E. Marfo-Ahenkora, K. Taah, E. Owusu Danquah, E. Asare-Bediako
Maize production in Ghana is limited by several factors including inadequate use of improved varieties and poor soil fertility management. To contribute to addressing these challenges in maize production, two on-farm experiments were conducted each in the semi deciduous forest and coastal savannah agroecological zones (AEZs) of Ghana during the major and minor cropping seasons of 2017. The study adopted a 3 × 4 factorial arranged in an RCBD with four replications in the major season. The factors were three maize varieties (Omankwa, Obatanpa, and Ahomatea) and four soil amendments (goat manure at 5 t·ha−1; inorganic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O at 95-37.5–37.5 kg·ha−1); 50% goat manure (2.5 t·ha−1) + 50% inorganic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O at 47.5–18.75–18.75 kg·ha−1); and the control (no soil amendment)).To evaluate the residual implications of these soil amendments in the minor season, each plot used in the major season was further divided into two except for the control plot, resulting in a split plot design with factorial of 3 maize varieties × 7 soil amendments. The results revealed a significant interaction between maize variety and soil amendment in both seasons with the use of sole inorganic fertilizer resulting in significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) grain yields for all varieties in both AEZs in the major cropping season. In the minor season, the combined treatment of 50% goat manure + 50% inorganic fertilizer resulted in higher grain yields for all the varieties in both AEZs with improved maize (Omankwa and Obatanpa) having significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) grain yields (33–40%) than the landrace (Ahomatea). The significantly lower ( p < 0.05 ) performance of maize varieties on the residual plots in both AEZs suggests that there were minimal residual effects from the major season. Thus, in continuously cropped fields, the use of inorganic fertilizer + goat manure is required in addition to improved seeds for sustainable maize production.
{"title":"On-Farm Experimentation with Improved Maize Seed and Soil Amendments in Southern Ghana: Productivity Effects in Small Holder Farms","authors":"E. Marfo-Ahenkora, K. Taah, E. Owusu Danquah, E. Asare-Bediako","doi":"10.1155/2023/1882121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1882121","url":null,"abstract":"Maize production in Ghana is limited by several factors including inadequate use of improved varieties and poor soil fertility management. To contribute to addressing these challenges in maize production, two on-farm experiments were conducted each in the semi deciduous forest and coastal savannah agroecological zones (AEZs) of Ghana during the major and minor cropping seasons of 2017. The study adopted a 3 × 4 factorial arranged in an RCBD with four replications in the major season. The factors were three maize varieties (Omankwa, Obatanpa, and Ahomatea) and four soil amendments (goat manure at 5 t·ha−1; inorganic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O at 95-37.5–37.5 kg·ha−1); 50% goat manure (2.5 t·ha−1) + 50% inorganic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O at 47.5–18.75–18.75 kg·ha−1); and the control (no soil amendment)).To evaluate the residual implications of these soil amendments in the minor season, each plot used in the major season was further divided into two except for the control plot, resulting in a split plot design with factorial of 3 maize varieties × 7 soil amendments. The results revealed a significant interaction between maize variety and soil amendment in both seasons with the use of sole inorganic fertilizer resulting in significantly higher (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) grain yields for all varieties in both AEZs in the major cropping season. In the minor season, the combined treatment of 50% goat manure + 50% inorganic fertilizer resulted in higher grain yields for all the varieties in both AEZs with improved maize (Omankwa and Obatanpa) having significantly higher (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) grain yields (33–40%) than the landrace (Ahomatea). The significantly lower (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) performance of maize varieties on the residual plots in both AEZs suggests that there were minimal residual effects from the major season. Thus, in continuously cropped fields, the use of inorganic fertilizer + goat manure is required in addition to improved seeds for sustainable maize production.