Md. Belal Hossain, Md. Towfiqul Islam, D. Roy, M. Mahmud, P. Paul, M. S. Yesmin, P. Kundu, N. Karim, Md. Abdul Kader, Md. Humayoun Kabir
Water productivity improvement is getting the prime concern to sustain irrigated rice production in the water-scarce areas of Bangladesh under changing climate. Besides, profitable cropping pattern selection is one of the major indicators of commercial agriculture. The study was conducted at Mithapukur and Pirganj Upazilas of Rangpur district during 2018–2020 to evaluate the water saving and profitability of three crop cropping patterns over two crops pattern. The experiment involved two improved patterns, T. Aman-Mustard-Boro (CP1) and T. Aman-Potato-Boro (CP2), and one locally popular pattern, T. Aman-Fallow-Boro (CP3). Irrigation management involved supplemental irrigation for T. Aman rice, irrigation application after disappearing standing water for Boro rice, and two irrigations at critical stages of potato and mustard. Both CP1 and CP2 received higher rainfall than CP3 because the delayed transplanting of Boro rice captured more rainfall. The improved patterns of CP1 and CP2 saved 22–40% of irrigation water compared with CP3. Among the patterns, CP2 achieved the highest rice equivalent yield (REY) of 21.1–33.6 t·ha−1 due to excellent potato production. Similarly, CP2 provided the highest irrigation water productivity because of higher REY as well as less irrigation requirement. Both CP1 and CP2 patterns returned a higher gross margin than CP3. The findings indicated that the inclusion of potato and mustard in the T. Aman-Fallow-Boro cropping pattern saved irrigation water as well as increased production and economic benefit. Adoption of these water-efficient cropping patterns may reduce groundwater irrigation in the water-scarce areas of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Cropping System Intensification: An Approach to Increase Yield, Water Productivity, and Profitability in North-West Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Belal Hossain, Md. Towfiqul Islam, D. Roy, M. Mahmud, P. Paul, M. S. Yesmin, P. Kundu, N. Karim, Md. Abdul Kader, Md. Humayoun Kabir","doi":"10.1155/2022/6288494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6288494","url":null,"abstract":"Water productivity improvement is getting the prime concern to sustain irrigated rice production in the water-scarce areas of Bangladesh under changing climate. Besides, profitable cropping pattern selection is one of the major indicators of commercial agriculture. The study was conducted at Mithapukur and Pirganj Upazilas of Rangpur district during 2018–2020 to evaluate the water saving and profitability of three crop cropping patterns over two crops pattern. The experiment involved two improved patterns, T. Aman-Mustard-Boro (CP1) and T. Aman-Potato-Boro (CP2), and one locally popular pattern, T. Aman-Fallow-Boro (CP3). Irrigation management involved supplemental irrigation for T. Aman rice, irrigation application after disappearing standing water for Boro rice, and two irrigations at critical stages of potato and mustard. Both CP1 and CP2 received higher rainfall than CP3 because the delayed transplanting of Boro rice captured more rainfall. The improved patterns of CP1 and CP2 saved 22–40% of irrigation water compared with CP3. Among the patterns, CP2 achieved the highest rice equivalent yield (REY) of 21.1–33.6 t·ha−1 due to excellent potato production. Similarly, CP2 provided the highest irrigation water productivity because of higher REY as well as less irrigation requirement. Both CP1 and CP2 patterns returned a higher gross margin than CP3. The findings indicated that the inclusion of potato and mustard in the T. Aman-Fallow-Boro cropping pattern saved irrigation water as well as increased production and economic benefit. Adoption of these water-efficient cropping patterns may reduce groundwater irrigation in the water-scarce areas of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47463785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Kaluba, Sydney Mwamba, D. Moualeu-Ngangue, M. Chiona, K. Munyinda, E. Winter, H. Stützel, B. Chishala
Cassava yields of 6 t ha−1 are lower than the potential yield of 20–25 t ha−1 obtained in Northern Zambia. It is grown in legume intercropping with little or no fertilizer, causing nutrient depletion with consequent land abandonment. Therefore, the study objective was to investigate the performance of cassava under lime, fertilizer, and grain legume intercropping on exhausted land in Northern Zambia. A split-split plot design experiment was conducted over two seasons, comprising two lime rates (0 and 300 kg ha−1), two fertilizer rates (0 and 100N : 23P:80 K kg ha−1), and three grain legumes (common beans, cowpea, and soybean) intercropped in cassava and sole cassava arranged in RCBD with three replications. Periodic measurements of leaf area index (LAI), light interception, weather data, and yield components were recorded. A linear mixed model with year as a random factor was performed to assess the treatment effect of lime, fertilizer, and legume species intercropping on cassava growth characteristics, radiation-use efficiency (RUE), and selected yield components. Lime, fertilizer rates, and legume species intercropping were assigned as main, sub-, and sub-sub-treatments, respectively. Fertilization and fertilization + lime treatments in sole cassava and cassava-common bean intercropping significantly increased the RUE and light extinction coefficient (k) compared to nonfertilized and only lime treatments. Lime x fertilizer x cropping system interaction was significant on chlorophyll index and plant height, RUE, tuber yield, HI, and total dry matter (TDM) yield. Cropping system x year interactions were significant on season LAI. On average, every kg of cassava yield loss in intercropping was compensated by 0.46 kg soybean, 0.20 kg common beans, and 0.26 kg of cowpea. NPK fertilizer + lime, NPK fertilizer, and grain legume intercropping may be adopted to increase cassava tuber yields and legume grain yield response on nutrient-depleted soils in high rainfall areas of Zambia.
