Divisor function gives the residues of which divide it. A function denoted by counts the total possible divisors of and gives the list of co-prime integers to . Many graphs had been constructed over these arithmetic functions. Using and , a well known graph named as divisor Euler function graph has been constructed. In this paper, we use divisor function and anti Euler function . We label the symbol to count those residues of which are not co-prime to . By using these functions, we find a new graph, called divisor anti-Euler function graph (DAEFG), denoted as . Let be a DAEFG, where and . The objective of this sequel is to introduce and discuss the properties of DAEFG. In this work, we discuss novel classes of proposed graph with its structure using loops, cycles, components of graph, degree of its vertices, components as complete, bipartite, planar, Hamiltonian and Eulerian graphs. Also, we find chromatic number, chromatic index and clique of these graphs.
{"title":"Properties of Graph Based on Divisor-Euler Functions","authors":"Asif abd ur Rehman, Hafiz M. Khalid Mehmood","doi":"10.32350/sir.74.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.74.04","url":null,"abstract":"Divisor function gives the residues of which divide it. A function denoted by counts the total possible divisors of and gives the list of co-prime integers to . Many graphs had been constructed over these arithmetic functions. Using and , a well known graph named as divisor Euler function graph has been constructed. In this paper, we use divisor function and anti Euler function . We label the symbol to count those residues of which are not co-prime to . By using these functions, we find a new graph, called divisor anti-Euler function graph (DAEFG), denoted as . Let be a DAEFG, where and . The objective of this sequel is to introduce and discuss the properties of DAEFG. In this work, we discuss novel classes of proposed graph with its structure using loops, cycles, components of graph, degree of its vertices, components as complete, bipartite, planar, Hamiltonian and Eulerian graphs. Also, we find chromatic number, chromatic index and clique of these graphs.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139311374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Chatha, Saima Naz, Syeda Saira Iqbal, Unab Zahra
The global concern of heavy metal toxicity has affected all nations, as the discharge of agricultural runoff and untreated industrial waste into water bodies, including rivers, leads to environmental toxicology. This increased level of heavy metals poses risks not only for marine life but also to those who consume them. While fish is an important protein source, consuming contaminated fish containing high levels of heavy metals can have severe adverse effects on human health. Therefore, it is crucial to address these pollution sources effectively in Pakistan, where a significant portion of the population relies on agriculture and fishing for their living. The country's rapid industrialization and urbanization have substantially increased pollutants in its rivers and other water bodies. The current body of research has indicated that the elevated levels of heavy metals in the ecosystem, including the Indus River, pose a significant threat to the local ecosystem and the well-being of marine life. Heavy metal pollution in Pakistani rivers originates from multiple sources, such as industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and municipal waste. The unregulated discharge of industrial waste into rivers is a major contributor to heavy metal pollution in Pakistani rivers. Moreover, the excessive and uncontrolled use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture equally contributes to the contamination of rivers with heavy metals. The current study is a review article, which provides a comprehensive explanation of how environmental toxicology affects the ecosystem, especially concerning the rivers of Pakistan.
