N. Katari, R. Gundla, P. K. Reddy, Anuradha Vanam, Aruna Talatam, N. Motohashi, Rao Gollapudi
Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) gene located in human chromosome17, encodes Her2 tyrosine kinase protein, and is overexpressed in breast cancer cells. Her2 is activated on phosphorylation of tyrosine by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nonetheless, Her2 excessively partakes in the development and prognosis of specific types of aggressive breast cancers. Therefore, Her2 inhibition therapy is primary target for the treatment of aggressive breast cancer. At present, lapatinib is one of the Food and Drug Administration approved Her2 inhibitors used in cancer therapy. In molecular docking process, glabrene with slightly higher binding energy competitively bound to the active receptor site comparable to lapatinib and ATP. Therefore, glabrene could emerge as a potential candidate for restricting Her2 overexpressed breast cancer. Objective: The present study aimed to demonstrate the inhibitory activity of glabrene, an isoflavene and xenoestrogen found in liquorice root, along with known Her2 inhibitor, lapatinib. Methods: ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene were docked on human Her2 protein 3D structure which revealed glabrene as a competitive Her2 inhibitor akin to lapatinib. Results: The docking results suggested the binding site similarities of ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene. The binding energies of docked ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene complexes with Her2 were −9.1 kcal/mol, −10.5 kcal/mol, and −11.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: The in silico docking simulation of ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene suggested that glabrene is likewise a competitive Her2 inhibitor.
{"title":"Molecular Docking Studies of Glabrene and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase","authors":"N. Katari, R. Gundla, P. K. Reddy, Anuradha Vanam, Aruna Talatam, N. Motohashi, Rao Gollapudi","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i1.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i1.56","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) gene located in human chromosome17, encodes Her2 tyrosine kinase protein, and is overexpressed in breast cancer cells. Her2 is activated on phosphorylation of tyrosine by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nonetheless, Her2 excessively partakes in the development and prognosis of specific types of aggressive breast cancers. Therefore, Her2 inhibition therapy is primary target for the treatment of aggressive breast cancer. At present, lapatinib is one of the Food and Drug Administration approved Her2 inhibitors used in cancer therapy. In molecular docking process, glabrene with slightly higher binding energy competitively bound to the active receptor site comparable to lapatinib and ATP. Therefore, glabrene could emerge as a potential candidate for restricting Her2 overexpressed breast cancer. \u0000Objective: The present study aimed to demonstrate the inhibitory activity of glabrene, an isoflavene and xenoestrogen found in liquorice root, along with known Her2 inhibitor, lapatinib. \u0000Methods: ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene were docked on human Her2 protein 3D structure which revealed glabrene as a competitive Her2 inhibitor akin to lapatinib. Results: The docking results suggested the binding site similarities of ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene. The binding energies of docked ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene complexes with Her2 were −9.1 kcal/mol, −10.5 kcal/mol, and −11.3 kcal/mol, respectively. \u0000Conclusion: The in silico docking simulation of ATP, lapatinib, and glabrene suggested that glabrene is likewise a competitive Her2 inhibitor.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83091839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhamad Shakir Yusoff, S. Gopinath, M. Uda, T. LakshmiPriya, Ahmad Radi Wan Yaakub, P. Anbu
Silver and gold nanoparticles are promising agents that can enhance the antibacterial activity of conjugated/capped extract of plant compounds. The aim of our study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles from Gymnema sylvestre plant extract. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of conjugated silver which was green synthesized and gold nanoparticle that was obtained from a commercial source was evaluated using disk-diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were also carried out to characterize the conjugated silver and gold nanoparticles. The conjugation of silver and gold nanoparticles was performed chemically using 16-mercaptodecanoic acid. Our results revealed that conjugated silver and gold nanoparticle both showing larger inhibition zones against E. coli and A. niger. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the above metallic conjugation was found to be stable with MIC was reported to be 1 mM. When comparing the sample analysis on conjugation of gold and silver nanoparticles against E. coli and A. niger, the antimicrobial activity recorded was 2.0 ± 0.01 and 2.32 ± 0.04 cm, respectively, with no significance difference was found (P = 0.85). In conclusion, the combination of two different nanoparticles is efficient for microbial inhibition and can be useful for studying antimicrobial activities with the combination of different nanomaterials in future.