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43482529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food and generates income for smallholder farmers in southern Ethiopia. The performance of cassava genotypes varies in different growing environments; thus, the evaluation of genotypes tested in various environments plays an essential role in developing strategies to delineate environments, explore unstable genotypes in target environments, and identify stable genotypes for multiple environments. In this regard, there needs to be more information on the identification of mega-environments and stable genotypes with high yields for wide adaptation. Thus, this study aimed to identify mega-environment and high-yielding cassava genotypes for multiple environments using AMMI and GGE biplots. A total of 25 genotypes were evaluated in six environments using a RCBD during the 2020–2021 cropping season. The AMMI analysis of variances revealed that environments, genotypes, and genotype-environment interaction had a significant ( P ≤ 0.001 ) influence on cassava fresh storage root yield (t·ha−1), showing genetic variability among genotypes by changing environments. The genotype-by-environment interaction showed a 61.36% contribution to the total treatment SS variation, while the environment and genotype effects explained 28.16% and 10.48% of the total treatment SS, respectively. IPCA1 and IPCA2 accounted for 33.42% and 23.5% of the GE interactions SS, respectively. The GGE biplot showed that the six environments used in this study were delineated into three mega-environments, namely, the first (Tarcha and Disa), the second (Wara and Areka), and the third (Jimma and Bonbe). Those mega-environments could be helpful for genotype evaluation and effective breeding. The GGE biplot indicated that the vertex genotypes were G16, G17, and G25. They are regarded as specifically adapted genotypes since they are more responsive to environmental change. The GGE biplot also revealed that Tarcha was ideal, having the most discriminating and representative environment, while G10 was the ideal and the overall winning genotype for the current study. Moreover, the genotypes G10 and G14 were identified as being the most stable, with a higher fresh storage root yield than the grand mean. Thus, G10 and G14 were selected as superior genotypes that could be promoted to advanced yield trials to develop stable cultivars with better storage root yield of cassava.
{"title":"AMMI and GGE Biplot Analyses for Mega Environment Identification and Selection of Some High-Yielding Cassava Genotypes for Multiple Environments","authors":"Berhanu Bilate Daemo, Derbew Belew Yohannes, Tewodros Mulualem Beyene, Wosene Gebreselassie Abtew","doi":"10.1155/2023/6759698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6759698","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food and generates income for smallholder farmers in southern Ethiopia. The performance of cassava genotypes varies in different growing environments; thus, the evaluation of genotypes tested in various environments plays an essential role in developing strategies to delineate environments, explore unstable genotypes in target environments, and identify stable genotypes for multiple environments. In this regard, there needs to be more information on the identification of mega-environments and stable genotypes with high yields for wide adaptation. Thus, this study aimed to identify mega-environment and high-yielding cassava genotypes for multiple environments using AMMI and GGE biplots. A total of 25 genotypes were evaluated in six environments using a RCBD during the 2020–2021 cropping season. The AMMI analysis of