{"title":"Investigating the Impact of Environmental Toxicology of Heavy Metals in Fish: A Study of Rivers of Pakistan","authors":"A. Chatha, Saima Naz, Syeda Saira Iqbal, Unab Zahra","doi":"10.32350/sir.74.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.74.05","url":null,"abstract":"The global concern of heavy metal toxicity has affected all nations, as the discharge of agricultural runoff and untreated industrial waste into water bodies, including rivers, leads to environmental toxicology. This increased level of heavy metals poses risks not only for marine life but also to those who consume them. While fish is an important protein source, consuming contaminated fish containing high levels of heavy metals can have severe adverse effects on human health. Therefore, it is crucial to address these pollution sources effectively in Pakistan, where a significant portion of the population relies on agriculture and fishing for their living. The country's rapid industrialization and urbanization have substantially increased pollutants in its rivers and other water bodies. The current body of research has indicated that the elevated levels of heavy metals in the ecosystem, including the Indus River, pose a significant threat to the local ecosystem and the well-being of marine life. Heavy metal pollution in Pakistani rivers originates from multiple sources, such as industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and municipal waste. The unregulated discharge of industrial waste into rivers is a major contributor to heavy metal pollution in Pakistani rivers. Moreover, the excessive and uncontrolled use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture equally contributes to the contamination of rivers with heavy metals. The current study is a review article, which provides a comprehensive explanation of how environmental toxicology affects the ecosystem, especially concerning the rivers of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139312805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study aims to employ an ecologically sustainable method, utilizing a plant-based extract derived from Mimusops elengi as both a reducing and capping agent. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was done from aqueous leaves and flower extracts of Mimusops elengi. Different spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize these biosynthesized (ZnO NPs) zinc oxide nanoparticles like UV-visible, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy showed the absorption wavelength of ZnO NPs at 353nm (leaves extracts) and 365nm (flowers extracts). FTIR spectra showed the absorption frequency of different functional groups present in plant extract along with ZnO peak at 637cm-1 (leaves extracts) and 643cm-1 (flowers extracts). XRD results revealed the hexagonal structure and crystalline nature of biosynthesized ZnO NPs. The average grain size calculated for ZnO NPs of leaves and flower extracts was 10.37 and 15.52nm, respectively. SEM analysis showed a hexagonal shape. EDX confirmed the formation and purity of ZnO NPs by showing an abundant % of zinc and oxygen atoms. The significant bactericidal efficacy of biosynthesized ZnO NPs was found against pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. When compared to ZnO nanoparticles from flower extracts and biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles from leaf extract exhibited substantial suppression. ZnO-NPs synthesized from leaves and flower extracts of Mimusops elengi can be subjugated for biomedical and ecologically sustainable applications.
{"title":"Plant-Extract of Mimusops elengi leaves and Flower-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications","authors":"Iram Bashir, S. S. Gillani, Fouzia Majeed","doi":"10.32350/sir.74.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.74.01","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aims to employ an ecologically sustainable method, utilizing a plant-based extract derived from Mimusops elengi as both a reducing and capping agent. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was done from aqueous leaves and flower extracts of Mimusops elengi. Different spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize these biosynthesized (ZnO NPs) zinc oxide nanoparticles like UV-visible, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy showed the absorption wavelength of ZnO NPs at 353nm (leaves extracts) and 365nm (flowers extracts). FTIR spectra showed the absorption frequency of different functional groups present in plant extract along with ZnO peak at 637cm-1 (leaves extracts) and 643cm-1 (flowers extracts). XRD results revealed the hexagonal structure and crystalline nature of biosynthesized ZnO NPs. The average grain size calculated for ZnO NPs of leaves and flower extracts was 10.37 and 15.52nm, respectively. SEM analysis showed a hexagonal shape. EDX confirmed the formation and purity of ZnO NPs by showing an abundant % of zinc and oxygen atoms. The significant bactericidal efficacy of biosynthesized ZnO NPs was found against pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. When compared to ZnO nanoparticles from flower extracts and biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles from leaf extract exhibited substantial suppression. ZnO-NPs synthesized from leaves and flower extracts of Mimusops elengi can be subjugated for biomedical and ecologically sustainable applications.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139312885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study aims to define a class of starlike functions with respect to symmetric points subordinated with q-exponential functions. Furthermore, to investigate the coefficient inequalities and possible upper-bound of the third-order Hankel determinant for the functions belonging to our new class this study observed the new and already derived results for further analysis.
{"title":"Coefficient Inequalities for Certain Subclass of Starlike Function with respect to Symmetric points related to q-exponential Function","authors":"Zameer Abbas, Sadia Riaz","doi":"10.32350/sir.74.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.74.03","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aims to define a class of starlike functions with respect to symmetric points subordinated with q-exponential functions. Furthermore, to investigate the coefficient inequalities and possible upper-bound of the third-order Hankel determinant for the functions belonging to our new class this study observed the new and already derived results for further analysis.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139312944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Sana Siddique, Muhammad Zaheer, M. Zia-ur-Rehman, Z. Noreen, Yousuf Abbas, A. Sohail, Muhammad Aneeq Javed, M. Rashid, Aamir Ali
Lawsone is an orange red dye mainly isolated from Lawsonia inermis plant leaves. L. inermis is commonly known as henna plant, Egyptian privet, or mignonette tree. In Pakistan, henna is known as mehndi. Paste from thick henna leaves has been used to dye hairs, fingernails, palms of hands, and eyebrows for more than 5000 years. The characteristic colour of henna is because of the natural dye lawsone present in it. In this study, lawsone was extracted from four samples of henna leaves collected from various parts of Pakistan. Moreover, the impact of the environment on the leaves was examined. Lawsone was extracted using diethyl ether, so that the maximum amount of lawsone could be isolated from the leaves. The maximum and minimum amount of lawsone isolated during this work was 1.01% and 0.745% of dry weight, respectively. Afterwards, IR and HPLC were used to identify the isolated reddish-brown substance known as lawsone which is useful in textile, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors.