{"title":"Conjugation of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles for Enhancing Antimicrobial Activity","authors":"Muhamad Shakir Yusoff, S. Gopinath, M. Uda, T. LakshmiPriya, Ahmad Radi Wan Yaakub, P. Anbu","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i2.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i2.70","url":null,"abstract":"Silver and gold nanoparticles are promising agents that can enhance the antibacterial activity of conjugated/capped extract of plant compounds. The aim of our study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles from Gymnema sylvestre plant extract. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of conjugated silver which was green synthesized and gold nanoparticle that was obtained from a commercial source was evaluated using disk-diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were also carried out to characterize the conjugated silver and gold nanoparticles. The conjugation of silver and gold nanoparticles was performed chemically using 16-mercaptodecanoic acid. Our results revealed that conjugated silver and gold nanoparticle both showing larger inhibition zones against E. coli and A. niger. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the above metallic conjugation was found to be stable with MIC was reported to be 1 mM. When comparing the sample analysis on conjugation of gold and silver nanoparticles against E. coli and A. niger, the antimicrobial activity recorded was 2.0 ± 0.01 and 2.32 ± 0.04 cm, respectively, with no significance difference was found (P = 0.85). In conclusion, the combination of two different nanoparticles is efficient for microbial inhibition and can be useful for studying antimicrobial activities with the combination of different nanomaterials in future.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81729009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to understand the gene mobility and its benefits. In this experiment, we transferred the significant gene horizontally under the appropriate condition and generated an antibiotic-resistant bacterial strain. The process of gene mobility is known as horizontal gene transfer, in which three different modes have been acknowledged that are transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Conjugation is a simple natural occurrence of cell-to-cell contact for transferring gene. The gene sequence that was analyzed in this study is responsible for tetracycline resistance in Proteus mirabilis; the gene was transferred horizontally to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two methods were used for the conjugation, namely, plate- and broth-mating. The conjugation results were analyzed statistically, where events of probability across the time intervals at the highest spectrophotometric absorbance of 0.43 are tabulated. Broth mating was performed in 25 samples and the probability of an event is successful at P = 0.88. Further, broth mating was accredited to be better than plate-mating as claimed with a 95% confidence interval that yields the value of Z normal test of 4.49. This study suggests a feasible method for generating drug-resistant bacterial strains for use in medical research and industrial applications.
{"title":"Horizontal Gene Transfer: Generating Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria","authors":"Mohamad Amin Awang, T. Ismail, Thangavel, Lakshmipriya, Subash, C., B., Gopinath, SUMITHA","doi":"10.36922/itps.v4i1.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v4i1.66","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to understand the gene mobility and its benefits. In this experiment, we transferred the significant gene horizontally under the appropriate condition and generated an antibiotic-resistant bacterial strain. The process of gene mobility is known as horizontal gene transfer, in which three different modes have been acknowledged that are transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Conjugation is a simple natural occurrence of cell-to-cell contact for transferring gene. The gene sequence that was analyzed in this study is responsible for tetracycline resistance in Proteus mirabilis; the gene was transferred horizontally to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two methods were used for the conjugation, namely, plate- and broth-mating. The conjugation results were analyzed statistically, where events of probability across the time intervals at the highest spectrophotometric absorbance of 0.43 are tabulated. Broth mating was performed in 25 samples and the probability of an event is successful at P = 0.88. Further, broth mating was accredited to be better than plate-mating as claimed with a 95% confidence interval that yields the value of Z normal test of 4.49. This study suggests a feasible method for generating drug-resistant bacterial strains for use in medical research and industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90333882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prevention of oral diseases plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of vulnerable patients. In this context, vulnerable patients include the adults with no or restricted access to dental treatments, adults above the age of 65 years, and adults residing in Établissement d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes (EHPADs), which is a type of nursing home for dependent elderly people in France. These vulnerable patients display frailty and/or may need specialized treatment. In addition, oral disease prevention of those living in economically weak countries is equally important. As the global population is increasing at an annual rate of 1.7% while the population of those over 65 years rises at a rate of 2.5%, it is expected that the adults older than 80 years will make up of nearly 20% of the world population in the near future. Therefore, it is without a doubt that early prevention is an important and effective approach to minimize the prevalence of oral disease in the aged population, thereby reducing the related economic repercussions. In general, four levels of prevention have been defined [1,2]. The four levels of prevention are as follows: • Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or an injury. • Secondary prevention aims to reduce the spread of an already established disease or a progressing disease in a population. It should reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred or abrogate the progression of a disease and deterioration. • Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the symptoms and complications of a disease and impact of an ongoing illness to improve patient’s functional abilities, quality of life, and life expectancy. Despite that, there is still a risk of recurrence of the disease. Tertiary prevention focuses on the prevention of an already established disease or a progressing disease. • Quaternary prevention aims to identify patients at risk of over-medicalization and suggest interventions that are ethically acceptable, thereby protecting patients from unnecessary medical interventions.