木薯产量为6吨/公顷，低于赞比亚北部地区20-25吨/公顷/公顷的潜在产量。它种植在豆科作物间作中，很少或不施肥，造成养分枯竭，从而导致土地荒废。因此，本研究的目的是研究在赞比亚北部枯竭土地上石灰、化肥和豆科作物间作下木薯的生产性能。采用分畦设计试验，在2个季节内，采用2种石灰用量(0和300 kg ha−1)、2种施肥用量(0和100N: 23P:80 K kg ha−1)，3种籽粒豆类(普通豆、豇豆和大豆)间作木薯和木薯，3个重复排列在RCBD中。定期测量叶面积指数(LAI)、光截获、天气数据和产量成分。采用以年份为随机因子的线性混合模型，评价石灰、化肥和豆科作物间作对木薯生长特性、辐射利用效率(RUE)和部分产量成分的影响。石灰、施肥量和豆科植物种间作分别为主、次、次处理。与不施肥和只施肥石灰相比，单施木薯和木薯-豆间作施肥和施肥+石灰处理显著提高了RUE和消光系数(k)。石灰x肥x种植制度互作对叶绿素指数、株高、RUE、块茎产量、HI和总干物质(TDM)产量均有显著影响。种植制度与年的交互作用对季节LAI有显著影响。间作每公斤木薯产量损失平均可由大豆0.46公斤、普通豆0.20公斤和豇豆0.26公斤弥补。在赞比亚高降雨量地区，氮磷钾肥+石灰、氮磷钾肥、籽粒豆科作物间作可提高木薯块茎产量和豆科作物籽粒产量对养分枯竭土壤的响应。
{"title":"Performance of Cassava under Lime, Fertilizer, and Legume Intercropping on Exhausted Land in Northern Zambia","authors":"P. Kaluba, Sydney Mwamba, D. Moualeu-Ngangue, M. Chiona, K. Munyinda, E. Winter, H. Stützel, B. Chishala","doi":"10.1155/2022/3649355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3649355","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava yields of 6 t ha−1 are lower than the potential yield of 20–25 t ha−1 obtained in Northern Zambia. It is grown in legume intercropping with little or no fertilizer, causing nutrient depletion with consequent land abandonment. Therefore, the study objective was to investigate the performance of cassava under lime, fertilizer, and grain legume intercropping on exhausted land in Northern Zambia. A split-split plot design experiment was conducted over two seasons, comprising two lime rates (0 and 300 kg ha−1), two fertilizer rates (0 and 100N : 23P:80 K kg ha−1), and three grain legumes (common beans, cowpea, and soybean) intercropped in cassava and sole cassava arranged in RCBD with three replications. Periodic measurements of leaf area index (LAI), light interception, weather data, and yield components were recorded. A linear mixed model with year as a random factor was performed to assess the treatment effect of lime, fertilizer, and legume species intercropping on cassava growth characteristics, radiation-use efficiency (RUE), and selected yield components. Lime, fertilizer rates, and legume species intercropping were assigned as main, sub-, and sub-sub-treatments, respectively. Fertilization and fertilization + lime treatments in sole cassava and cassava-common bean intercropping significantly increased the RUE and light extinction coefficient (k) compared to nonfertilized and only lime treatments. Lime x fertilizer x cropping system interaction was significant on chlorophyll index and plant height, RUE, tuber yield, HI, and total dry matter (TDM) yield. Cropping system x year interactions were significant on season LAI. On average, every kg of cassava yield loss in intercropping was compensated by 0.46 kg soybean, 0.20 kg common beans, and 0.26 kg of cowpea. NPK fertilizer + lime, NPK fertilizer, and grain legume intercropping may be adopted to increase cassava tuber yields and legume grain yield response on nutrient-depleted soils in high rainfall areas of Zambia.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45196750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Wijayaraja, M. Piyarathne, Thilakshi Alahakoon, U. Devasinghe, L. Weerasinghe, D. Kumarathunge, D. Dissanayake, C. Egodawatta, N. Geekiyanage
The future of food crop production is uncertain due to the negative effects of global warming. Cowpea is grown in warm environments including in Sri Lanka, where less is known about the potential acclimation of ecophysiological and agronomic traits to increasing temperatures. We evaluated the acclimation potential of yield components and ecophysiological traits of three recommended cowpea genotypes to the seasonal variation in growth temperature in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. This study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, in two consecutive seasons with average daytime temperatures of 30.4°C and 33.2°C. Three genotypes, Dhawala, Waruni, and MI-35, were tested in this study, and their rates of leaf photosynthesis and respiration at the 50% flowering stage and final yield parameters were measured at their respective average growth temperatures in both seasons. The total yield per hectare showed an average decrease of 16%, 17%, and 22% in the Dhawala, Waruni, and MI-35 genotypes at high average growth temperature, respectively. These reductions were associated with the reduction in the number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, and number of pods per plant, suggesting that there could be an among-genotype variation in flower abscission, fertilization, and biomass partitioning during the season in which the average growth temperature was high. In the season with high average growth temperature, genotype Dhawala showed an increased carbon gain per unit carbon loss and increased water use efficiency compared to MI-35 and Waruni genotypes. Therefore, genotype Dhawala is a better candidate than MI-35 and Waruni genotypes in the face of global warming, which may be considered in further breeding programs and market preferences. More work is proposed to examine the patterns of biomass partitioning and radiation use efficiency in three cowpea genotypes at elevated temperatures.
