Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0707001
A. A. A. Awad, Doaa A. Nassar, O. Ali
Reaction of M (CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo and W) with 6, 6'(([1,1'biphenyl]4, 4'diylbis (azaneylylidene)) bis (methaneylylidene)) bis(2,4-dichlorophenol) H2L in THF were investigated. Under Sunlight irradiation, dinuclear carbonyl chromium complex [Cr2(CO)2L2] and two dinuclear oxo complexes [Mo2O4L2] and [W2O4L2] were isolated. In air, the corresponding reaction with Mo(CO)6 produced the dinuclear carbonyl oxo complex [Mo2O5(CO)L]. H2O. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, mass and H NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic studies for [Mo2O4L2], [W2O4L2] and [Mo2O5(CO)L]. H2O complexes showed diamagnetic characteristics. TG-DTG study was done to track the thermal behavior of the complexes and the thermodynamic parameters were computed from the thermal data using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods. The ultraviolet–vis spectra of the complexes in DMSO showed broad bands due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer. The fluorescence spectra of these complexes indicate the luminescence characteristics of the complexes. The values of optical band gap energy (Eg) of the synthesized complexes suggested that these compounds could be used as semiconductors.
{"title":"Spectroscopic, Structural Studies, Fluorescence and Optical Properties of Group VI Dinuclear Derivatives of N2O2 Schiff Base","authors":"A. A. A. Awad, Doaa A. Nassar, O. Ali","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0707001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0707001","url":null,"abstract":"Reaction of M (CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo and W) with 6, 6'(([1,1'biphenyl]4, 4'diylbis (azaneylylidene)) bis (methaneylylidene)) bis(2,4-dichlorophenol) H2L in THF were investigated. Under Sunlight irradiation, dinuclear carbonyl chromium complex [Cr2(CO)2L2] and two dinuclear oxo complexes [Mo2O4L2] and [W2O4L2] were isolated. In air, the corresponding reaction with Mo(CO)6 produced the dinuclear carbonyl oxo complex [Mo2O5(CO)L]. H2O. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, mass and H NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic studies for [Mo2O4L2], [W2O4L2] and [Mo2O5(CO)L]. H2O complexes showed diamagnetic characteristics. TG-DTG study was done to track the thermal behavior of the complexes and the thermodynamic parameters were computed from the thermal data using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods. The ultraviolet–vis spectra of the complexes in DMSO showed broad bands due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer. The fluorescence spectra of these complexes indicate the luminescence characteristics of the complexes. The values of optical band gap energy (Eg) of the synthesized complexes suggested that these compounds could be used as semiconductors.","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83314779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0701005
The activities of man have resulted in the contamination and pollution of nature. As a result of these continuous activities man’s natural environment such as soil (land), water and air have been greatly degraded. The continuous neglect and improper implementation of programmes to mitigate these activities may have resultant effect on the life of man and other organisms that occupy the face of the earth (Adesomoye et al., 2006; Edori and Kpee, 2016). For life to effectively function, water plays an important role. The ability of man to access portable water for drinking is purely based on its availability. The wellness of life, be it man or other living creatures, depends on the availability of water for drinking and other purposes (Halilu etal, 2011). The proper use of water resources and its reach to man is a worldwide challenge, most especially in the continents of Africa and Asia (WHO, 2004).