预防口腔疾病对维持弱势病人的健康起着至关重要的作用。在这方面，易受伤害的病人包括无法或受限制获得牙科治疗的成年人、65岁以上的成年人和居住在Établissement d ' hsamberment pour persones 个人个人获得自由的限期)的成年人，这是法国为受抚养的老年人提供的一种养老院。这些易受伤害的患者表现出虚弱和/或可能需要专门治疗。此外，预防生活在经济薄弱国家的人的口腔疾病也同样重要。由于全球人口以每年1.7%的速度增长，而65岁以上人口以2.5%的速度增长，预计在不久的将来，80岁以上的成年人将占世界人口的近20%。因此，毫无疑问，早期预防是减少老年人口口腔疾病患病率的重要而有效的方法，从而减少相关的经济影响。一般来说，已经定义了四个级别的预防[1,2]。预防的四个级别如下:•初级预防的目的是防止疾病或伤害的发生。•二级预防的目的是减少已经形成的疾病或正在发展的疾病在人群中的传播。它应该减少已经发生的疾病或损伤的影响，或消除疾病的进展和恶化。•三级预防旨在减少疾病的症状和并发症以及持续疾病的影响，以改善患者的功能能力、生活质量和预期寿命。尽管如此，这种疾病仍有复发的危险。三级预防侧重于预防已经形成的疾病或正在发展的疾病。•四级预防旨在确定面临过度用药风险的患者，并提出道德上可接受的干预措施，从而保护患者免受不必要的医疗干预。
{"title":"Geriatric Oral Health: The Role of Oral Disease Prevention in Vulnerable Patients","authors":"M. Goldberg","doi":"10.36922/ITPS.V4I1.966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ITPS.V4I1.966","url":null,"abstract":"Prevention of oral diseases plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of vulnerable patients. In this context, vulnerable patients include the adults with no or restricted access to dental treatments, adults above the age of 65 years, and adults residing in Établissement d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes (EHPADs), which is a type of nursing home for dependent elderly people in France. These vulnerable patients display frailty and/or may need specialized treatment. In addition, oral disease prevention of those living in economically weak countries is equally important. As the global population is increasing at an annual rate of 1.7% while the population of those over 65 years rises at a rate of 2.5%, it is expected that the adults older than 80 years will make up of nearly 20% of the world population in the near future. Therefore, it is without a doubt that early prevention is an important and effective approach to minimize the prevalence of oral disease in the aged population, thereby reducing the related economic repercussions. In general, four levels of prevention have been defined [1,2]. The four levels of prevention are as follows: • Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or an injury. • Secondary prevention aims to reduce the spread of an already established disease or a progressing disease in a population. It should reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred or abrogate the progression of a disease and deterioration. • Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the symptoms and complications of a disease and impact of an ongoing illness to improve patient’s functional abilities, quality of life, and life expectancy. Despite that, there is still a risk of recurrence of the disease. Tertiary prevention focuses on the prevention of an already established disease or a progressing disease. • Quaternary prevention aims to identify patients at risk of over-medicalization and suggest interventions that are ethically acceptable, thereby protecting patients from unnecessary medical interventions.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90769428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since the first report of COVID-19 emerging in Wuhan, China, authorities in 216 countries and territories have reported about 47.3 million COVID-19 cases and 1.2 million deaths. The WHO guidelines for the management of COVID-19 are very limited to recommendations for managing symptoms and advice on careful management of pediatric patients, pregnant women, and patients with underlying comorbidities. There is no approved treatment for COVID-19 and guidelines vary between countries. In this review, first, a brief overview is provided on the basic knowledge about the virus, clinical features of the disease, and different diagnostic methods. Then, the relationship between COVID-19, various body systems, and other complications is discussed. Finallly, different management strategies are discussed, including those drawn on computational chemistry analyses, pre-clinical investigations, and clinical trials which involve pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. In conclusion, despite the recent approval of different vaccine candidates, more virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 are required to be explored, which may result in the discovery of more potential therapeutic targets leading to safer and more effective treatment to COVID-19.