{"title":"Acclimation of Ecophysiological and Agronomic Traits to Increasing Growth Temperature in Three Cowpea Genotypes Grown in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka","authors":"I. Wijayaraja, M. Piyarathne, Thilakshi Alahakoon, U. Devasinghe, L. Weerasinghe, D. Kumarathunge, D. Dissanayake, C. Egodawatta, N. Geekiyanage","doi":"10.1155/2022/3596075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3596075","url":null,"abstract":"The future of food crop production is uncertain due to the negative effects of global warming. Cowpea is grown in warm environments including in Sri Lanka, where less is known about the potential acclimation of ecophysiological and agronomic traits to increasing temperatures. We evaluated the acclimation potential of yield components and ecophysiological traits of three recommended cowpea genotypes to the seasonal variation in growth temperature in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. This study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, in two consecutive seasons with average daytime temperatures of 30.4°C and 33.2°C. Three genotypes, Dhawala, Waruni, and MI-35, were tested in this study, and their rates of leaf photosynthesis and respiration at the 50% flowering stage and final yield parameters were measured at their respective average growth temperatures in both seasons. The total yield per hectare showed an average decrease of 16%, 17%, and 22% in the Dhawala, Waruni, and MI-35 genotypes at high average growth temperature, respectively. These reductions were associated with the reduction in the number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, and number of pods per plant, suggesting that there could be an among-genotype variation in flower abscission, fertilization, and biomass partitioning during the season in which the average growth temperature was high. In the season with high average growth temperature, genotype Dhawala showed an increased carbon gain per unit carbon loss and increased water use efficiency compared to MI-35 and Waruni genotypes. Therefore, genotype Dhawala is a better candidate than MI-35 and Waruni genotypes in the face of global warming, which may be considered in further breeding programs and market preferences. More work is proposed to examine the patterns of biomass partitioning and radiation use efficiency in three cowpea genotypes at elevated temperatures.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44472628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mutetwa, Ignatius Chagonda, Tafadzwa Gwaziwa, Pamela Mangezi, Tapfumaneyi Midzi, Lawrence Sithole, T. Mtaita, J. Masaka, T. Muziri
The lack of agronomic information is one of the various reasons given for the failure of indigenous vegetables to move from subsistence plants of restricted use to vegetables that are considerably researched, utilized, available, and commercially aggressive. A greenhouse study was conducted at Midlands State University’s Department of Horticulture and Agronomy to consider the impact of Trichoderma biofertilizer at different stages on the overall performance of horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus). A complete randomized block design (CRBD) was used for this greenhouse experiment. Four Trichoderma-based biofertilizer treatments (0.1 g/pot, 0.2 g/pot, 0.3 g/pot, and 0.4 g/pot) and a control treatment (0.0 g/pot) in four replications were laid down. Inoculation by way of biofertilizer registered significant ( p < 0.05 ) results as a greater number of male flowers were recorded. Higher rates of biofertilizers of 0.3 g/pot and 0.4 g/pot gave more flowers, 10.75 and 12.25, respectively, versus lower application rates of 0.1 g/pot and 0.2 g/pot with 6.25 and 6.50 flowers, respectively. The days to flowering increased from 0.0 g/pot (44.75 days) to 0.4 g/pot (49.00 days). Time taken to fruiting was affected significantly ( p < 0.05 ) with the application of the biofertilizer. The number of fruits per plant followed the same trend of number of female flowers along the main stem. The number of small fruits increased numerically from 0.0 g/pot (0.5 fruits) to 0.4 g/pot (1.5 fruits) but did not differ ( p > 0.05 ) statistically between all treatments. The results of this current study indicate that the Trichoderma-based biofertilizer significantly affects the flowering pattern and fruiting characteristics of horned melon at different application rates. Further investigations need to be conducted to reveal the potential derived from the Trichoderma-based biofertilizer in the production of horned melon.
