Nida Mahmood, M. Muazzam, M. Ahmad, S. Hussain, Warda Javed
The present study was conducted to review the phytochemical composition, as well as nutritional and pharmacological values of Allium cepa L. (Onion). Onion is cultivated all over the world. Onion bulbs are composed of polysaccharides such as peptides, fructans, flavonoids (mostly quercetin), saccharose and organosulfur compounds having salutary effects on human health. Onion is beneficial for human health since it has a high nutritional value. The nutritional constituents of an onion bulb are crude oil, vitamin E, sodium, potassium, and zinc. The onion bulb has the potential to reduce diseases such as stomach cancer, osteoporosis, and brain cancer in human beings. Additionally, onion is antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-scar, antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti-genotoxic, anti-mutagenic, diuretic, anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and analgesic. Copyright(c) The Authors
{"title":"Phytochemistry of Allium cepa L. (Onion): An Overview of its Nutritional and Pharmacological Importance","authors":"Nida Mahmood, M. Muazzam, M. Ahmad, S. Hussain, Warda Javed","doi":"10.32350/sir/53.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir/53.04","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to review the phytochemical composition, as well as nutritional and pharmacological values of Allium cepa L. (Onion). Onion is cultivated all over the world. Onion bulbs are composed of polysaccharides such as peptides, fructans, flavonoids (mostly quercetin), saccharose and organosulfur compounds having salutary effects on human health. Onion is beneficial for human health since it has a high nutritional value. The nutritional constituents of an onion bulb are crude oil, vitamin E, sodium, potassium, and zinc. The onion bulb has the potential to reduce diseases such as stomach cancer, osteoporosis, and brain cancer in human beings. Additionally, onion is antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-scar, antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti-genotoxic, anti-mutagenic, diuretic, anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and analgesic. \u0000Copyright(c) The Authors","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131813735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the expected ruin time of the classic three-player symmetric game, Sandell derived a general formula by introducing an appropriate martingale and stopping time. For the case of asymmetric game, the martingale approach is not valid to determine the ruin time. In general, the ruin probabilities for both cases, i.e. symmetric and asymmetric game and expected ruin time for asymmetric game are still awaiting to be solved for this game. The current work is also about three-player gambler’s ruin problem with some extensions as well. We provide expressions for the ruin time with (without) ties when all the players have equal (unequal) initial fortunes. Finally, the validity of asymmetric game is also tested through a Monte Carlo simulation study.
{"title":"A three-player gambler's ruin problem: some extensions","authors":"Abid Hussain, M. Hanif, Moazzam Naseer","doi":"10.32350/sir.53.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.53.01","url":null,"abstract":"For the expected ruin time of the classic three-player symmetric game, Sandell derived a general formula by introducing an appropriate martingale and stopping time. For the case of asymmetric game, the martingale approach is not valid to determine the ruin time. In general, the ruin probabilities for both cases, i.e. symmetric and asymmetric game and expected ruin time for asymmetric game are still awaiting to be solved for this game. The current work is also about three-player gambler’s ruin problem with some extensions as well. We provide expressions for the ruin time with (without) ties when all the players have equal (unequal) initial fortunes. Finally, the validity of asymmetric game is also tested through a Monte Carlo simulation study.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131306725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For calculating the expected ruin time of the classic three-player symmetric game, Sandell derived a general formula by introducing an appropriate martingale and stopping time. However, the martingale approach is not appropriate to determine the ruin time of asymmetric game. In general, ruin probabilities in both cases, that is, symmetric and asymmetric games as well as the expected ruin time for the asymmetric games are still need to be calculated. The current work is also about three-player gambler’s ruin problem with some extensions. We provide expressions for the ruin time with or without ties when all the players have equal or unequal initial fortunes. Finally, the validity of the asymmetric game is also tested through a Monte Carlo simulation study. Copyright (c) The Authors