{"title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Overview of the Complications and Management","authors":"Huimin Shao, Hany Sadek Ayoub Ghaly, P. Varamini","doi":"10.36922/ITPS.V4I1.1037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ITPS.V4I1.1037","url":null,"abstract":"The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since the first report of COVID-19 emerging in Wuhan, China, authorities in 216 countries and territories have reported about 47.3 million COVID-19 cases and 1.2 million deaths. The WHO guidelines for the management of COVID-19 are very limited to recommendations for managing symptoms and advice on careful management of pediatric patients, pregnant women, and patients with underlying comorbidities. There is no approved treatment for COVID-19 and guidelines vary between countries. In this review, first, a brief overview is provided on the basic knowledge about the virus, clinical features of the disease, and different diagnostic methods. Then, the relationship between COVID-19, various body systems, and other complications is discussed. Finallly, different management strategies are discussed, including those drawn on computational chemistry analyses, pre-clinical investigations, and clinical trials which involve pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. In conclusion, despite the recent approval of different vaccine candidates, more virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 are required to be explored, which may result in the discovery of more potential therapeutic targets leading to safer and more effective treatment to COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89887222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Elena Del Prado, R. Ruiz-Villaverde, P. Giavedoni, Ana Rodríguez, D. Vidal, G. Roustán, F. Queipo, J. Aneiros-Fernández, Paola Castillo, E. Ruiz, I. Moysset, Lola Suárez, L. Nájera, Fernando Alfajeme
Background. The diagnostic imaging techniques in dermatology, such as skin ultrasound, could improve the diagnosis of non-melanocytic benign tumor lesions, especially those of intradermal and subcutaneous nature. Objective. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and diagnostic safety of high-frequency ultrasound as a diagnostic test for non-melanocytic benign skin tumor detection. The specific objectives were to measure the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound as a measure of the validity relative to the gold-standard test – diagnostic-therapeutic biopsy. Methods. This study was carried out between January 2017 and June 2019. The patients (n = 641) included in this study comprised of 318 women and 323 men who were between 48 and 74 years. All of them underwent an ultrasound examination of the skin tumor in the dermatology clinic, the removal of the non-melanocytic tumor, and a final histopathological examination. Results. The skin ultrasound has a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 88%, respectively. Furthermore, the positive and negative predictive values of using skin ultrasound are 84% and 94%, respectively. Conclusion. Skin ultrasound is a diagnostic technique with high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of non-melanocytic skin tumors.