variances revealed that environments, genotypes, and genotype-environment interaction had a significant (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 ≤\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ) influence on cassava fresh storage root yield (t·ha−1), showing genetic variability among genotypes by changing environments. The genotype-by-environment interaction showed a 61.36% contribution to the total treatment SS variation, while the environment and genotype effects explained 28.16% and 10.48% of the total treatment SS, respectively. IPCA1 and IPCA2 accounted for 33.42% and 23.5% of the GE interactions SS, respectively. The GGE biplot showed that the six environments used in this study were delineated into three mega-environments, namely, the first (Tarcha and Disa), the second (Wara and Areka), and the third (Jimma and Bonbe). Those mega-environments could be helpful for genotype evaluation and effective breeding. The GGE biplot indicated that the vertex genotypes were G16, G17, and G25. They are regarded as specifically adapted genotypes since they are more responsive to environmental change. The GGE biplot also revealed that Tarcha was ideal, having the most discriminating and representative environment, while G10 was the ideal and the overall winning genotype for the current study. Moreover, the genotypes G10 and G14 were identified as being the most stable, with a higher fresh storage root yield than the grand mean. Thus, G10 and G14 were selected as superior genotypes that could be promoted to advanced yield trials to develop stable cultivars with better storage root yield of cassava.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joyce Wambui Njuguna, A. Karuma, P. Gicheru, R. Onwonga
Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is one of the most underutilized crops in sub-Saharan Africa and an important staple food in the tropics. Understanding its growth response under selected watering regimes and planting densities underpins this research. A study was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Embu Research Centre, during the long rains (LR) in 2021 and the short rains (SR) in 2021–2022. A factorial experiment with a split-plot layout arranged in a completely randomized block design was used. The main factor was the irrigation levels, while the subfactor was the planting density, with three replications. The three irrigation levels were at 100%, 60%, and 30% based on the field capacity (FC). The planting densities used were 0.5 m × 0.5 m (40,000 plants ha−1), 1 m × 0.5 m (20,000 plants ha−1), and 1 m × 1 m (10,000 plants ha−1), representative of high, medium, and low planting densities, respectively. Time and season ( P < 0.05 ) significantly influenced taro growth components (plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, and vegetative growth index) and yield components (corm length, corm diameter, corm mass, yield, and total biomass). Planting density influenced the leaf area and the leaf area index ( P < 0.05 ). The watering regime did not affect taro growth or yield components. Corm mass (0.59 kg), total biomass (49.8 t/ha), and yield (13.38 t/ha) were all the highest in the 30% FC. The 1 m × 0.5 m spacing produced the highest corm mass (0.62 kg). The high planting density (0.5 m × 0.5 m) resulted in the highest total biomass (70.2 t/ha), yield (20.84 t/ha), and harvest index (30.44%). As a result, the 0.5 m × 0.5 m planting density and 30% FC watering regime are recommended to farmers in the area for increased yields and food security.
芋头（Colocasia esculenta（L.）Schott）是撒哈拉以南非洲最未充分利用的作物之一，也是热带地区的重要主食。了解它在选定的浇水制度和种植密度下的生长反应是这项研究的基础。肯尼亚农业和畜牧业研究组织（KALRO）恩布研究中心在2021年的长雨和2021-2022年的短雨期间进行了一项研究。采用完全随机区组设计的分割图布局的析因实验。主要因素是灌溉水平，而次要因素是种植密度，有三次重复。基于田间容量（FC），三种灌溉水平分别为100%、60%和30%。使用的种植密度为0.5 m × 0.5 m（40000株ha−1），1 m × 0.5 m（20000株ha−1）和1 m × 1. m（10000株ha−1），分别代表高、中、低种植密度。时间和季节（P<0.05）显著影响芋头的生长成分（株高、叶面积、叶面积指数和营养生长指数）和产量成分（球茎长度、球茎直径、球茎质量、产量和总生物量）。种植密度对叶面积和叶面积指数均有影响（P＜0.05）。浇水制度不影响芋头的生长或产量组成。Corm质量（0.59 kg），总生物量（49.8 t/ha）和产量（13.38 t/ha）均以30%FC最高。1 m × 0.5 m的间距产生了最高的球茎质量（0.62 kg）。种植密度高（0.5 m × 0.5 m） 总生物量最高（70.2 t/ha），产量（20.84 t/ha）和收获指数（30.44%） m × 0.5 m种植密度和30%FC浇水制度建议该地区的农民提高产量和粮食安全。