{"title":"Effect of Trichoderma-Based Biofertilizers on the Flower and Fruit Pattern of Horned Melon (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. ex Naudin)","authors":"M. Mutetwa, Ignatius Chagonda, Tafadzwa Gwaziwa, Pamela Mangezi, Tapfumaneyi Midzi, Lawrence Sithole, T. Mtaita, J. Masaka, T. Muziri","doi":"10.1155/2022/6866853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6866853","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of agronomic information is one of the various reasons given for the failure of indigenous vegetables to move from subsistence plants of restricted use to vegetables that are considerably researched, utilized, available, and commercially aggressive. A greenhouse study was conducted at Midlands State University’s Department of Horticulture and Agronomy to consider the impact of Trichoderma biofertilizer at different stages on the overall performance of horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus). A complete randomized block design (CRBD) was used for this greenhouse experiment. Four Trichoderma-based biofertilizer treatments (0.1 g/pot, 0.2 g/pot, 0.3 g/pot, and 0.4 g/pot) and a control treatment (0.0 g/pot) in four replications were laid down. Inoculation by way of biofertilizer registered significant (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) results as a greater number of male flowers were recorded. Higher rates of biofertilizers of 0.3 g/pot and 0.4 g/pot gave more flowers, 10.75 and 12.25, respectively, versus lower application rates of 0.1 g/pot and 0.2 g/pot with 6.25 and 6.50 flowers, respectively. The days to flowering increased from 0.0 g/pot (44.75 days) to 0.4 g/pot (49.00 days). Time taken to fruiting was affected significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) with the application of the biofertilizer. The number of fruits per plant followed the same trend of number of female flowers along the main stem. The number of small fruits increased numerically from 0.0 g/pot (0.5 fruits) to 0.4 g/pot (1.5 fruits) but did not differ (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 >\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) statistically between all treatments. The results of this current study indicate that the Trichoderma-based biofertilizer significantly affects the flowering pattern and fruiting characteristics of horned melon at different application rates. Further investigations need to be conducted to reveal the potential derived from the Trichoderma-based biofertilizer in the production of horned melon.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43054195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field experiment was conducted in Bench Maji Zone at Guraferda district during the 2020 main cropping season to assess the effect of row spacing and frequency of weeding on weeds, yield components, and yield of rice and to estimate the economic feasibility of weed control practices of rice. Factorial combination of three-row spacing (20, 25, and 30 cm) and six weeding frequencies (one-hand weeding and hoeing at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after emergence, two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 weeks after emergence, and weed-free check and weedy check) were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed control efficiency, days to 50% heading, days to 90% physiological maturity, plant height, and straw yield were significantly affected by weeding frequencies but not by row spacing. Significantly higher panicle length (24.07 cm), number of productive tillers (209.08 m−2), number of kernels per panicle (252.22), grain yield (4303.0 kg·ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (10295.4 kg·ha−1), and harvest index (40.79%) were observed under 25 cm row spacing, compared with 20 and 30 cm. Significantly higher panicle length (25.81 cm), number of productive tillers (257.71 m−2), number of kernels per panicle (172.33), thousand kernels weight (35.44 g), grain yield (5226.7 kg·ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (11696.3 kg·ha−1), and harvest index (44.92%) were recorded under complete weed-free check plots. However, the highest net return (46,394.87 ETB·ha−1) was obtained from the combination of 25 cm row spacing and two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 weeks after emergence, as the cost of maintaining weed-free plots was much higher. Thus, practicing two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 WAE and 25 cm row spacing was found to be both agronomically and economically feasible for Rice (NERICA-4) production in the Guraferda area.
