal enzymes. They can also help liver cells in their fight against CCl4-induced inflammation by strengthening and fortifying them. The effectiveness of various herbs that are hepatoprotective and are thus plausible candidates for use in medicine must be confirmed. Experiments using entire plant extracts should be replaced with tests that pinpoint the active ingredients and assess the extracts’ effect on a variety of liver cell lines.
{"title":"Effects of Medicinal Plants on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury: A Review","authors":"S. M. Firdous, Marwa A. A. Fayed","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i2.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i2.215","url":null,"abstract":"The liver is the primary organ for metabolizing and eliminating foreign chemicals. When liver cells are exposed to large concentrations of dangerous substances, hepatocyte malfunction, membrane damage, and degradation may occur. Another chemical that can harm the liver is carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). CCl4 is converted into trichloromethyl radical [CCl3]- by several cytochrome P450 isoforms. [CCl3]- subsequently reacts with oxygen to generate trichloromethyl peroxyl radical [CCl3OO]- and induce lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. In this study, the mechanism by which a variety of recently identified medicinal plants display hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced liver injury is investigated. We find that animal models have been used in investigations of plant extracts. Herbal plants largely protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity because their phytochemicals have an inhibitory nature. The antioxidant properties of phytochemicals can halt lipid oxidation and restrict the production of free radicals by inhibiting microsomal enzymes. They can also help liver cells in their fight against CCl4-induced inflammation by strengthening and fortifying them. The effectiveness of various herbs that are hepatoprotective and are thus plausible candidates for use in medicine must be confirmed. Experiments using entire plant extracts should be replaced with tests that pinpoint the active ingredients and assess the extracts’ effect on a variety of liver cell lines.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87511015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gentamicin is atypical aminoglycoside medication used to treat bacterial infections. Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity is classified as a tubulopathy, in which tubular damage and destruction most frequently cause renal insufficiency. Our study aims to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of Lawsonia inermis bark extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 6). Group I served as a normal control group, group II served as a gentamicin control group, and in Groups III and IV, gentamicin-challenged animals were treated with L. inermis bark extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the results, we found that treatment with L. inermis bark extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the elevated creatinine and urea in the blood. Besides, the extract also improved the total protein level in the blood. It is well known that gentamicin intoxication reduces antioxidant defense, so we examined the levels of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) and discovered that the extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly improved the activity of these antioxidants. Hence, we can conclude that the nephroprotective potential of L. inermis bark extract may be attributed to its antioxidant activity.
{"title":"Evaluation of Nephroprotective Effects of Lawsonia inermis Bark Extract: A Biochemical Approach","authors":"Sayeed Mohammad Firdous, Marwa A. A. Fayed","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i1.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i1.219","url":null,"abstract":"Gentamicin is atypical aminoglycoside medication used to treat bacterial infections. Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity is classified as a tubulopathy, in which tubular damage and destruction most frequently cause renal insufficiency. Our study aims to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of Lawsonia inermis bark extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 6). Group I served as a normal control group, group II served as a gentamicin control group, and in Groups III and IV, gentamicin-challenged animals were treated with L. inermis bark extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the results, we found that treatment with L. inermis bark extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the elevated creatinine and urea in the blood. Besides, the extract also improved the total protein level in the blood. It is well known that gentamicin intoxication reduces antioxidant defense, so we examined the levels of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) and discovered that the extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly improved the activity of these antioxidants. Hence, we can conclude that the nephroprotective potential of L. inermis bark extract may be attributed to its antioxidant activity.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83425179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), an RNA-containing virus, has infected more than 170 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of deaths in developing countries due to its propensity to progress to chronic states, followed by multiple fibrosis and scar formation (cirrhosis) and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disorder, is one of the diseases of civilization, and its prevalence has shown an increasing tendency globally. At present, more than 350 million people worldwide are suffering from T2DM. T2DM is considered the most common extrahepatic linkage of HCV infection, which is associated with prevalent morbidity and mortality patterns. Several studies have reported that HCV patients are more prone to developing T2DM as compared to healthy non-infected individuals. Extensive studies have revealed that HCV patients tend to develop insulin resistance (IR), which plays a crucial role in the development of T2DM. IR develops through several pathophysiological mechanisms, including the inhibition of insulin signaling pathway that induces central IR by HCV proteins and increased lipolysis as well as the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, which promote peripheral IR. IR has a direct effect on the association of HCV with T2DM, and it has been found associated with impaired sustained virological response (SVR) and a higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV patients. Therefore, it has been suggested that chronic HCV patients must be treated with anti-HCV therapy along with antidiabetic medications to better achieve SVR. In this review, we briefly describe HCV infection, its diagnosis, global epidemiology, treatment options, and its association with DM, along with its impact on anti-HCV therapy.