{"title":"Effects of Watering Regimes and Planting Density on Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Growth, Yield, and Yield Components in Embu, Kenya","authors":"Joyce Wambui Njuguna, A. Karuma, P. Gicheru, R. Onwonga","doi":"10.1155/2023/6843217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6843217","url":null,"abstract":"Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is one of the most underutilized crops in sub-Saharan Africa and an important staple food in the tropics. Understanding its growth response under selected watering regimes and planting densities underpins this research. A study was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Embu Research Centre, during the long rains (LR) in 2021 and the short rains (SR) in 2021–2022. A factorial experiment with a split-plot layout arranged in a completely randomized block design was used. The main factor was the irrigation levels, while the subfactor was the planting density, with three replications. The three irrigation levels were at 100%, 60%, and 30% based on the field capacity (FC). The planting densities used were 0.5 m × 0.5 m (40,000 plants ha−1), 1 m × 0.5 m (20,000 plants ha−1), and 1 m × 1 m (10,000 plants ha−1), representative of high, medium, and low planting densities, respectively. Time and season (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) significantly influenced taro growth components (plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, and vegetative growth index) and yield components (corm length, corm diameter, corm mass, yield, and total biomass). Planting density influenced the leaf area and the leaf area index (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). The watering regime did not affect taro growth or yield components. Corm mass (0.59 kg), total biomass (49.8 t/ha), and yield (13.38 t/ha) were all the highest in the 30% FC. The 1 m × 0.5 m spacing produced the highest corm mass (0.62 kg). The high planting density (0.5 m × 0.5 m) resulted in the highest total biomass (70.2 t/ha), yield (20.84 t/ha), and harvest index (30.44%). As a result, the 0.5 m × 0.5 m planting density and 30% FC watering regime are recommended to farmers in the area for increased yields and food security.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42862995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric Ansu, Kwadwo Gyasi Santo, A. A. Khalid, M. Abdulai, Daniel Ntiamoah Afreh, K. Atakora
Background. The experiment was undertaken at Nsapor, a suburb of Berekum municipality in the Bono Region of Ghana, from March 2019 to November 2019 to determine the suitable rate of fertilizer nitrogen application to optimize seed yield and yield attributes of Pannar 12 and Omankwa maize varieties in a semi deciduous agroecology of Ghana. Soil fertility is low in Ghana because of factors such as rampant annual bushfires, short fallow periods as a result of high human populations, continuous cropping, deforestation, and improper mining activities. There is also little information on crop variety and site-specific fertilizer recommendations in Ghana, resulting in inappropriate use of fertilizers by most Ghanaian farmers, culminating in low crop yields. Methods. Hybrid (Pannar 12) and open pollinated (Omankwa) maize varieties were treated with four rates of fertilizer nitrogen obtained from NPK 15-15-15 (0 kgN/ha, 90 kgN/ha, 120 kgN/ha and 150 kgN/ha) and laid out in a factorial combination in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results. Application of 150 kg/ha of fertilizer N to Pannar 12 variety resulted in grain yields of 6146 kg/ha and 6095 kg/ha in the major and minor rainy seasons, respectively. The results also showed that application of 120 kg/ha of fertilizer N to Omankwa variety gave grain yields of 4635 kg/ha and 5286 kg/ha in the major and minor rainy seasons, respectively. To optimize the grain yield of maize, farmers could use NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer as a source of nitrogen and apply 120 kgN/ha to Omankwa variety and 150 kgN/ha to Pannar 12 variety in both major and minor rainy seasons.