{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Lawsonia Content from the Leaves of Henna (Lawsonia inermis)","authors":"Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Sana Siddique, Muhammad Zaheer, M. Zia-ur-Rehman, Z. Noreen, Yousuf Abbas, A. Sohail, Muhammad Aneeq Javed, M. Rashid, Aamir Ali","doi":"10.32350/sir.72.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.72.04","url":null,"abstract":"Lawsone is an orange red dye mainly isolated from Lawsonia inermis plant leaves. L. inermis is commonly known as henna plant, Egyptian privet, or mignonette tree. In Pakistan, henna is known as mehndi. Paste from thick henna leaves has been used to dye hairs, fingernails, palms of hands, and eyebrows for more than 5000 years. The characteristic colour of henna is because of the natural dye lawsone present in it. In this study, lawsone was extracted from four samples of henna leaves collected from various parts of Pakistan. Moreover, the impact of the environment on the leaves was examined. Lawsone was extracted using diethyl ether, so that the maximum amount of lawsone could be isolated from the leaves. The maximum and minimum amount of lawsone isolated during this work was 1.01% and 0.745% of dry weight, respectively. Afterwards, IR and HPLC were used to identify the isolated reddish-brown substance known as lawsone which is useful in textile, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122265915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farheen Ibraheem, Shamaila Samreen, Muhammad Bilal Riaz, Tayba Arooj
In this study, shape preserving data driven rational cubic schemes are developed. A rational cubic piecewise function (quadratic denominator and cubic numerator) with two parameters was transformed to C1 rational cubic piecewise function. Constraints were derived on free parameters by means of some mathematical derivations to train and demonstrate convex curve. The scheme, then, was advanced to partially blended rational bi-cubic function with eight free parameters which were controlled to ascertain convex surface. A numerical comparison with certain existing schemes manifested that the proposed method was economical. The proposed scheme was put into visualization of convex 2D and 3D data using MATLAB software packet. Additionally, the suggested approach produced a more visually appealing interpolating curve for scientific visualization for specific data sets.
{"title":"Shape-Preserving Curve and Surface Data Embedding Algorithm","authors":"Farheen Ibraheem, Shamaila Samreen, Muhammad Bilal Riaz, Tayba Arooj","doi":"10.32350/sir.72.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.72.01","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, shape preserving data driven rational cubic schemes are developed. A rational cubic piecewise function (quadratic denominator and cubic numerator) with two parameters was transformed to C1 rational cubic piecewise function. Constraints were derived on free parameters by means of some mathematical derivations to train and demonstrate convex curve. The scheme, then, was advanced to partially blended rational bi-cubic function with eight free parameters which were controlled to ascertain convex surface. A numerical comparison with certain existing schemes manifested that the proposed method was economical. The proposed scheme was put into visualization of convex 2D and 3D data using MATLAB software packet. Additionally, the suggested approach produced a more visually appealing interpolating curve for scientific visualization for specific data sets.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128375672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Basit Ali, Kaniz Fatima, Mahnoor, Amen Fatima, Kinza Mazhar
Human beings heavily rely on the sense of sight, as sight mainly controls approximately 80% of our perception. During the COVID-19 pandemic, students had to take their online classes by using different electronic devices. By not following the proper instructions to use these devices, primary students faced eyesight issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. Low Vision is a commonly diagnosed issue in ophthalmology in Pakistan. Therefore, the current study is a survey-based research. For this purpose, a population of 100 primary students was gathered who took online classes during the pandemic and developed eyesight issues after their online classes. Based on statistical analysis, the logistic regression model was used to analyze the eyesight issues among the primary students considering several variables including gender, age, distance with devices, duration of using the devices, and analyzing previous eyesight issues. The findings indicated that male students have a more chance of developing eyesight issues than female students. Hence, it was deduced that female students who used their devices from a distance of more than 16 inches for less than 3 hours had the least possibility of developing any eyesight issues.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Prolonged Screen Time on Ophthalmic Health among Students: A Post-COVID-19 Study in Pakistan","authors":"Basit Ali, Kaniz Fatima, Mahnoor, Amen Fatima, Kinza Mazhar","doi":"10.32350/sir.72.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.72.03","url":null,"abstract":"Human beings heavily rely on the sense of sight, as sight mainly controls approximately 80% of our perception. During the COVID-19 pandemic, students had to take their online classes by using different electronic devices. By not following the proper instructions to use these devices, primary students faced eyesight issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. Low Vision is a commonly diagnosed issue in ophthalmology in Pakistan. Therefore, the current study is a survey-based research. For this purpose, a population of 100 primary students was gathered who took online classes during the pandemic and developed eyesight issues after their online classes. Based on statistical analysis, the logistic regression model was used to analyze the eyesight issues among the primary students considering several variables including gender, age, distance with devices, duration of using the devices, and analyzing previous eyesight issues. The findings indicated that male students have a more chance of developing eyesight issues than female students. Hence, it was deduced that female students who used their devices from a distance of more than 16 inches for less than 3 hours had the least possibility of developing any eyesight issues. ","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130094530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmad Manan, M. Chatha, S. Naz, S. Iqbal, Azka Kiran, Maria Lateef, Anab Zahra, Syeda Saira, . Iqbal3