人类的活动导致了对自然的污染和污染。由于这些持续的活动，人类的自然环境，如土壤(土地)、水和空气已经大大退化。持续忽视和不当执行减轻这些活动的计划可能对人类和占据地球表面的其他生物的生命产生最终影响(Adesomoye等人，2006;Edori and Kpee, 2016)。要使生命有效地运转，水起着重要的作用。人类获得饮用水的能力完全取决于它的可得性。生命的健康，无论是人还是其他生物，都取决于饮用水和其他用途的可用性(Halilu etal, 2011)。水资源的适当利用及其对人类的影响是一项世界性的挑战，特别是在非洲和亚洲大陆(世卫组织，2004年)。
{"title":"Concentration of Heavy Metals in Borehole Water from Ikono Urban, Ikono Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0701005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0701005","url":null,"abstract":"The activities of man have resulted in the contamination and pollution of nature. As a result of these continuous activities man’s natural environment such as soil (land), water and air have been greatly degraded. The continuous neglect and improper implementation of programmes to mitigate these activities may have resultant effect on the life of man and other organisms that occupy the face of the earth (Adesomoye et al., 2006; Edori and Kpee, 2016). For life to effectively function, water plays an important role. The ability of man to access portable water for drinking is purely based on its availability. The wellness of life, be it man or other living creatures, depends on the availability of water for drinking and other purposes (Halilu etal, 2011). The proper use of water resources and its reach to man is a worldwide challenge, most especially in the continents of Africa and Asia (WHO, 2004).","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83025380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heavy metal concentrations in four pepper samples sold in major markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria was investigated in this research work. The heavy metals analyzed for include, Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cobalt (Co) and Chromium (Cr) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophometry method. The results of the analysis revealed that Cadmium ranged from 0.008±0.0009 ppm to 0.022±0.0009 ppm; Iron(0.022±0.0003 to 0.100±0.0008 ppm), Lead (0.002±0.0001 to 0.009±0.0002 ppm), Zinc (0.013±0.0003 to 0.064±0.0004 ppm) Cobalt (0.010±0.0004 to 0.036±0.0003 ppm) and Chromium (0.003±0.0001 to 0.034±0.0008 ppm) for all the analyzed pepper samples. The heavy metals concentrations in the peppers samples were significantly different at p < 0.05 level of significance among the selected markets.From the results, the levels of contamination by these heavy metals on the pepper samples were very low when compared to the permissible limits stipulated by FAO/WHO (2012). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Peppers Sold in Major Markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science Page | 2 via industrial, agricultural, traffic, domestic, mining and other anthropogenic activities have contributed immensely to the high and toxic levels of these metals in the environment (Osakwe and Okolie, 2015). Heavy metals are enormouslyinsistent in the environment; they are non-biodegradable and nonthermodegradable and thus readily accumulate to toxic levels (Ahmed and Bouhadjera, 2010). Toxicity of heavy metals can damage or reduce mental and central nervous function, worsen energy level and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidney, liver and other essential organs. Long term exposure to heavy metals may lead to slowly progressing physical, muscular and neurological degenerative process in form of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis. Allergies are not uncommon and repeated long term contract with some metal (or their compounds) may cause cancer (Michael, 2010). The presence of heavy metals in food substance constitutes serious health hazards, developing in their relative level (Luke, 1997). Hence, this present study aims at investigating the concentrations of heavy metals in peppers sold in major markets in Osogbo, Osun State, and their significance in relation to the health of people consuming these peppers. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metals in Peppers Sold in Major Markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria","authors":"Farombi Abolaji Grace, Orisadare Oluseyi Adewale, Abioye Ismail Olawale, Babatola Babatunde Keji","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0709001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0709001","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal concentrations in four pepper samples sold in major markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria was investigated in this research work. The heavy metals analyzed for include, Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cobalt (Co) and Chromium (Cr) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophometry method. The results of the analysis revealed that Cadmium ranged from 0.008±0.0009 ppm to 0.022±0.0009 ppm; Iron(0.022±0.0003 to 0.100±0.0008 ppm), Lead (0.002±0.0001 to 0.009±0.0002 ppm), Zinc (0.013±0.0003 to 0.064±0.0004 ppm) Cobalt (0.010±0.0004 to 0.036±0.0003 ppm) and Chromium (0.003±0.0001 to 0.034±0.0008 ppm) for all the analyzed pepper samples. The heavy metals concentrations in the peppers samples were significantly different at p < 0.05 level of significance among the selected markets.From the results, the levels of contamination by these heavy metals on the pepper samples were very low when compared to the permissible limits stipulated by FAO/WHO (2012). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Peppers Sold in Major Markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science Page | 2 via industrial, agricultural, traffic, domestic, mining and other anthropogenic activities have contributed immensely to the high and toxic levels of these metals in the environment (Osakwe and Okolie, 2015). Heavy metals are enormouslyinsistent in the environment; they are non-biodegradable and nonthermodegradable and thus readily accumulate to toxic levels (Ahmed and Bouhadjera, 2010). Toxicity of heavy metals can damage or reduce mental and central nervous function, worsen energy level and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidney, liver and other essential organs. Long term exposure to heavy metals may lead to slowly progressing physical, muscular and neurological degenerative process in form of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis. Allergies are not uncommon and repeated long term contract with some metal (or their compounds) may cause cancer (Michael, 2010). The presence of heavy metals in food substance constitutes serious health hazards, developing in their relative level (Luke, 1997). Hence, this present study aims at investigating the concentrations of heavy metals in peppers sold in major markets in Osogbo, Osun State, and their significance in relation to the health of people consuming these peppers. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85567534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0703003
{"title":"Protonation in Hydrocarbons: Allene (C3H4), Isobutane (C4H10), 2- butyne (CH3CCCH3), 1, 2-butadiene and 1, 3-butadiene C4H6","authors":"","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0703003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0703003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80146347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0708005
Irede, L. Egwonor, Asishana P. Onivefu
Chlorophyll is the term used for several closely related pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplast of algae and plants. Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for the color of leaves. Its presence in leaves is crucial for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, followed by the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and neargreen portions of the spectrum, hence the green color of chlorophyll containing tissues. This study evaluated the effect of extraction solvent and storage on chlorophyll extracted from selected vegetables (bitter leaf, pawpaw leaf and pumpkin leaf), It also observed the absorbance pattern at 430nm for chlorophyll a and 660nm for pheophytin a (a derivative of chlorophyll) for extracts stored at room temperature and water activity(aw) of 0.33 and 0.75 during a one month storage period. Uv-visible scans were carried out weekly for all extracts during the storage period. Absorbance measurement at 430nm and 660nm showed that initially, after extraction, the absorbance values of extracts followed according to the order of polarity of the solvents used