{"title":"Effect of Row Spacing and Frequency of Weeding on Weed Infestation, Yield Components, and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Bench Maji Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Bana Daba, G. Mekonnen","doi":"10.1155/2022/5423576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5423576","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted in Bench Maji Zone at Guraferda district during the 2020 main cropping season to assess the effect of row spacing and frequency of weeding on weeds, yield components, and yield of rice and to estimate the economic feasibility of weed control practices of rice. Factorial combination of three-row spacing (20, 25, and 30 cm) and six weeding frequencies (one-hand weeding and hoeing at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after emergence, two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 weeks after emergence, and weed-free check and weedy check) were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed control efficiency, days to 50% heading, days to 90% physiological maturity, plant height, and straw yield were significantly affected by weeding frequencies but not by row spacing. Significantly higher panicle length (24.07 cm), number of productive tillers (209.08 m−2), number of kernels per panicle (252.22), grain yield (4303.0 kg·ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (10295.4 kg·ha−1), and harvest index (40.79%) were observed under 25 cm row spacing, compared with 20 and 30 cm. Significantly higher panicle length (25.81 cm), number of productive tillers (257.71 m−2), number of kernels per panicle (172.33), thousand kernels weight (35.44 g), grain yield (5226.7 kg·ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (11696.3 kg·ha−1), and harvest index (44.92%) were recorded under complete weed-free check plots. However, the highest net return (46,394.87 ETB·ha−1) was obtained from the combination of 25 cm row spacing and two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 weeks after emergence, as the cost of maintaining weed-free plots was much higher. Thus, practicing two-hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 WAE and 25 cm row spacing was found to be both agronomically and economically feasible for Rice (NERICA-4) production in the Guraferda area.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43930620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anza Afzal, Ayesha Shafqat, Sundas Akhtar, Tahira Sultana, Abeer Kazmi, Amir Ali, Z. Mashwani, Ahmad El Askary, A. Gharib, K. Ismail, A. Khalifa
Background. Heavy metals in excessive levels are hazardous to ecosystems as they can bioaccumulate in organisms, have toxic effects on biota, and even cause mortality in most life forms. Methodology. The present study consists of two studies; initially, different concentrations of copper were biosorbed by using 1 gm powder of various biosorbents such as orange peels (OP), pomegranate peels (POP), and peanut peels (PP). Furthermore, the biosorbed water was used to irrigate soil when the mung beans were cultivated. The growth parameters of plants growing under induced copper stress and treated with different bioabsorbed waters were also evaluated. Results. The results revealed that, among all biosorbents, the copper biosorption capacity of orange peels was maximum (90%), followed by pomegranate peel. The results of the second experiment exhibited that the plants irrigated with biosorbed water did not show metal toxicity. A remarkable increase in shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight was observed (29.8 cm, 15.4 g, and 14 g, respectively) when exposed to biosorbent water with peanut peels + 200 mg kg−1 (Cu2+). Similarly, pomegranate peel biosorbed water turned out to be an effective treatment to enhance root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight (6.81 cm, 4.07 g, and 2.66 g, respectively) and resist against induced heavy metal stress conditions at higher concentration (200 mg kg−1). Furthermore, orange peel biosorbed water elevated the total chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content in mung bean (1.56 mg/g and 1.89 mg/g). The highest tolerance index of mung bean plant grown under the stress of Cu2+ metal was induced by orange peel biosorbed water. Conclusion. Biosorption is an environmentally friendly approach to mitigate heavy metals from the water. The studies showed that agricultural wastes have enough bioabsorption potential and should be used to absorb the heavy metal present in water.
{"title":"Biosorbents Removed Copper Heavy Metal from Agricultural Land Cultivated with Vigna radiata (Mung Bean)","authors":"Anza Afzal, Ayesha Shafqat, Sundas Akhtar, Tahira Sultana, Abeer Kazmi, Amir Ali, Z. Mashwani, Ahmad El Askary, A. Gharib, K. Ismail, A. Khalifa","doi":"10.1155/2022/6067181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6067181","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Heavy metals in excessive levels are hazardous to ecosystems as they can bioaccumulate in organisms, have toxic effects on biota, and even cause mortality in most life forms. Methodology. The present study consists of two studies; initially, different concentrations of copper were biosorbed by using 1 gm powder of various biosorbents such as orange peels (OP), pomegranate peels (POP), and peanut peels (PP). Furthermore, the biosorbed water was used to irrigate soil when the mung beans were cultivated. The growth parameters of plants growing under induced copper stress and treated with different bioabsorbed waters were also evaluated. Results. The results revealed that, among all biosorbents, the copper biosorption capacity of orange peels was maximum (90%), followed by pomegranate peel. The results of the second experiment exhibited that the plants irrigated with biosorbed water did not show metal toxicity. A remarkable increase in shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight was observed (29.8 cm, 15.4 g, and 14 g, respectively) when exposed to biosorbent water with peanut peels + 200 mg kg−1 (Cu2+). Similarly, pomegranate peel biosorbed water turned out to be an effective treatment to enhance root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight (6.81 cm, 4.07 g, and 2.66 g, respectively) and resist against induced heavy metal stress conditions at higher concentration (200 mg kg−1). Furthermore, orange peel biosorbed water elevated the total chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content in mung bean (1.56 mg/g and 1.89 mg/g). The highest tolerance index of mung bean plant grown under the stress of Cu2+ metal was induced by orange peel biosorbed water. Conclusion. Biosorption is an environmentally friendly approach to mitigate heavy metals from the water. The studies showed that agricultural wastes have enough bioabsorption potential and should be used to absorb the heavy metal present in water.