{"title":"Three-Player Gambler’s Ruin Problem: Some Extensions","authors":"Abid Hussain, Muhammad Hanif, Moazzam Naseer","doi":"10.32350/sir/53.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir/53.01","url":null,"abstract":"For calculating the expected ruin time of the classic three-player symmetric game, Sandell derived a general formula by introducing an appropriate martingale and stopping time. However, the martingale approach is not appropriate to determine the ruin time of asymmetric game. In general, ruin probabilities in both cases, that is, symmetric and asymmetric games as well as the expected ruin time for the asymmetric games are still need to be calculated. The current work is also about three-player gambler’s ruin problem with some extensions. We provide expressions for the ruin time with or without ties when all the players have equal or unequal initial fortunes. Finally, the validity of the asymmetric game is also tested through a Monte Carlo simulation study. \u0000Copyright (c) The Authors","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114226013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parkash Meghwar, S. Shaikh, Bushra Hussain, Nida Saleem, P. A. Shar, Ahsan Ali Depar
The present study aims to determine the quality parameters of drinking water of rural Tharparkar i.e., Diplo area. The quality parameters examined in water samples were pH, TDS, and EC. A total of 20 samples were collected randomly from different sources of drinking water (dug well and hand pump water) from Diplo Sub District of Tharparkar. Results showed that water samples of hand pump source have elevated quality parameters (i.e., pH range was 5.7-6.0 and TDS range was 1579-2120mg/L) as compared to well water samples (i.e., pH range was 5.09-6.60 and TDS range was 497-1182mg/L). Therefore, it is concluded that as per guidelines of WHO and EPA, water from well sources is somehow good to ensure well-being of human population residing in the area. While water from the hand pump source is loaded with high TDS and EC (greater than WHO limit). The aforementioned parameter is highly linked with EC as well as pH. It is directly proportional to the conductivity and inversely proportional to the pH. Further, studies need to be conducted in this measure to evaluate quality of drinking water in rural areas of Sindh province.
{"title":"Assessment of quality parameters of underground drinking water from Diplo Area of Sindh","authors":"Parkash Meghwar, S. Shaikh, Bushra Hussain, Nida Saleem, P. A. Shar, Ahsan Ali Depar","doi":"10.32350/sir.53.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.53.03","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to determine the quality parameters of drinking water of rural Tharparkar i.e., Diplo area. The quality parameters examined in water samples were pH, TDS, and EC. A total of 20 samples were collected randomly from different sources of drinking water (dug well and hand pump water) from Diplo Sub District of Tharparkar. Results showed that water samples of hand pump source have elevated quality parameters (i.e., pH range was 5.7-6.0 and TDS range was 1579-2120mg/L) as compared to well water samples (i.e., pH range was 5.09-6.60 and TDS range was 497-1182mg/L). Therefore, it is concluded that as per guidelines of WHO and EPA, water from well sources is somehow good to ensure well-being of human population residing in the area. While water from the hand pump source is loaded with high TDS and EC (greater than WHO limit). The aforementioned parameter is highly linked with EC as well as pH. It is directly proportional to the conductivity and inversely proportional to the pH. Further, studies need to be conducted in this measure to evaluate quality of drinking water in rural areas of Sindh province. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122516634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parkash Meghwar, S. Shaikh, Bushra Hussain, Nida Saleem, Piar Ali Shar, Ahsan Ali Depar