for extraction. The order of polarity was deionized distilled water > ethanol > acetone > petroleum ether > nhexane. Uv-visible scan for extracts stored at room temperature, initially after extraction and after one month storage period showed the dominant presence of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Uv-visible scan for extracts stored at water activity(aw) of 0.33 showed the conversion of chlorophyll b at 467nm,473nm to chlorophyll a at 448nm,671nm after one month storage period and conversion of chlorophyll a to an unknown compound which absorbs at 331nm or 333nm. Uv-visible scan for extracts stored at water activity (aw) of 0.75 showed the conversion of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b to an unknown compound which absorbs at 331nm or 333nm. The pH measured for extracts stored at water activity (aw) of 0.33 showed increase in acidity after one month of storage. pH measured for extracts stored at water activity (aw) of 0.75 showed pH change to slightly alkaline except for pawpaw leaf extracts which showed increase in acidity. The difference between the initial and final specific gravity shows reduction in the chlorophyll content of extracts after one-month storage period. Chlorophyll Extraction and Storage Studies on Selected Vegetables (Bitter Leaf Vernonia Amygdalina, Pawpaw Leaf Carica Papaya and Pumpkin Leaf Telfairia Occidentalis) International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science Page | 41 Chlorophyll was first isolated by Joseph BienaiméCaventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in 1817. In an extraction by Zvezdanoicet al, (2009), Fresh plant leaves were first depleted from the mid ribs and washed with cold water. The extraction and re-extraction mixtures were methanol and petroleum ether in a 2:1 ratio, and petroleum ether and diethyl ether (1:1), respectively. Chlorophyll
叶绿素是在蓝藻和藻类及植物叶绿体中发现的几种密切相关的色素的统称。叶绿素是一种绿色色素，负责树叶的颜色。它在叶片中的存在对光合作用至关重要。叶绿素在电磁波谱的蓝色部分吸收光最强烈，其次是红色部分。相反，它对光谱中的绿色和近绿色部分吸收不良，因此含有叶绿素的组织呈绿色。本研究考察了提取溶剂和储存方式对蔬菜(苦叶、木瓜叶和南瓜叶)叶绿素提取的影响，并观察了室温下叶绿素a和叶绿素衍生物叶绿素a在430nm和660nm处的吸光度变化，1个月的水活度(aw)分别为0.33和0.75。在储存期间，每周对所有提取物进行紫外可见扫描。在430nm和660nm处的吸光度测量表明，在提取后的最初阶段，提取物的吸光度值根据提取溶剂的极性顺序依次变化。极性顺序为去离子水>乙醇>丙酮>石油醚>正己烷。对室温、提取后和储存1个月后的提取物进行紫外可见扫描，发现叶绿素a和叶绿素b占主导地位。对水活度(aw)为0.33的提取物进行紫外可见扫描，发现叶绿素b在467nm、473nm处转化为叶绿素a，在448nm、671nm处转化为叶绿素a，在1个月后储存1个月，叶绿素a转化为一种未知化合物，在331nm或333nm处吸收。对水活度(aw)为0.75的提取物进行紫外可见扫描，发现叶绿素a和叶绿素b转化为一种未知化合物，在331nm或333nm处吸收。在水活度(aw)为0.33的条件下，提取液的pH值在一个月后显示出酸度的增加。在水活度(aw)为0.75的条件下，除木瓜叶提取物的酸度增加外，其他提取物的pH值均呈微碱性。初始比重与最终比重的差异表明，贮藏1个月后，提取物的叶绿素含量有所降低。部分蔬菜(苦叶扁桃叶、木瓜叶、木瓜叶和南瓜叶)叶绿素的提取和贮藏研究[j] .国际化学科学高级研究杂志(英文版)第41页叶绿素于1817年由Joseph bienaim caventou和Pierre Joseph Pelletier首次分离得到。在Zvezdanoicet等人(2009)的提取中，首先从中部肋骨中提取新鲜植物叶片并用冷水洗涤。萃取和再萃取的混合物分别为甲醇与石油醚的比例为2:1，石油醚与乙醚的比例为1:1。叶绿素是最重要的一类生物有机分子;它们是光合作用中的主要色素，能够吸收光能并通过形成富含能量的化合物(植物、藻类和光合细菌等光合生物合成碳水化合物和其他化合物所需的化合物)将光能转化为“化学能”(Scheer, 1991和2006)。叶绿素由50多种四吡啶色素组成，具有共同的结构元素和功能(Scheer, 2006)。
{"title":"Chlorophyll Extraction and Storage Studies on Selected Vegetables (Bitter Leaf - Vernonia Amygdalina, Pawpaw Leaf - Carica Papaya and Pumpkin Leaf - Telfairia Occidentalis)","authors":"Irede, L. Egwonor, Asishana P. Onivefu","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0708005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0708005","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorophyll is the term used for several closely related pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplast of algae and plants. Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for the color of leaves. Its presence in leaves is crucial for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, followed by the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and neargreen portions of the spectrum, hence the green color of chlorophyll containing tissues. This study evaluated the effect of extraction solvent and storage on chlorophyll extracted from selected vegetables (bitter leaf, pawpaw leaf and pumpkin leaf), It also observed the absorbance pattern at 430nm for chlorophyll a and 660nm for pheophytin a (a derivative of chlorophyll) for extracts stored at room temperature and water activity(aw) of 0.33 and 0.75 during a one month storage period. Uv-visible scans were