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44305924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. T. Lejissa, Feyera Senbeta Wakjira, A. A. Tanga
In Ethiopia, soil degradation has been ongoing for centuries and caused the population to be food insecured. To cope with the challenges of soil fertility loss and related stress, various indigenous reclamation practices have been developed and implemented by local smallholder farmers. However, the contributions of indigenous soil management in augmenting soil quality and crop productivity were not well studied. This study selected two neighboring districts, Derashe and Arba Minch Zuriya, with different indigenous soil management practices. The Derashe people as an adaptation strategy designed indigenous soil management, locally known as Targa-na-Potayta with zero tillage, and mixed/rotational cropping. However, in the neighboring Arba Minch Zuriya district, smallholder farmers use conventional tillage using animal power. Representative soil samples were collected from selected four adjacent kebeles of the two districts. Eight farm plots per kebele were selected and a total of 32 composite samples were collected following a zigzag pattern to the depth of 30 cm. Bulk density (BD), field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), particle size, soil textural classes, power of hydrogen (pH), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available potassium (Av. K), available phosphorous (Av. P), total nitrogen (TN), exchangeable bases (Na, Mg, Ca, and K), and soil organic carbon (OC) were analyzed. To assess crop production and income, a total of 392 household heads were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test. The results showed, soils under indigenous management, clay content was 53.74 ± 2.68%, FC 47.8 ± 1.09%, AWHC 15.2 ± 0.37%, pH 8.02 ± 0.07, SOC 1.8 ± 0.02%, and sum of cations 68.2 ± 1.66 meq/100 g. The values in the tested parameters were statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ) and favor good soil management practice as compared to conventional tillage. Using the three consecutive cultivation seasons, CA and CT groups’ mean production from pooled annual crops was 81.28 and 51.03Q ha-1, respectively. CA and CT groups’ mean gross income from annual crops was 98,250.15 ETB ($2751.78) ha-1 and 71,099.48 ETB ($1993.4) ha-1, respectively. Considering the pooled three consecutive cultivation seasons, CA and CT groups’ income from annual + perennial crops was 93,405.29 ETB ($2870.69) ha-1 and 280,721.73 ETB ($8325.17) ha-1, respectively. CA and CT groups’ per annum income from annual + perennial crops was 49,672.86 ETB ($1444.82) ha-1 and 157,980.60 ETB ($4595.13) ha-1, respectively. To sustainably maximize the productivity of the land, conventional tillage practicing smallholder farmers need to integrate the indigenous soil management approach—Targa-na-Potayta. Besides, the benefits of Targa-na-Potayta as sustainable agricultural land management practice need to be scaled out with policy support.
{"title":"Effects of Conservation Agriculture and Conventional Tillage on the Soil Physicochemical Properties and Household Income in Southern Ethiopia","authors":"L. T. Lejissa, Feyera Senbeta Wakjira, A. A. Tanga","doi":"10.1155/2022/1224193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1224193","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia, soil degradation has been ongoing for centuries and caused the population to be food insecured. To cope with the challenges of soil fertility loss and related stress, various indigenous reclamation practices have been developed and implemented by local smallholder farmers. However, the contributions of indigenous soil management in augmenting soil quality and crop productivity were not well studied. This study selected two neighboring districts, Derashe and Arba Minch Zuriya, with different indigenous soil management practices. The Derashe people as an adaptation strategy designed indigenous soil management, locally known as Targa-na-Potayta with zero tillage, and mixed/rotational cropping. However, in the neighboring Arba Minch Zuriya district, smallholder farmers use conventional tillage using animal power. Representative soil samples were collected from selected four adjacent kebeles of the two districts. Eight farm plots per kebele were selected and a total of 32 composite samples were collected following a zigzag pattern to the depth of 30 cm. Bulk density (BD), field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), particle size, soil textural classes, power of hydrogen (pH), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available potassium (Av. K), available phosphorous (Av. P), total nitrogen (TN), exchangeable bases (Na, Mg, Ca, and K), and soil organic carbon (OC) were analyzed. To assess crop production and income, a total of 392 household heads were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test. The results showed, soils under indigenous management, clay content was 53.74 ± 2.68%, FC 47.8 ± 1.09%, AWHC 15.2 ± 0.37%, pH 8.02 ± 0.07, SOC 1.8 ± 0.02%, and sum of cations 68.2 ± 1.66 meq/100 g. The values