The present study aimed to determine the quality parameters of underground drinking water found in Diplo, a sub-district of Tharparkar. The quality parameters examined in the water samples were pH (acidity), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). A total of 20 samples were randomly collected from different sources of drinking water, namely dug well and hand pump, from the study area. The results showed that the quality parameters of water samples taken from the hand pump were not within the appropriate range (pH range was 5.7-6.0 and TDS range was 1579-2120 mg/L), while those of well water samples were within range (pH range was 5.09-6.60 and TDS range was 497-1182 mg/L). Therefore, it was concluded that water from the well sources was safe for consumption as per the guidelines set by WHO and EPA and could be used for drinking purposes. The findings revealed that water from the hand pump sources had high TDS and EC (greater than WHO limit), which pose several health risks. It was noted that TDS is directly proportional to electrical conductivity and inversely proportional to the pH level of water. Further, it was recommended that future studies need to be conducted at regular intervals to evaluate the quality of drinking water in rural areas of Sindh province, so that authorities can promptly provide solutions to such issues. Copyright (c) The Authors
{"title":"Assessment of Groundwater Quality: A Sample Study of Selective Drinking Water Sources in Diplo Area of Sindh","authors":"Parkash Meghwar, S. Shaikh, Bushra Hussain, Nida Saleem, Piar Ali Shar, Ahsan Ali Depar","doi":"10.32350/sir/53.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir/53.03","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to determine the quality parameters of underground drinking water found in Diplo, a sub-district of Tharparkar. The quality parameters examined in the water samples were pH (acidity), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). A total of 20 samples were randomly collected from different sources of drinking water, namely dug well and hand pump, from the study area. The results showed that the quality parameters of water samples taken from the hand pump were not within the appropriate range (pH range was 5.7-6.0 and TDS range was 1579-2120 mg/L), while those of well water samples were within range (pH range was 5.09-6.60 and TDS range was 497-1182 mg/L). Therefore, it was concluded that water from the well sources was safe for consumption as per the guidelines set by WHO and EPA and could be used for drinking purposes. The findings revealed that water from the hand pump sources had high TDS and EC (greater than WHO limit), which pose several health risks. It was noted that TDS is directly proportional to electrical conductivity and inversely proportional to the pH level of water. Further, it was recommended that future studies need to be conducted at regular intervals to evaluate the quality of drinking water in rural areas of Sindh province, so that authorities can promptly provide solutions to such issues. \u0000Copyright (c) The Authors","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126702060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayesha Ikhlaq, S. Buzdar, Mamoona Aslam, Muhammad Usman Mustafa, Sana Salahuddin, Mehr-un-Nisa
In external beam radiation therapy, electron and photon beams have extraordinary characteristics in the treatment of cancer. The electron and photon beam characteristic are essential to study before calibration of machine. This study focused on the dosimetric characteristics of different energies of electron beams for different field size. The basic objective of this work is, to calculate dosimetric parameters and characteristics of electron beam, specially depth dose characteristics along central axis. In this work, 6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, 15 MeV and 18 MeV of electron beam and 6 MV and 15 MV of photon beam with different field size is used. Characteristics of depth dose of electron and photon beam in water have analyzed to provide better quality of radiation therapy treatment planning. The different beam characteristics are due to different interactions that occurs between electron beams giving them a definite range whereas photon beams are attenuated leading to dose deposition and much larger range with no definite end. Depth dose characteristics of electron and photon beams do not show same characteristics as interaction of beam with matter depends on the quality of beam. Attenuation and penetration factors change with changing dosimetric parameters. Complete analysis of dosimetric characteristics of electron and photon beam help to choose more accurate beam for the treatment of cancer. This work will help to increase accuracy in treatment of cancer with radiotherapy.