{"title":"Skin Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Approach for Non-melanocytic Benign Skin Tumors","authors":"María Elena Del Prado, R. Ruiz-Villaverde, P. Giavedoni, Ana Rodríguez, D. Vidal, G. Roustán, F. Queipo, J. Aneiros-Fernández, Paola Castillo, E. Ruiz, I. Moysset, Lola Suárez, L. Nájera, Fernando Alfajeme","doi":"10.36922/itps.v3i2.944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v3i2.944","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The diagnostic imaging techniques in dermatology, such as skin ultrasound, could improve the diagnosis of non-melanocytic benign tumor lesions, especially those of intradermal and subcutaneous nature. \u0000Objective. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and diagnostic safety of high-frequency ultrasound as a diagnostic test for non-melanocytic benign skin tumor detection. The specific objectives were to measure the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound as a measure of the validity relative to the gold-standard test – diagnostic-therapeutic biopsy. \u0000Methods. This study was carried out between January 2017 and June 2019. The patients (n = 641) included in this study comprised of 318 women and 323 men who were between 48 and 74 years. All of them underwent an ultrasound examination of the skin tumor in the dermatology clinic, the removal of the non-melanocytic tumor, and a final histopathological examination. \u0000Results. The skin ultrasound has a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 88%, respectively. Furthermore, the positive and negative predictive values of using skin ultrasound are 84% and 94%, respectively. \u0000Conclusion. Skin ultrasound is a diagnostic technique with high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of non-melanocytic skin tumors.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88505119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. As a central part of the healthcare system, the community pharmacies are afflicted by the repercussions of the pandemic. Therefore, they have to adapt their services according to the needs of their communities. Objective. This article presents a systematic review with the aim to identify the additional services that community pharmacies are providing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. The PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases were searched systematically for relevant articles between December 2019 and April 2020, using “Community Pharmacy,” “Services,” “COVID-19,” “Coronavirus,” and “Pandemic” as the keywords. Fifty-nine articles in English, Portuguese, or Spanish were obtained and after applying the filtering criteria, nine of them were selected and included in the study. Results. Community pharmacies should provide pharmaceutical services that are according to the needs of the communities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, changes of these services must be in line with the common goal of preventing the spread of the disease. In addition to the pre-existing services such as medication dispensing and personalized care, community pharmacists must promote other types of services, for example, informing, advising, and educating the community, maintaining a stable supply of pharmaceuticals and health products, and screening of suspected cases. Conclusion. While remaining engaged in the coordinated efforts, community pharmacists should apply innovations in their practices to help prevent the spread of coronavirus.
背景。作为医疗保健系统的核心部分，社区药房受到疫情影响。因此，他们必须根据社区的需要调整他们的服务。目标。本文提出了一项系统综述，旨在确定社区药房在COVID-19大流行期间提供的额外服务。方法。以“社区药房”、“服务”、“COVID-19”、“冠状病毒”和“大流行”为关键词，系统检索了2019年12月至2020年4月期间PubMed、Web of Science和ScienceDirect数据库的相关文章。获得英语、葡萄牙语或西班牙语的59篇文章，在应用筛选标准后，选择其中9篇纳入研究。结果。社区药房应根据社区需求提供药学服务。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，这些服务的变化必须符合防止疾病传播的共同目标。除了药物配发和个性化护理等现有服务外，社区药剂师还必须促进其他类型的服务，例如向社区提供信息、咨询和教育，保持药品和保健产品的稳定供应，以及筛查疑似病例。结论。社区药剂师在继续参与协调工作的同时，应在实践中应用创新，帮助防止冠状病毒的传播。
{"title":"Community Pharmacy Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review","authors":"A. Mendonça, C. Santos, Isabel C. Pinto","doi":"10.36922/itps.v3i2.971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v3i2.971","url":null,"abstract":"Background. As a central part of the healthcare system, the community pharmacies are afflicted by the repercussions of the pandemic. Therefore, they have to adapt their services according to the needs of their communities. \u0000Objective. This article presents a systematic review with the aim to identify the additional services that community pharmacies are providing during the COVID-19 pandemic. \u0000Methods. The PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases were searched systematically for relevant articles between December 2019 and April 2020, using “Community Pharmacy,” “Services,” “COVID-19,” “Coronavirus,” and “Pandemic” as the keywords. Fifty-nine articles in English, Portuguese, or Spanish were obtained and after applying the filtering criteria, nine of them were selected and included in the study. \u0000Results. Community pharmacies should provide pharmaceutical services that are according to the needs of the communities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, changes of these services must be in line with the common goal of preventing the spread of the disease. In addition to the pre-existing services such as medication dispensing and personalized care, community pharmacists must promote other types of services, for example, informing, advising, and educating the community, maintaining a stable supply of pharmaceuticals and health products, and screening of suspected cases. \u0000Conclusion. While remaining engaged in the coordinated efforts, community pharmacists should apply innovations in their practices to help prevent the spread of coronavirus.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72927631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shanshan Wu, P. Sun, Ruiling Li, Yanli Wang, Lifang Jiang, J. Deng