in the tested parameters were statistically significant (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) and favor good soil management practice as compared to conventional tillage. Using the three consecutive cultivation seasons, CA and CT groups’ mean production from pooled annual crops was 81.28 and 51.03Q ha-1, respectively. CA and CT groups’ mean gross income from annual crops was 98,250.15 ETB ($2751.78) ha-1 and 71,099.48 ETB ($1993.4) ha-1, respectively. Considering the pooled three consecutive cultivation seasons, CA and CT groups’ income from annual + perennial crops was 93,405.29 ETB ($2870.69) ha-1 and 280,721.73 ETB ($8325.17) ha-1, respectively. CA and CT groups’ per annum income from annual + perennial crops was 49,672.86 ETB ($1444.82) ha-1 and 157,980.60 ETB ($4595.13) ha-1, respectively. To sustainably maximize the productivity of the land, conventional tillage practicing smallholder farmers need to integrate the indigenous soil management approach—Targa-na-Potayta. Besides, the benefits of Targa-na-Potayta as sustainable agricultural land management practice need to be scaled out with policy support.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42867874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ridwan Diaguna, Suwarto, E. Santosa, A. Hartono, G. Pramuhadi, N. Nuryartono, R. Yusfiandayani, T. Prartono
Indonesia has a large cassava diversity, but the tolerant cultivars on drought areas have not been well recorded. Candidate mapping can begin with morphological and physiological characterization. This study aimed to map cassava’s genetic diversity, determining the key phenotype to distinguish genotypes, physiological adaptation, and high-yield candidates under environmental stress. A total of 29 genotypes were clustered into 5 groups. A specific group for genotype from same site was not found. The differences and relations among genotypes were very clear, demonstrating cassava’s genetic diversity in Indonesia. The key group characteristics are upward petiole orientation (G1), nine lobes (G2), prominent foliar scars (G3), winding lobe (G4), and elliptic-lanceolate (G5). A total of 19 genotypes had a number of storage root >10 storage roots, 20 genotypes had a weight of storage root >2 kg/plant, and 3 genotypes had >4 kg/plant. Morphological and physiological trait determination is relevant to contribute to high-yield cassava breeding in dry areas. The morphological characteristics of well-adapted plants were plant height, lobe characteristics, and petiole orientation, while the physiological traits were chlorophyll index, transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate.
{"title":"Morphological and Physiological Characterization of Cassava Genotypes on Dry Land of Ultisol Soil in Indonesia","authors":"Ridwan Diaguna, Suwarto, E. Santosa, A. Hartono, G. Pramuhadi, N. Nuryartono, R. Yusfiandayani, T. Prartono","doi":"10.1155/2022/3599272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3599272","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia has a large cassava diversity, but the tolerant cultivars on drought areas have not been well recorded. Candidate mapping can begin with morphological and physiological characterization. This study aimed to map cassava’s genetic diversity, determining the key phenotype to distinguish genotypes, physiological adaptation, and high-yield candidates under environmental stress. A total of 29 genotypes were clustered into 5 groups. A specific group for genotype from same site was not found. The differences and relations among genotypes were very clear, demonstrating cassava’s genetic diversity in Indonesia. The key group characteristics are upward petiole orientation (G1), nine lobes (G2), prominent foliar scars (G3), winding lobe (G4), and elliptic-lanceolate (G5). A total of 19 genotypes had a number of storage root >10 storage roots, 20 genotypes had a weight of storage root >2 kg/plant, and 3 genotypes had >4 kg/plant. Morphological and physiological trait determination is relevant to contribute to high-yield cassava breeding in dry areas. The morphological characteristics of well-adapted plants were plant height, lobe characteristics, and petiole orientation, while the physiological traits were chlorophyll index, transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43593323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was carried out at the Gedeo zone aiming to investigate the vulnerability of agrobiodiversity and agroforestry settings to climate change in the district. Thus, the study was focused on evaluating crop diversity under different crop management practices and its distribution at the household level among different wealth classes and land use land cover change impact on agrobiodiversity and agroecosystems areas. Therefore, crop survey both from the home garden and crop field, the last 30 years’ data from five meteorological stations located in the district and the past 30 years’ Landsat satellite images at a 10-year interval within the same season was used. A total of 65 crop plant species with eleven major use categories have been recorded in the studied home gardens and crop fields. The crop plant species collected from both the home garden and crop field account for 57% and 38%, while the rest 5% were from the adjacent field. The land use and land cover map of the study area indicate that the largest part of the study area (108548.01 hectares) was covered by agroforestry, whereas the smallest portion of the district, about 975.15, 6457.41 and 12501.27 hectares of the area, was covered by bare land, cropland, and grassland, respectively. The remaining 20537.73 hectares (13.8%) of the district were covered with settlements. Crop species diversity is higher almost in the entire study site. However, crop species compositions were significantly variable among these study sites. The climatic data results indicated a reduction in average rainfall pattern in most of the stations and an increase in temperature within the employed time range.