The current study examined the toxicity of Roundup, which is a herbicide containing glyphosate that is commonly used in agriculture, on Oreochromis niloticus, a type of freshwater fish. The researchers investigated the effectiveness of using antioxidant enzymes as biochemical biomarkers to assess the potentially toxic impact of Roundup on the fish. The sub-lethal concentration of Roundup in tilapia is 1.05 mg/l for 96 hours of exposure. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (36.8 to 46.9 mg/L) of Roundup for a period of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and their antioxidant enzyme activities were measured, respectively. According to the findings, Roundup exposure led to a noticeable rise in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in both the liver and gill tissues of the fish, which suggested the occurrence of oxidative stress. These changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were concentration-dependent, suggesting that Roundup exposure can induce oxidative damage in fish. The study concluded that Roundup affects the enzymatic activity of both organs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Catalase and peroxidase activities were generally inhibited, while superoxide dismutase activity was affected differently depending on the organ, concentration, and time of exposure.
{"title":"Potential of Antioxidant Enzymes as biochemical biomarkers for glyphosate-based herbicide in Oreochromis niloticus","authors":"Ahmad Manan, M. Chatha, S. Naz, S. Iqbal, Azka Kiran, Maria Lateef, Anab Zahra, Syeda Saira, . Iqbal3","doi":"10.32350/sir.72.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.72.02","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examined the toxicity of Roundup, which is a herbicide containing glyphosate that is commonly used in agriculture, on Oreochromis niloticus, a type of freshwater fish. The researchers investigated the effectiveness of using antioxidant enzymes as biochemical biomarkers to assess the potentially toxic impact of Roundup on the fish. The sub-lethal concentration of Roundup in tilapia is 1.05 mg/l for 96 hours of exposure. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (36.8 to 46.9 mg/L) of Roundup for a period of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and their antioxidant enzyme activities were measured, respectively. According to the findings, Roundup exposure led to a noticeable rise in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in both the liver and gill tissues of the fish, which suggested the occurrence of oxidative stress. These changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were concentration-dependent, suggesting that Roundup exposure can induce oxidative damage in fish. The study concluded that Roundup affects the enzymatic activity of both organs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Catalase and peroxidase activities were generally inhibited, while superoxide dismutase activity was affected differently depending on the organ, concentration, and time of exposure.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125830122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halima Nazar, Azalfa Amar, Mohmmad Younus, G. Shaheen, Hafiz Muhammad Asif, Farah Zafar, Sultan Ayaz
Ephedra gerardiana (E. gerardiana,), commonly known as "Ma-huang," is a medicinal plant native to the Himalayan region. Historically, it has a long traditional use in various indigenous systems for medicinal purpose. The current review aims to summarize the present knowledge on the botanical description, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of E. gerardiana. This study was thoroughly based on previous literature and was conducted by using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant studies and recently published articles up till 2020 were included in this review. E. gerardiana is a small shrub-like plant characterized by jointed stems, scale-like leaves, and cylindrical cones. It belongs to the family Ephedraceae and is commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions. Phytochemical analysis has revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds in Ephedra gerardiana, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, and methyl ephedrine. These alkaloids are primarily responsible for their pharmacological activities. In traditional medicine, Ephedra gerardiana has been used for its bronchodilatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, and thermogenic properties. Additionally, it has been employed for the treatment of respiratory disorders, namely, asthma and nasal congestion, as a stimulant. Its bioactive alkaloids, particularly ephedrine, have been extensively studied for their potential therapeutic applications. However, caution should be exercised due to the potential side effects associated with ephedrine-containing products. Further research can explore its mechanisms of action, optimize dosage regimens, and investigate potential drug interactions to ensure its safe and effective use in clinical settings.