{"title":"Yield Response of Hybrid and Open Pollinated Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties to Different Levels of Fertilizer Nitrogen under Rain-Fed Conditions in the Bono Region of Ghana","authors":"Eric Ansu, Kwadwo Gyasi Santo, A. A. Khalid, M. Abdulai, Daniel Ntiamoah Afreh, K. Atakora","doi":"10.1155/2023/2437607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2437607","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The experiment was undertaken at Nsapor, a suburb of Berekum municipality in the Bono Region of Ghana, from March 2019 to November 2019 to determine the suitable rate of fertilizer nitrogen application to optimize seed yield and yield attributes of Pannar 12 and Omankwa maize varieties in a semi deciduous agroecology of Ghana. Soil fertility is low in Ghana because of factors such as rampant annual bushfires, short fallow periods as a result of high human populations, continuous cropping, deforestation, and improper mining activities. There is also little information on crop variety and site-specific fertilizer recommendations in Ghana, resulting in inappropriate use of fertilizers by most Ghanaian farmers, culminating in low crop yields. Methods. Hybrid (Pannar 12) and open pollinated (Omankwa) maize varieties were treated with four rates of fertilizer nitrogen obtained from NPK 15-15-15 (0 kgN/ha, 90 kgN/ha, 120 kgN/ha and 150 kgN/ha) and laid out in a factorial combination in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results. Application of 150 kg/ha of fertilizer N to Pannar 12 variety resulted in grain yields of 6146 kg/ha and 6095 kg/ha in the major and minor rainy seasons, respectively. The results also showed that application of 120 kg/ha of fertilizer N to Omankwa variety gave grain yields of 4635 kg/ha and 5286 kg/ha in the major and minor rainy seasons, respectively. To optimize the grain yield of maize, farmers could use NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer as a source of nitrogen and apply 120 kgN/ha to Omankwa variety and 150 kgN/ha to Pannar 12 variety in both major and minor rainy seasons.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46361662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of organic and inorganic fertilizers together increases crop productivity and soil fertility. However, it is crucial to identify the combined application level. A field experiment was carried out in the Guto Gida district in 2021 to determine the effect of vermicompost levels and chemically mixed NPSZnB fertilizer rates on the growth and yield of maize. Four vermicompost levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 t·ha−1) combined with four artificial NPSZnB fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg·ha−1) were used for the study in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replicates. Crop phenology and biomass yield were both significantly influenced by the main effects of vermicompost level and NPSZnB rate. Vermicompost and NPSZnB fertilizer applied together had a large effect on plant height, leaf area index, ear weight, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield. The largest grain yield (8.03 t·ha−1) was produced by the interaction of vermicompost at 7.5 t·ha−1 with 150 kg·ha−1 NPSZnB, followed by all levels of vermicompost at and above 5 t·ha−1 with 100 and 150 kg·ha−1 NPSZnB. Additionally, plots treated with a combined application of vermicompost and NPSZnB fertilizer at rates of 5 t·ha−1 × 100 kg·ha−1 and 5 t·ha−1 × 150 kg·ha−1, respectively, recorded the greatest values of ear weight (276.1 g) and thousand kernel weight (49.79 g). However, the lower yield was obtained from plots that were untreated with both vermicompost and NPSZnB, and the plot treated only with 50–150 kg·ha−1 of NPSZnB. In conclusion, integrated applications of vermicompost at 5 t·ha−1 and NPSZnB fertilizer at 100 kg·ha−1 increased maize yield by about 10.36%, with a net benefit of 140486.00 ETB·ha−1 and a marginal rate of return of 797.98%. As a result, vermicompost application at 5 t·ha−1 rate with synthetic NPSZnB fertilizer at 100 kg·ha−1 is found suitable for the study area.