{"title":"A Concise Review on Hepatitis C Virus Infection-Associated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Impact on Anti-HCV Therapy","authors":"Muhammad Khalid Khan, Muhammad Saad, Raza Ullah","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i1.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i1.172","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV), an RNA-containing virus, has infected more than 170 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of deaths in developing countries due to its propensity to progress to chronic states, followed by multiple fibrosis and scar formation (cirrhosis) and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disorder, is one of the diseases of civilization, and its prevalence has shown an increasing tendency globally. At present, more than 350 million people worldwide are suffering from T2DM. T2DM is considered the most common extrahepatic linkage of HCV infection, which is associated with prevalent morbidity and mortality patterns. Several studies have reported that HCV patients are more prone to developing T2DM as compared to healthy non-infected individuals. Extensive studies have revealed that HCV patients tend to develop insulin resistance (IR), which plays a crucial role in the development of T2DM. IR develops through several pathophysiological mechanisms, including the inhibition of insulin signaling pathway that induces central IR by HCV proteins and increased lipolysis as well as the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, which promote peripheral IR. IR has a direct effect on the association of HCV with T2DM, and it has been found associated with impaired sustained virological response (SVR) and a higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV patients. Therefore, it has been suggested that chronic HCV patients must be treated with anti-HCV therapy along with antidiabetic medications to better achieve SVR. In this review, we briefly describe HCV infection, its diagnosis, global epidemiology, treatment options, and its association with DM, along with its impact on anti-HCV therapy.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77913031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insulin signaling in brain has emerged as a recent field of research since decreased brain insulin levels were linked to impaired learning, memory, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Brain insulin has a pivotal role in regulating glucose metabolism, memory, learning, neuron formation, and to be neuroprotective through a cascade of cellular signaling process. In addition, insulin may serve as a promising therapy against diabetes and neurodegeneration conditions. Interestingly, insulin has been also faced as the potential missing link between neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes. Therefore, this review aims to untangle the complex interactions among aging and diabetes which allow the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to conquer neurodegenerative condition as well as diabetes.
{"title":"Role of Insulin in Brain: An Emphasis on Molecular Functions","authors":"S. Kundu, Sayeed Mohammed Firdous","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i2.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i2.43","url":null,"abstract":"Insulin signaling in brain has emerged as a recent field of research since decreased brain insulin levels were linked to impaired learning, memory, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Brain insulin has a pivotal role in regulating glucose metabolism, memory, learning, neuron formation, and to be neuroprotective through a cascade of cellular signaling process. In addition, insulin may serve as a promising therapy against diabetes and neurodegeneration conditions. Interestingly, insulin has been also faced as the potential missing link between neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes. Therefore, this review aims to untangle the complex interactions among aging and diabetes which allow the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to conquer neurodegenerative condition as well as diabetes.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87283129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has negatively impacted the global health and economy. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shares many similarities with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. It has been identified that the 3C-like protease (3CLpro) enzyme in coronaviruses can be a major therapeutic target for combating these serious infections. Therefore, flavonoids are believed to hold high potential in eliminating the viruses and infections. Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants and have been demonstrated for their notable benefits for health. The antiviral activity of flavonoids has been reported in recent studies. Flavonoids, such as apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, amentoflavone, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, and kaempferol, are known to be able to fight against coronaviruses by reducing the 3CLpro activity, according to the docking studies. Besides, we also found that several flavonoids have the potential to suppress the inflammatory cytokines, which are generally expressed in the lungs of coronavirus-infected individuals. However, the studies utilizing 3CLpro using various scaffolds of flavonoids need to be performed for better understanding on the antiviral potential of flavonoid derivatives against 3CLpro.
{"title":"Are Plant-derived Flavonoids the Emerging Anti-coronavirus Agents?","authors":"Firdous Sayeed Mohammad, Mohsina Patwekar, Faheem Patwekar","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i2.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i2.42","url":null,"abstract":"The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has negatively impacted the global health and economy. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shares many similarities with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. It has been identified that the 3C-like protease (3CLpro) enzyme in coronaviruses can be a major therapeutic target for combating these serious infections. Therefore, flavonoids are believed to hold high potential in eliminating the viruses and infections. Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants and have been demonstrated for their notable benefits for health. The antiviral activity of flavonoids has been reported in recent studies. Flavonoids, such as apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, amentoflavone, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, and kaempferol, are known to be able to fight against coronaviruses by reducing the 3CLpro activity, according to the docking studies. Besides, we also found that several flavonoids have the potential to suppress the inflammatory cytokines, which are generally expressed in the lungs of coronavirus-infected individuals. However, the studies utilizing 3CLpro using various scaffolds of flavonoids need to be performed for better understanding on the antiviral potential of flavonoid derivatives against 3CLpro.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85137626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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