Background. The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 first broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province in China, and then spread quickly worldwide. Objective. This study aimed to dissect the spread and end of the epidemic in China with a precise mathematical model. Methods. Various data were obtained from the official websites of the Chinese National Health from January 20 to July 8, 2020. The Chinese study participants were divided into three groups, namely, Hubei (including Wuhan), nationwide without Hubei, and Henan. The basic reproduction number (R0), effective reproduction number (Rt), and gender and age ratio of COVID-19 were calculated, and the epidemic’s predicted curves or fitting curves with peak time and end time were plotted with SIR model. These predicted curves were compared with actual scatter plots. Results. The fitting curve of the Hubei group showed a parabola with a peak on February 18, 2020, with 51,673 cases and the gradual decrease of infected patients, which culminates with a downhill after May 2020. During early outbreak, the highest recorded R0 was 6.13, which declined gradually forming a S-type curve, and it approached zero in early May. Similar to Hubei group, the fitting curve of the nationwide without Hubei group also showed a parabola, recording a peak of 9145 cases on February 10, 2020. At first, its R0 was as high as 2.35 but declined to zero in early April. The epidemic in the Henan group also reached its peak on February 10, 2020, and ended in early April as well. Conclusion. The epidemic development of COVID-19 in China followed the shape of parabolic curves. This model provides insights into how to strategize for epidemic control.
{"title":"Epidemiological Model for COVID-19 in China","authors":"Shanshan Wu, P. Sun, Ruiling Li, Yanli Wang, Lifang Jiang, J. Deng","doi":"10.36922//itps.v3i2.938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922//itps.v3i2.938","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 first broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province in China, and then spread quickly worldwide. \u0000Objective. This study aimed to dissect the spread and end of the epidemic in China with a precise mathematical model. \u0000Methods. Various data were obtained from the official websites of the Chinese National Health from January 20 to July 8, 2020. The Chinese study participants were divided into three groups, namely, Hubei (including Wuhan), nationwide without Hubei, and Henan. The basic reproduction number (R0), effective reproduction number (Rt), and gender and age ratio of COVID-19 were calculated, and the epidemic’s predicted curves or fitting curves with peak time and end time were plotted with SIR model. These predicted curves were compared with actual scatter plots. \u0000Results. The fitting curve of the Hubei group showed a parabola with a peak on February 18, 2020, with 51,673 cases and the gradual decrease of infected patients, which culminates with a downhill after May 2020. During early outbreak, the highest recorded R0 was 6.13, which declined gradually forming a S-type curve, and it approached zero in early May. Similar to Hubei group, the fitting curve of the nationwide without Hubei group also showed a parabola, recording a peak of 9145 cases on February 10, 2020. At first, its R0 was as high as 2.35 but declined to zero in early April. The epidemic in the Henan group also reached its peak on February 10, 2020, and ended in early April as well. \u0000Conclusion. The epidemic development of COVID-19 in China followed the shape of parabolic curves. This model provides insights into how to strategize for epidemic control.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83615768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK) is known to be a unique, rare, and chronic vasculitis disease that affects large elastic arteries such as aorta and its major branches. TAK is characterized by adventitial thickening, weak pulses and ocular disturbances. The prognosis and diagnosis of TAK are challenging due to the non-specific, silent, or paucisymptomatic presentation of the disease. The effective understanding of TAK lies with the timely recognition of the symptoms and a rapid diagnosis of the disease. Point-of-care testing (POCT) is vital for the quick and reliable detection of parameters near bedside for disease diagnosis, assessment, monitoring, and therapeutics management. Ultrasonography is the most reliable POCT technique. Moreover, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein assay are the two most valuable non-imaging POCT tests used to determine inflammation and onset of the disease. Other potential biomarkers such as matrix metalloproteinases, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-18 have also been advocated for tracking the progression of TAK. Furthermore, vasculitis associated-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies have also been reported to reflect the inflammatory phase of the disease. Therefore, the development of POCT based on these blood-based biomarkers may help in quick clinical decision-making for early diagnosis of TAK and targeted therapeutics to improve clinical outcome in patients suffering from this debilitating disease.