{"title":"Improving Clinical dosimetric Accuracy of cancer treatment using a special quality of Electron and Photon Beam","authors":"Ayesha Ikhlaq, S. Buzdar, Mamoona Aslam, Muhammad Usman Mustafa, Sana Salahuddin, Mehr-un-Nisa","doi":"10.32350/sir.53.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.53.02","url":null,"abstract":"In external beam radiation therapy, electron and photon beams have extraordinary characteristics in the treatment of cancer. The electron and photon beam characteristic are essential to study before calibration of machine. This study focused on the dosimetric characteristics of different energies of electron beams for different field size. The basic objective of this work is, to calculate dosimetric parameters and characteristics of electron beam, specially depth dose characteristics along central axis. In this work, 6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, 15 MeV and 18 MeV of electron beam and 6 MV and 15 MV of photon beam with different field size is used. Characteristics of depth dose of electron and photon beam in water have analyzed to provide better quality of radiation therapy treatment planning. The different beam characteristics are due to different interactions that occurs between electron beams giving them a definite range whereas photon beams are attenuated leading to dose deposition and much larger range with no definite end. Depth dose characteristics of electron and photon beams do not show same characteristics as interaction of beam with matter depends on the quality of beam. Attenuation and penetration factors change with changing dosimetric parameters. Complete analysis of dosimetric characteristics of electron and photon beam help to choose more accurate beam for the treatment of cancer. This work will help to increase accuracy in treatment of cancer with radiotherapy.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125375832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sana Akram, A. Quraishi, Abid Hussain, N. Zulfiqar, M. Akbar
A series of three donor molecules (DPP-B, DPP-N and DPP-P) based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) sharing the similar backbone of D-π-A-π-D have been investigated. In these molecules, substituents such as pyrene, naphthalene and benzene act as the electron donating end groups, DPP as the central core unit and thiophene has been used as a bridge between donor and acceptor fragments. Theoretical calculations have been carried out with the help of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent functional theory (TD-DFT). For the optimization of geometry of investigated molecules, DFT functional B3LYP/6-31g(d) has been used and TD-B3LYP/6-31g(d) has been used to obtain the best results of calculations inexcited state. DPP-P has been considered a suitable donor molecule among all investigated molecules as it manifests the suitable value of Eg of 2.24 eV and showed the stronger absorption λmaxof 611 nm. Hence, this study reveals that investigated donor molecules are suitable for high performance organic solar cell devices
{"title":"Diketopyrrolopyrrole based highly conjugated small molecules for organic solar cells","authors":"Sana Akram, A. Quraishi, Abid Hussain, N. Zulfiqar, M. Akbar","doi":"10.32350/sir.51.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.51.02","url":null,"abstract":"A series of three donor molecules (DPP-B, DPP-N and DPP-P) based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) sharing the similar backbone of D-π-A-π-D have been investigated. In these molecules, substituents such as pyrene, naphthalene and benzene act as the electron donating end groups, DPP as the central core unit and thiophene has been used as a bridge between donor and acceptor fragments. Theoretical calculations have been carried out with the help of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent functional theory (TD-DFT). For the optimization of geometry of investigated molecules, DFT functional B3LYP/6-31g(d) has been used and TD-B3LYP/6-31g(d) has been used to obtain the best results of calculations inexcited state. DPP-P has been considered a suitable donor molecule among all investigated molecules as it manifests the suitable value of Eg of 2.24 eV and showed the stronger absorption λmaxof 611 nm. Hence, this study reveals that investigated donor molecules are suitable for high performance organic solar cell devices","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124811420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hussain, Shumaila Zulfiqar Butt, Khurram Shahzad Munawar
Current studies were performed to overview the phytochemistry, nutritional and medicinal value of Ziziphus mauritiana (commonly known as Ber in Pakistan). The leaves of Z. mauritiana are comprised of proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, fibers, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. The leave majorly demonstrate the presence of α-linolenic acid, plamitic acid and methyl stearate in n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts. The seed contains the highest content of carbohydrate (63.24%) and calorific value (411.61 kJ) while its fruit shows the highest quantity of moisture. Its fruit is slightly acidic (pH around 4.77) and rich in nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates vitamin C and minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Ca, P). The fruit provides energy of 1516-1575 kJ per its 100 g. Z. mauritiana displays antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its leaves are used for treating tuberculosis, small pox, burning sensations, dysentary asthma, fever, liver issues, infections and blood relating diseases. Root bark of this plant shows good effectiveness as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent. The plant displays strong antioxidant potential and excellent H2O2 scavenging activities.