carried out weekly for all extracts during the storage period. Absorbance measurement at 430nm and 660nm showed that initially, after extraction, the absorbance values of extracts followed according to the order of polarity of the solvents used for extraction. The order of polarity was deionized distilled water > ethanol > acetone > petroleum ether > nhexane. Uv-visible scan for extracts stored at room temperature, initially after extraction and after one month storage period showed the dominant presence of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Uv-visible scan for extracts stored at water activity(aw) of 0.33 showed the conversion of chlorophyll b at 467nm,473nm to chlorophyll a at 448nm,671nm after one month storage period and conversion of chlorophyll a to an unknown compound which absorbs at 331nm or 333nm. Uv-visible scan for extracts stored at water activity (aw) of 0.75 showed the conversion of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b to an unknown compound which absorbs at 331nm or 333nm. The pH measured for extracts stored at water activity (aw) of 0.33 showed increase in acidity after one month of storage. pH measured for extracts stored at water activity (aw) of 0.75 showed pH change to slightly alkaline except for pawpaw leaf extracts which showed increase in acidity. The difference between the initial and final specific gravity shows reduction in the chlorophyll content of extracts after one-month storage period. Chlorophyll Extraction and Storage Studies on Selected Vegetables (Bitter Leaf Vernonia Amygdalina, Pawpaw Leaf Carica Papaya and Pumpkin Leaf Telfairia Occidentalis) International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science Page | 41 Chlorophyll was first isolated by Joseph BienaiméCaventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in 1817. In an extraction by Zvezdanoicet al, (2009), Fresh plant leaves were first depleted from the mid ribs and washed with cold water. The extraction and re-extraction mixtures were methanol and petroleum ether in a 2:1 ratio, and petroleum ether and diethyl ether (1:1), respectively. Chlorophyll","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75836028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0708004
The degree of contamination by total petroleum hydrocarbons was investigated in Kolo Creek for four months in three different stations. The level of contamination by the hydrocarbon categories: gasoline range organics (GRO), diesel range organics (DRO) and lube oil range in the surface water and sediments of the creek were investigated along the coast. Glass bottles thoroughly washed with dichloromethane were used to collect both samples and treated using standard procedures. Extraction of the hydrocarbons from the samples were achieved through the use of standard methods and the analysis of the samples were performed by the use of GC-FID to determine the concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbon categories in the samples. The results of the investigations revealed that, GRO was within not detected to 1.148±0.031mg/L, DRO, 7.627±0.7836 to 15.375±3.2643mg/L and lube oil range, 1.267±0.1244 to 3.973 ±0.516mg/L in the stations and GRO, not detected to 1.531±0.16mg/L, DRO, 6.783 ±1.486 to 21.213±5.762mg/L and lube oil range, 0.207 ±0.0115 to 3.948±0.9mg/L in the months. In the sediments of the creek, concentration values of the categories were GRO, 1.8961±0.196 to 5.4995±2.036mg/Kg, DRO, 30.2902±8.5931 to 39.8561±11.0281mg/Kg and lube oil range, 0.5564±0.046 to 6.2071±1.43mg/Kg in the stations and in the months, GRO,0.2377±0.01 to 8.2759±3.01mg/Kg, DRO, 23.1699±5.5295 to 51.2889±18.0216mg/Kg and lube oil range, not detected to 9.7926±3.252mg/Kg. The mean concentration values in percentages for the different stations were, GRO, 4.50, DRO, 78.10 and lube oil range, 1.40, in the months, GRO, 6.55, DRO, 77.85, lube oil range, 15.60 for the surface water. In the sediments, GRO, 7.72, DRO, 83.86 and lube oil range, 8.42 in the stations, while in the months, GRO, 6.50, DRO, 79.85 and lube oil range, 13.65. the level of contamination of the creek call for immediate remediation work in order to forestall impending danger due to petroleum hydrocarbon pollution.