{"title":"Vermicompost and NPSZnB Fertilizer Levels on Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth, Yield Component, and Yield at Guto Gida, Western Ethiopia","authors":"Abdela Tufa","doi":"10.1155/2023/7123826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7123826","url":null,"abstract":"The application of organic and inorganic fertilizers together increases crop productivity and soil fertility. However, it is crucial to identify the combined application level. A field experiment was carried out in the Guto Gida district in 2021 to determine the effect of vermicompost levels and chemically mixed NPSZnB fertilizer rates on the growth and yield of maize. Four vermicompost levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 t·ha−1) combined with four artificial NPSZnB fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg·ha−1) were used for the study in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replicates. Crop phenology and biomass yield were both significantly influenced by the main effects of vermicompost level and NPSZnB rate. Vermicompost and NPSZnB fertilizer applied together had a large effect on plant height, leaf area index, ear weight, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield. The largest grain yield (8.03 t·ha−1) was produced by the interaction of vermicompost at 7.5 t·ha−1 with 150 kg·ha−1 NPSZnB, followed by all levels of vermicompost at and above 5 t·ha−1 with 100 and 150 kg·ha−1 NPSZnB. Additionally, plots treated with a combined application of vermicompost and NPSZnB fertilizer at rates of 5 t·ha−1 × 100 kg·ha−1 and 5 t·ha−1 × 150 kg·ha−1, respectively, recorded the greatest values of ear weight (276.1 g) and thousand kernel weight (49.79 g). However, the lower yield was obtained from plots that were untreated with both vermicompost and NPSZnB, and the plot treated only with 50–150 kg·ha−1 of NPSZnB. In conclusion, integrated applications of vermicompost at 5 t·ha−1 and NPSZnB fertilizer at 100 kg·ha−1 increased maize yield by about 10.36%, with a net benefit of 140486.00 ETB·ha−1 and a marginal rate of return of 797.98%. As a result, vermicompost application at 5 t·ha−1 rate with synthetic NPSZnB fertilizer at 100 kg·ha−1 is found suitable for the study area.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49286769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Feyisa, Girma Mengistu, Alemayehu Biri, Temesgen Chimdessa
Wheat is among the cultivated and important crops in Ethiopia because of its high value as a stable food that is mostly grown under rain-fed conditions. Even though the country has the potential to produce a sufficient amount of wheat grain under rain-fed and by using irrigation, the country still depends on importing wheat grain every year. Soil fertility depletion, inappropriate agronomic practices, erratic rainfall, and drought are among the constraints to the low yield of wheat crops in the country. In view of this, the field experiment was conducted during the off-season of 2020 in five districts, namely, Horo, Jimma Geneti, Jimma Arjo, Wayu Tuka, and Degem districts that are selected as representatives in terms of agricultural production and irrigation potential. The treatments consisted of five N fertilizer levels (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg·ha−1) and three seeding rates (125, 150, and 175 kg·ha−1) of bread wheat, which constituted a total of 15 treatments. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement in three replications. The plot size was 3 m × 5 m. From the study, we observed that the grain yield and yield components of wheat were improved by optimizing nitrogen application and plant population. Maximum grain yield of 6.8, 8.9, 4.1, 4.8, and 2.5 t·ha−1 was recorded in response to the use of 92/125, 23/150, 23/150 and 175, 69/150, and 69/175 kg·ha−1 N/seed rate of wheat under irrigation condition in Horo, Jimma Geneti, Jimma Arjo, Wayu Tuka, and Degem districts, respectively. On the contrary, the lowest yield was observed from the unfertilized plot that was planted at 125 kg·ha−1 seed rate in all districts, except in Jimma Geneti, which was observed at 0/150 kg·ha−1 N/seed rate. The differences in yield between districts are mainly attributed to the variability in their soil-plant nutrient contents. Thus, N fertilizer and seed rates at 23/150, 69/150, 46/50, and 92/125 kg·ha−1 in Jimma Arjo and Jimma Geneti, Wayu Tuka, Degem, and Horo districts, respectively, gave maximum yield and net benefit with acceptable marginal rate of return, and it is economically feasible and the best rate to use by the end-users in bread wheat production under irrigation condition in the study area and agro-ecologies that are similar to the study area.