{"title":"Vulnerability of Agrobiodiversity and Agroforestry Settings to Climate Change in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Fikadu Erenso, Azene Andemo","doi":"10.1155/2022/8738482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8738482","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out at the Gedeo zone aiming to investigate the vulnerability of agrobiodiversity and agroforestry settings to climate change in the district. Thus, the study was focused on evaluating crop diversity under different crop management practices and its distribution at the household level among different wealth classes and land use land cover change impact on agrobiodiversity and agroecosystems areas. Therefore, crop survey both from the home garden and crop field, the last 30 years’ data from five meteorological stations located in the district and the past 30 years’ Landsat satellite images at a 10-year interval within the same season was used. A total of 65 crop plant species with eleven major use categories have been recorded in the studied home gardens and crop fields. The crop plant species collected from both the home garden and crop field account for 57% and 38%, while the rest 5% were from the adjacent field. The land use and land cover map of the study area indicate that the largest part of the study area (108548.01 hectares) was covered by agroforestry, whereas the smallest portion of the district, about 975.15, 6457.41 and 12501.27 hectares of the area, was covered by bare land, cropland, and grassland, respectively. The remaining 20537.73 hectares (13.8%) of the district were covered with settlements. Crop species diversity is higher almost in the entire study site. However, crop species compositions were significantly variable among these study sites. The climatic data results indicated a reduction in average rainfall pattern in most of the stations and an increase in temperature within the employed time range.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42616156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant growth and development rely on various factors, including mineral nutrients. Some are macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, whereas some are micronutrients like iron, magnesium, zinc, and a few vitamins. This experimental attempt was to check the stimulatory effect of zinc nanoparticles on pulse plant growth. The study was conducted on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaves extract. The characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope technique (TEM). The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a fertilizer on pulses plant (Bengal gram, Turkish gram, and green grams) was studied in vitro. The seed germination rate, length of root and shoot, fresh weight, dry weight, and protein and chlorophyll content were measured in different media for assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticle’s growth stimulatory effects. The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was confirmed with a size around 100 nm by transmission microscope technique. The germination rate of plants was 100% in MS media and MS media + nanoparticles. The present study found that the root length, shoot length, and weight were higher in MS media + nanoparticles followed by MS media, MS media only with nanoparticles, and MS media without zinc, respectively. It is found that the zinc oxide nanoparticles support seed germination and plant growth and also increase the protein and chlorophyll content. Significantly enhanced growth and development were evident in green gram and Turkish gram compared to that in Bengal gram in media treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles. The protein estimation results showed that the content was higher after 7 days in plants of Bengal gram (1.23 mg/ml), Turkish gram (1.19 mg/ml), and green gram (1.26 mg/ml) than that in roots and shoots. The application of MS media + ZnO nanoparticles results showed that chlorophyll content 12.6 mg/l was observed in other applications in the plant’s seedlings. In contrast, the absence of zinc decreases the germination rate, plant growth, chlorophyll, and protein content. This study confirms that the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles assessed from Coriandrum sativum leaves holds implication and should function as an active biofertilizer.
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Coriandrum sativum and Their Use as Fertilizer on Bengal Gram, Turkish Gram, and Green Gram Plant Growth","authors":"Varada V. Ukidave, Lalit T. Ingale","doi":"10.1155/2022/8310038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8310038","url":null,"abstract":"Plant growth and development rely on various factors, including mineral nutrients. Some are macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, whereas some are micronutrients like iron, magnesium, zinc, and a few vitamins. This experimental attempt was to check the stimulatory effect of zinc nanoparticles on pulse plant growth. The study was conducted on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaves extract. The characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope technique (TEM). The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a fertilizer on pulses plant (Bengal gram, Turkish gram, and green grams) was studied in vitro. The seed germination rate, length of root and shoot, fresh weight, dry weight, and protein and chlorophyll content were measured in different media for assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticle’s growth stimulatory effects. The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was confirmed with a size around 100 nm by transmission microscope technique. The germination rate of plants was 100% in MS media and MS media + nanoparticles. The present study found that the root length, shoot length, and weight were higher in MS media + nanoparticles followed by MS media, MS media only with nanoparticles, and MS media without zinc, respectively. It is found that the zinc oxide nanoparticles support seed germination and plant growth and also increase the protein and chlorophyll content. Significantly enhanced growth and development were evident in green gram and Turkish gram compared to that in Bengal gram in media treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles. The protein estimation results showed that the content was higher after 7 days in plants of Bengal gram (1.23 mg/ml), Turkish gram (1.19 mg/ml), and green gram (1.26 mg/ml) than that in roots and shoots. The application of MS media + ZnO nanoparticles results showed that chlorophyll content 12.6 mg/l was observed in other applications in the plant’s seedlings. In contrast, the absence of zinc decreases the germination rate, plant growth, chlorophyll, and protein content. This study confirms that the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles assessed from Coriandrum sativum leaves holds implication and should function as an active biofertilizer.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48701314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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