{"title":"The Distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Categories in Kolo Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria","authors":"","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0708004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0708004","url":null,"abstract":"The degree of contamination by total petroleum hydrocarbons was investigated in Kolo Creek for four months in three different stations. The level of contamination by the hydrocarbon categories: gasoline range organics (GRO), diesel range organics (DRO) and lube oil range in the surface water and sediments of the creek were investigated along the coast. Glass bottles thoroughly washed with dichloromethane were used to collect both samples and treated using standard procedures. Extraction of the hydrocarbons from the samples were achieved through the use of standard methods and the analysis of the samples were performed by the use of GC-FID to determine the concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbon categories in the samples. The results of the investigations revealed that, GRO was within not detected to 1.148±0.031mg/L, DRO, 7.627±0.7836 to 15.375±3.2643mg/L and lube oil range, 1.267±0.1244 to 3.973 ±0.516mg/L in the stations and GRO, not detected to 1.531±0.16mg/L, DRO, 6.783 ±1.486 to 21.213±5.762mg/L and lube oil range, 0.207 ±0.0115 to 3.948±0.9mg/L in the months. In the sediments of the creek, concentration values of the categories were GRO, 1.8961±0.196 to 5.4995±2.036mg/Kg, DRO, 30.2902±8.5931 to 39.8561±11.0281mg/Kg and lube oil range, 0.5564±0.046 to 6.2071±1.43mg/Kg in the stations and in the months, GRO,0.2377±0.01 to 8.2759±3.01mg/Kg, DRO, 23.1699±5.5295 to 51.2889±18.0216mg/Kg and lube oil range, not detected to 9.7926±3.252mg/Kg. The mean concentration values in percentages for the different stations were, GRO, 4.50, DRO, 78.10 and lube oil range, 1.40, in the months, GRO, 6.55, DRO, 77.85, lube oil range, 15.60 for the surface water. In the sediments, GRO, 7.72, DRO, 83.86 and lube oil range, 8.42 in the stations, while in the months, GRO, 6.50, DRO, 79.85 and lube oil range, 13.65. the level of contamination of the creek call for immediate remediation work in order to forestall impending danger due to petroleum hydrocarbon pollution.","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86745719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0703004
M. Rashid, Afrid Nargis, Atiqur Rahman
The chemistry of natural product is both fundamental and complex.In nature plants of several variations are available which are responsible for various pharmacological actions.They are termed as medicinal plants. Antioxidants are vital substances having the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants have restricted to use in foods as they are suspected to be carcinogenic 1 .Therefore, the importance of searching natural antioxidants has greatly increased in recent years 2,3 . Modification, improvements, sophistication’s and newer discoveries are continuously changing the type, qualityof medicinal preparations. However,plantderived drugs still feature in modern medicine can be assessed.A recent survey by the United Nations Commission for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) indicated that about 33% drugs produced in the developed countries, are derived from plants and that if microbes are added 60% of medicinal products are of natural origin 4 .According to some sources almost 80% of present day medicines are directly or indirectly derived from plants. The consumption of medicinal plants in increasing in many developed countries, where 35% of drugs contain active principle from natural origin 5,6 .
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Extract from Seeds of Baccaurea Ramiflora","authors":"M. Rashid, Afrid Nargis, Atiqur Rahman","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0703004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0703004","url":null,"abstract":"The chemistry of natural product is both fundamental and complex.In nature plants of several variations are available which are responsible for various pharmacological actions.They are termed as medicinal plants. Antioxidants are vital substances having the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants have restricted to use in foods as they are suspected to be carcinogenic 1 .Therefore, the importance of searching natural antioxidants has greatly increased in recent years 2,3 . Modification, improvements, sophistication’s and newer discoveries are continuously changing the type, qualityof medicinal preparations. However,plantderived drugs still feature in modern medicine can be assessed.A recent survey by the United Nations Commission for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) indicated that about 33% drugs produced in the developed countries, are derived from plants and that if microbes are added 60% of medicinal products are of natural origin 4 .According to some sources almost 80% of present day medicines are directly or indirectly derived from plants. The consumption of medicinal plants in increasing in many developed countries, where 35% of drugs contain active principle from natural origin 5,6 .","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79470801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0709002
V. A. Wirnkor, Joel Ejike Ejiako, Verla Evelyn Ngozi, Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi
Fish can bioconcentrate heavy metals which become absorbed into the human body through the food chain. In this study, four fish species from Ogutalake were analysed for metal concentration and data subjected to some chemometric assessment. 1g each of the 4 fish samples were weighed and digested in 5mL of nitric acid. The digested samples were analysed for heavy metals using GBC scientific sensAA dual Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Contamination factors were generally low ( Cf<6). However, contamination factors were significant except for manganese, zinc and copper in all fish samples. The pollution load index are in the order Okpo>Ubu>Ifuru>Egu respectively. Okpo showed highest daily dietary intake amongst all fish species with about 0.826 mg/kg/Bw/day in children, while adults EDI had 0.142 mg/kgBWday-1. Other fishes showed much lower values of EDI in the following order: EguMn>Ni>Cd>Cu. Weak positive correlations were exhibited by Ni/Mn (0.26) and Zn/Cd (0.14) while strong positive correlations were between Cd/Mn (0.81) and Zn/Cu (0.83). Significant negative correlations were exhibited between Ni/Zn (-0.96), Ni/Cu (-0.79) and Cu/Mn (-0.64) respectively. The positive and negative correlations suggest that the metals had similar and dissimilar sources of contamination. The study showed that, consumption of fish from Ogutalake could pose health hazards.