{"title":"Grain Yield and Yield Related Traits of Bread Wheat as Influenced by N and Seeding Rates and Their Interaction Effects in 2020 under Irrigation at Western and North of Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"H. Feyisa, Girma Mengistu, Alemayehu Biri, Temesgen Chimdessa","doi":"10.1155/2023/8666699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8666699","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat is among the cultivated and important crops in Ethiopia because of its high value as a stable food that is mostly grown under rain-fed conditions. Even though the country has the potential to produce a sufficient amount of wheat grain under rain-fed and by using irrigation, the country still depends on importing wheat grain every year. Soil fertility depletion, inappropriate agronomic practices, erratic rainfall, and drought are among the constraints to the low yield of wheat crops in the country. In view of this, the field experiment was conducted during the off-season of 2020 in five districts, namely, Horo, Jimma Geneti, Jimma Arjo, Wayu Tuka, and Degem districts that are selected as representatives in terms of agricultural production and irrigation potential. The treatments consisted of five N fertilizer levels (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg·ha−1) and three seeding rates (125, 150, and 175 kg·ha−1) of bread wheat, which constituted a total of 15 treatments. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement in three replications. The plot size was 3 m × 5 m. From the study, we observed that the grain yield and yield components of wheat were improved by optimizing nitrogen application and plant population. Maximum grain yield of 6.8, 8.9, 4.1, 4.8, and 2.5 t·ha−1 was recorded in response to the use of 92/125, 23/150, 23/150 and 175, 69/150, and 69/175 kg·ha−1 N/seed rate of wheat under irrigation condition in Horo, Jimma Geneti, Jimma Arjo, Wayu Tuka, and Degem districts, respectively. On the contrary, the lowest yield was observed from the unfertilized plot that was planted at 125 kg·ha−1 seed rate in all districts, except in Jimma Geneti, which was observed at 0/150 kg·ha−1 N/seed rate. The differences in yield between districts are mainly attributed to the variability in their soil-plant nutrient contents. Thus, N fertilizer and seed rates at 23/150, 69/150, 46/50, and 92/125 kg·ha−1 in Jimma Arjo and Jimma Geneti, Wayu Tuka, Degem, and Horo districts, respectively, gave maximum yield and net benefit with acceptable marginal rate of return, and it is economically feasible and the best rate to use by the end-users in bread wheat production under irrigation condition in the study area and agro-ecologies that are similar to the study area.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45107328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural productivity was negatively impacted by low soil fertility and uneven fertilizer application during crop cultivation in Ethiopia. Because of this, important crops frequently respond to fertilizer applications significantly below their achievable and potential yields. This study was carried out to determine the most sorghum yield-limiting nutrients in the Raya Kobo area of the Amhara Region in the 2020/21 crop season. Sorghum variety Girana-One was used as the test crop. Control, NPS, PSBZn, NPBZn, NSBZn, NPSB, NPSZn, NPSBZn, recommended NP, and NPSKBZn were treatments. Three replications of the experiment were used in a randomized complete block design. Before treatment application, a composite soil sample was collected at a depth of 0–20 cm to determine the soil’s physicochemical properties. To evaluate N and P uptakes, samples of sorghum stalk and grain were collected. SAS software was used to analyze the data. Results showed that, NPKSZnB produced a considerably greater grain yield (4620 kg·ha−1), whereas the control and N omitted plots produced the lowest grain yields (2759 kg·ha−1) and 2805 kg·ha−1, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer missing plots showed a statistically significant yield drop compared to the other plots, and there was no statistically significant yield difference between the prescribed NP plots and the potassium, sulfur, boron, or zinc omitted plots. The plots treated with NPKSZnB had the highest agronomic efficiency for N (19.7 kg grain kg−1·N) and P (10.6 kg grain kg−1 P2O5). Therefore, research and development should therefore concentrate on nitrogen to achieve the best sorghum yield for the study location. Phosphorus might also be used to keep the fertility level within the ideal range.