{"title":"Review of Pharmacological Activity of Ephedra Gerardiana","authors":"Halima Nazar, Azalfa Amar, Mohmmad Younus, G. Shaheen, Hafiz Muhammad Asif, Farah Zafar, Sultan Ayaz","doi":"10.32350/sir.72.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.72.05","url":null,"abstract":"Ephedra gerardiana (E. gerardiana,), commonly known as \"Ma-huang,\" is a medicinal plant native to the Himalayan region. Historically, it has a long traditional use in various indigenous systems for medicinal purpose. The current review aims to summarize the present knowledge on the botanical description, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of E. gerardiana. This study was thoroughly based on previous literature and was conducted by using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant studies and recently published articles up till 2020 were included in this review. E. gerardiana is a small shrub-like plant characterized by jointed stems, scale-like leaves, and cylindrical cones. It belongs to the family Ephedraceae and is commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions. Phytochemical analysis has revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds in Ephedra gerardiana, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, and methyl ephedrine. These alkaloids are primarily responsible for their pharmacological activities. In traditional medicine, Ephedra gerardiana has been used for its bronchodilatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, and thermogenic properties. Additionally, it has been employed for the treatment of respiratory disorders, namely, asthma and nasal congestion, as a stimulant. Its bioactive alkaloids, particularly ephedrine, have been extensively studied for their potential therapeutic applications. However, caution should be exercised due to the potential side effects associated with ephedrine-containing products. Further research can explore its mechanisms of action, optimize dosage regimens, and investigate potential drug interactions to ensure its safe and effective use in clinical settings. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127684814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Image registration is the process of approximate matching of the source image to the target so that they resemble each other. In this study, two-dimensional image registration is presented using the rigid group. This group is a finite dimensional group (four-dimensional in this case) under composition. The dimensions of the rigid group are scaling, rotation, and translations along the axes. In this paper, an algorithm for the construction of rigid transformation is presented using the discretized objective function. This objective function is based on SSD (sum of the squares of the distances between the pixels intensities) and calculates the discrepancy between the images. The coarse search and the gradient descent approaches have been used for the optimization. The proposed algorithm is implemented on variety of images. The numerical examples illustrate the ability of the proposed algorithm.
{"title":"Image Registration using the Rigid Group","authors":"M. Tufail, Saima Gul","doi":"10.32350/sir.71.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.71.05","url":null,"abstract":"Image registration is the process of approximate matching of the source image to the target so that they resemble each other. In this study, two-dimensional image registration is presented using the rigid group. This group is a finite dimensional group (four-dimensional in this case) under composition. The dimensions of the rigid group are scaling, rotation, and translations along the axes. In this paper, an algorithm for the construction of rigid transformation is presented using the discretized objective function. This objective function is based on SSD (sum of the squares of the distances between the pixels intensities) and calculates the discrepancy between the images. The coarse search and the gradient descent approaches have been used for the optimization. The proposed algorithm is implemented on variety of images. The numerical examples illustrate the ability of the proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117107905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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