{"title":"Model Assessment of Potential Risk Associated with Common Fish Species from Oguta Lake, Nigeria","authors":"V. A. Wirnkor, Joel Ejike Ejiako, Verla Evelyn Ngozi, Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0709002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0709002","url":null,"abstract":"Fish can bioconcentrate heavy metals which become absorbed into the human body through the food chain. In this study, four fish species from Ogutalake were analysed for metal concentration and data subjected to some chemometric assessment. 1g each of the 4 fish samples were weighed and digested in 5mL of nitric acid. The digested samples were analysed for heavy metals using GBC scientific sensAA dual Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Contamination factors were generally low ( Cf<6). However, contamination factors were significant except for manganese, zinc and copper in all fish samples. The pollution load index are in the order Okpo>Ubu>Ifuru>Egu respectively. Okpo showed highest daily dietary intake amongst all fish species with about 0.826 mg/kg/Bw/day in children, while adults EDI had 0.142 mg/kgBWday-1. Other fishes showed much lower values of EDI in the following order: Egu<Ifuru<Ubu<Okpo. All fish exhibited values lower than the recommended daily intake (12500 mg/kg/day) set by NRC. The mean EDI were in the following order: Zn>Mn>Ni>Cd>Cu. Weak positive correlations were exhibited by Ni/Mn (0.26) and Zn/Cd (0.14) while strong positive correlations were between Cd/Mn (0.81) and Zn/Cu (0.83). Significant negative correlations were exhibited between Ni/Zn (-0.96), Ni/Cu (-0.79) and Cu/Mn (-0.64) respectively. The positive and negative correlations suggest that the metals had similar and dissimilar sources of contamination. The study showed that, consumption of fish from Ogutalake could pose health hazards.","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80565717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0702001
D. S. Kulkarni
Biotechnology is one of the important domains in chemical engineering. As they say, the best processing plant possible is our body system. Almost all the mechanical operations, Reactions (biochemical), separations, downstream processing occur in our body system. Kinetics of biological reactions, enzyme kinetics, gene therapy, recombinant technology, drug delivery are some of the topics in biotechnology. Also, for chemical engineering courses, biotechnology is one of the electives in final year students in India in many universities. It is natural for a chemical engineer to take interest in biotechnology. Drug delivery systems play major role in the utilization of drugs. The mode of injection of the drug plays a major role is deciding ease of drug delivery. For the pharmaceutical compounds, it is very important to have proper drug delivery system which will keep their effect intact during the transportation in side our body [1-4].
{"title":"Drug Delivery and Hydrotropism","authors":"D. S. Kulkarni","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0702001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0702001","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology is one of the important domains in chemical engineering. As they say, the best processing plant possible is our body system. Almost all the mechanical operations, Reactions (biochemical), separations, downstream processing occur in our body system. Kinetics of biological reactions, enzyme kinetics, gene therapy, recombinant technology, drug delivery are some of the topics in biotechnology. Also, for chemical engineering courses, biotechnology is one of the electives in final year students in India in many universities. It is natural for a chemical engineer to take interest in biotechnology. Drug delivery systems play major role in the utilization of drugs. The mode of injection of the drug plays a major role is deciding ease of drug delivery. For the pharmaceutical compounds, it is very important to have proper drug delivery system which will keep their effect intact during the transportation in side our body [1-4].","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85121967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2349-0403.0707005
Ekwere, I. Okon, Verla, Andrew Wirnkor, Verla Evelyn Ngozi, Horsfall, M. Jnr.