{"title":"Phytochemistry of Ziziphus Mauritiana; its Nutritional and Pharmaceutical Potential","authors":"S. Hussain, Shumaila Zulfiqar Butt, Khurram Shahzad Munawar","doi":"10.32350/sir.52.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.52.01","url":null,"abstract":"Current studies were performed to overview the phytochemistry, nutritional and medicinal value of Ziziphus mauritiana (commonly known as Ber in Pakistan). The leaves of Z. mauritiana are comprised of proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, fibers, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. The leave majorly demonstrate the presence of α-linolenic acid, plamitic acid and methyl stearate in n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts. The seed contains the highest content of carbohydrate (63.24%) and calorific value (411.61 kJ) while its fruit shows the highest quantity of moisture. Its fruit is slightly acidic (pH around 4.77) and rich in nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates vitamin C and minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Ca, P). The fruit provides energy of 1516-1575 kJ per its 100 g. Z. mauritiana displays antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its leaves are used for treating tuberculosis, small pox, burning sensations, dysentary asthma, fever, liver issues, infections and blood relating diseases. Root bark of this plant shows good effectiveness as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent. The plant displays strong antioxidant potential and excellent H2O2 scavenging activities.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124193036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ikram, Zuhaa Binte Tahir, Maira Anwar, Muhammad Imran Asjad
This research work is related to unsteady movement of second-grade fluid over an infinite plate. The governing equations for flow are developed through constitutive relations. Then classical model extended to fractional order model with power law fractional differential operator. The Laplace transform (LT) technique is applied to find the analytical results and stated as series satisfy the boundary conditions. To see physical significance of flow parameters some graphs are displayed. Recent results from the existing literature are recovered to validate. Copyright(c) The Authors
{"title":"Analytical Solutions of Fractional Partial Differential equations for the Second grade fluid Flow","authors":"M. Ikram, Zuhaa Binte Tahir, Maira Anwar, Muhammad Imran Asjad","doi":"10.32350/sir.52.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.52.05","url":null,"abstract":"This research work is related to unsteady movement of second-grade fluid over an infinite plate. \u0000The governing equations for flow are developed through constitutive relations. Then classical model \u0000extended to fractional order model with power law fractional differential operator. The Laplace \u0000transform (LT) technique is applied to find the analytical results and stated as series satisfy the \u0000boundary conditions. To see physical significance of flow parameters some graphs are displayed. \u0000Recent results from the existing literature are recovered to validate. \u0000 \u0000Copyright(c) The Authors","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116450400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type I and type II is very high all over the world. Excessive glucose levels and failure of one’s body to produce or manage glucose, trigger diabetes. Glucose is known to be responsive to NIH3T3 cells as it alters the expression of a range of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. In this study, the toxic effect of glucose was evaluated on NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Cells (NIH3T3) were cultured in media (DMEM), supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin. MTT assay was performed to check the toxic effect of glucose. NIH3T3 cells were treated with high glucose (30mM) for 24 hours. Trizol was used to extract the RNA followed by PCR reactions for gene expression analysis. Glucose treatment for 24 hours, modulated the expression of BCL-2 and BAX genes. The expression of BCL-2 was reduced while a significant increase was noticed in the expression BAX gene. Our results illustrated that glucose has some toxic effects on NIH3T3 cells. Glucose induces apoptosis by upregulating BAX and down-regulating BCL-2 expressions.
{"title":"Evaluation of BCL-2 and BAX Genes Expression in Hyperglycemia-Induced NIH Cells","authors":"Sher Zaman","doi":"10.32350/sir.52.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32350/sir.52.04","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type I and type II is very high all over the world. Excessive glucose levels and failure of one’s body to produce or manage glucose, trigger diabetes. Glucose is known to be responsive to NIH3T3 cells as it alters the expression of a range of genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. In this study, the toxic effect of glucose was evaluated on NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Cells (NIH3T3) were cultured in media (DMEM), supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin. MTT assay was performed to check the toxic effect of glucose. NIH3T3 cells were treated with high glucose (30mM) for 24 hours. Trizol was used to extract the RNA followed by PCR reactions for gene expression analysis. Glucose treatment for 24 hours, modulated the expression of BCL-2 and BAX genes. The expression of BCL-2 was reduced while a significant increase was noticed in the expression BAX gene. Our results illustrated that glucose has some toxic effects on NIH3T3 cells. Glucose induces apoptosis by upregulating BAX and down-regulating BCL-2 expressions.","PeriodicalId":137307,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Inquiry and Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126561010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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