{"title":"Importance and Feasibility of Point-of-care Testing in Takayasu’s\u0000Arteritis","authors":"S. Mehta, V. Dhawan","doi":"10.36922/itps.v3i1.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v3i1.906","url":null,"abstract":"Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK) is known to be a unique, rare, and chronic vasculitis disease that affects large elastic arteries such as aorta and its major branches. TAK is characterized by adventitial thickening, weak pulses and ocular disturbances. The prognosis and diagnosis of TAK are challenging due to the non-specific, silent, or paucisymptomatic presentation of the disease. The effective understanding of TAK lies with the timely recognition of the symptoms and a rapid diagnosis of the disease. Point-of-care testing (POCT) is vital for the quick and reliable detection of parameters near bedside for disease diagnosis, assessment, monitoring, and therapeutics management. Ultrasonography is the most reliable POCT technique. Moreover, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein assay are the two most valuable non-imaging POCT tests used to determine inflammation and onset of the disease. Other potential biomarkers such as matrix metalloproteinases, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-18 have also been advocated for tracking the progression of TAK. Furthermore, vasculitis associated-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies have also been reported to reflect the inflammatory phase of the disease. Therefore, the development of POCT based on these blood-based biomarkers may help in quick clinical decision-making for early diagnosis of TAK and targeted therapeutics to improve clinical outcome in patients suffering from this debilitating disease.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73979949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Badruddeen, J. Akhtar, M. Arif, Mohammad Irfan Khan, M. Mujahid, Mohammad Ahmad
Background. There is not much evidence illustrating that statins could be responsible for memory loss or dementia, although increased exposure to statins has been reported to cause cognitive side effects. The present study investigated the effect of lovastatin in combination with rivastigmine on cognitive function as well as brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in normal mice. Methods. The mice were categorized into four groups, and they were treated with normal saline, lovastatin, rivastigmine, and the combination of lovastatin and rivastigmine, respectively, by oral administration for 60 days. The treatment effect on cognitive functions was assessed by behavioral tests, namely, the passive avoidance test and spontaneous alternation test, as well as the measurement of brain AChE activity by Ellman’s method. Results. In this study, a significant reduction (P < 0.01) of brain AChE activity and positive effects (P < 0.01) on cognitive functions was observed in mice treated with the combination of lovastatin and rivastigmine as compared to rivastigmine alone. However, no significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed on brain AChE activity as well as cognitive functions in mice treated with lovastatin when compared with those treated with normal saline. Conclusion. This study suggested that lovastatin did not contribute to any improvements in cognitive functions and brain AChE activity, but it potentiated the effect of rivastigmine.
{"title":"Long-term Administration of Lovastatin and Rivastigmine: An In Vivo Evaluation on Cognitive Functions and Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity","authors":"N. Badruddeen, J. Akhtar, M. Arif, Mohammad Irfan Khan, M. Mujahid, Mohammad Ahmad","doi":"10.36922/itps.v2i2.904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.v2i2.904","url":null,"abstract":"Background. There is not much evidence illustrating that statins could be responsible for memory loss or dementia, although increased exposure to statins has been reported to cause cognitive side effects. The present study investigated the effect of lovastatin in combination with rivastigmine on cognitive function as well as brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in normal mice. \u0000Methods. The mice were categorized into four groups, and they were treated with normal saline, lovastatin, rivastigmine, and the combination of lovastatin and rivastigmine, respectively, by oral administration for 60 days. The treatment effect on cognitive functions was assessed by behavioral tests, namely, the passive avoidance test and spontaneous alternation test, as well as the measurement of brain AChE activity by Ellman’s method. \u0000Results. In this study, a significant reduction (P < 0.01) of brain AChE activity and positive effects (P < 0.01) on cognitive functions was observed in mice treated with the combination of lovastatin and rivastigmine as compared to rivastigmine alone. However, no significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed on brain AChE activity as well as cognitive functions in mice treated with lovastatin when compared with those treated with normal saline. \u0000Conclusion. This study suggested that lovastatin did not contribute to any improvements in cognitive functions and brain AChE activity, but it potentiated the effect of rivastigmine.","PeriodicalId":13673,"journal":{"name":"INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81350144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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