Chemical Speciation is a significant factor that governs toxicity and mobility of heavy metals Therefore knowledge of polar and non-polar forms of metals could be useful in predicting toxicity. In this research chemical species of lead, iron and cadmium in selected canned fish marketed in Nigeria were evaluated as polar form of nonpolar concentrations. Dry digestion was carried out on the sardine fish meal while wet digestion was applied to the fish oil. The metal concentration was determined using the Flame Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show that the concentration of the trace metals in the fish meal and fish oil ranged from 13.12 ± 3.81 (Pb), 19.22 ± 4.83 (Fe), 2.50 ± 0.48 (Cd) mg/kg and 14.37 ± 4.34 (Pb), 15.54 ± 2.45 (Fe), 1.65 ± 0.4 (Cd) mg/kg respectively. Chemical speciation of fish meal and fish oil gave rise to varying amounts of polar and non-polar fractions. The polar fractions of fish meal and fish oil ranged between 0.82 ± 0.49 (Pb), 2.0 ± 0.48 (Fe), 0.27 ± 0.17 (Cd) mg/kg and 4.13 ± 1.47 (Pb), 5.93 ± 1.25 (Fe), 0.50 ± 0.17 (Cd) mg/kg respectively; non polar fractions of fish meal and oil ranged between 2.07 ± 0.73 (Pb), 2.23 ± 0.58 (Fe), 0.36 ± 0.08 (Cd) mg/kg and 10.13 ± 2.94 (Pb), 8.65 ± 1.63 (Fe), 1.45 ± 1.41 (Cd) mg/kg respectively. Results reveal that the non-polar species of metals were predominant in the canned fish analyzed.
{"title":"Speciation of Lead, Iron and Cadmium in Selected Brands of Canned Sardine Fish Sold in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Ekwere, I. Okon, Verla, Andrew Wirnkor, Verla Evelyn Ngozi, Horsfall, M. Jnr.","doi":"10.20431/2349-0403.0707005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0707005","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical Speciation is a significant factor that governs toxicity and mobility of heavy metals Therefore knowledge of polar and non-polar forms of metals could be useful in predicting toxicity. In this research chemical species of lead, iron and cadmium in selected canned fish marketed in Nigeria were evaluated as polar form of nonpolar concentrations. Dry digestion was carried out on the sardine fish meal while wet digestion was applied to the fish oil. The metal concentration was determined using the Flame Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show that the concentration of the trace metals in the fish meal and fish oil ranged from 13.12 ± 3.81 (Pb), 19.22 ± 4.83 (Fe), 2.50 ± 0.48 (Cd) mg/kg and 14.37 ± 4.34 (Pb), 15.54 ± 2.45 (Fe), 1.65 ± 0.4 (Cd) mg/kg respectively. Chemical speciation of fish meal and fish oil gave rise to varying amounts of polar and non-polar fractions. The polar fractions of fish meal and fish oil ranged between 0.82 ± 0.49 (Pb), 2.0 ± 0.48 (Fe), 0.27 ± 0.17 (Cd) mg/kg and 4.13 ± 1.47 (Pb), 5.93 ± 1.25 (Fe), 0.50 ± 0.17 (Cd) mg/kg respectively; non polar fractions of fish meal and oil ranged between 2.07 ± 0.73 (Pb), 2.23 ± 0.58 (Fe), 0.36 ± 0.08 (Cd) mg/kg and 10.13 ± 2.94 (Pb), 8.65 ± 1.63 (Fe), 1.45 ± 1.41 (Cd) mg/kg respectively. Results reveal that the non-polar species of metals were predominant in the canned fish analyzed.","PeriodicalId":13721,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86439030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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