{"title":"Identification of Yield-Limiting Nutrients for Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency on Vertisols of Raya Kobo District, Northeastern Ethiopia","authors":"Habtemariam Teshome, Eyayu Molla, Tesfaye Feyisa","doi":"10.1155/2023/5394806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5394806","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural productivity was negatively impacted by low soil fertility and uneven fertilizer application during crop cultivation in Ethiopia. Because of this, important crops frequently respond to fertilizer applications significantly below their achievable and potential yields. This study was carried out to determine the most sorghum yield-limiting nutrients in the Raya Kobo area of the Amhara Region in the 2020/21 crop season. Sorghum variety Girana-One was used as the test crop. Control, NPS, PSBZn, NPBZn, NSBZn, NPSB, NPSZn, NPSBZn, recommended NP, and NPSKBZn were treatments. Three replications of the experiment were used in a randomized complete block design. Before treatment application, a composite soil sample was collected at a depth of 0–20 cm to determine the soil’s physicochemical properties. To evaluate N and P uptakes, samples of sorghum stalk and grain were collected. SAS software was used to analyze the data. Results showed that, NPKSZnB produced a considerably greater grain yield (4620 kg·ha−1), whereas the control and N omitted plots produced the lowest grain yields (2759 kg·ha−1) and 2805 kg·ha−1, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer missing plots showed a statistically significant yield drop compared to the other plots, and there was no statistically significant yield difference between the prescribed NP plots and the potassium, sulfur, boron, or zinc omitted plots. The plots treated with NPKSZnB had the highest agronomic efficiency for N (19.7 kg grain kg−1·N) and P (10.6 kg grain kg−1 P2O5). Therefore, research and development should therefore concentrate on nitrogen to achieve the best sorghum yield for the study location. Phosphorus might also be used to keep the fertility level within the ideal range.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42059870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to evaluate the fertility of rice soil and the effect of inorganic fertilizers combined with sugarcane filter cakes on rice yield in a protected dike area in Cho Moi district, An Giang province. The experiment consists of 4 treatments, and the dose of fertilizer in each treatment is (1) controlled according to the farmers’ dosage (224 kg N + 148 kg P2O5 ha−1), (2) fertilize according to farmers + 6 tons/ha of cow manure composted with straw, (3) fertilizer according to farmers + 6 tons/ha of cow manure composted 15 cm deep, and (4) fertilize according to farmers + 2 tons/ha of organic fertilizer with sugarcane filter cakes. By analyzing the nutrient content of soil samples, it was found that inorganic fertilizers in combination with sugarcane residues improved soil fertility as reduced soil acidity and electrical conductivity, and increased organic matter, total nitrogen content, and exchangeable K. In addition, exchange and enriched exchangeable Mg achieved the highest rice yield, a statistically significant difference compared with organic fertilizer treatment with straw compost and inorganic fertilizer. However, the content of total P, available P, exchangeable Na, and Ca have not improved significantly. Therefore, applying inorganic fertilizers combined with sugarcane filter cakes is an excellent measure to help improve the supply of nutrients from the soil and increase rice yield in the dike land.
在安江省曹莫依区某堤防保护地进行了水稻土壤肥力及无机肥配甘蔗滤饼对水稻产量的影响研究。试验共分4个处理，每个处理的施肥量为(1)按农户用量控制(224 kg N + 148 kg P2O5 ha−1)，(2)按农户施肥+秸秆堆肥牛粪6吨/ha，(3)按农户施肥+ 15 cm深度堆肥牛粪6吨/ha，(4)按农户施肥+甘蔗滤饼有机肥2吨/ha。通过对土壤样品养分含量的分析，发现无机肥与甘蔗残茬配施通过降低土壤酸度和电导率，提高有机质、全氮含量和交换态钾等提高土壤肥力，交换态和富集交换态镁的水稻产量最高，与秸秆堆肥和无机肥配施有机肥处理相比差异有统计学意义。全磷、速效磷、交换态钠和钙含量没有显著提高。因此，施用无机肥配甘蔗滤饼是改善土壤养分供给、提高堤防地水稻产量的极好措施。
{"title":"Rice Yield Improvement by Sugarcane Filter Cake Fertilizer Application in the Protected Dyke","authors":"V. Minh, L. Khoa, N. Dai","doi":"10.1155/2023/6811132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6811132","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to evaluate the fertility of rice soil and the effect of inorganic fertilizers combined with sugarcane filter cakes on rice yield in a protected dike area in Cho Moi district, An Giang province. The experiment consists of 4 treatments, and the dose of fertilizer in each treatment is (1) controlled according to the farmers’ dosage (224 kg N + 148 kg P2O5 ha−1), (2) fertilize according to farmers + 6 tons/ha of cow manure composted with straw, (3) fertilizer according to farmers + 6 tons/ha of cow manure composted 15 cm deep, and (4) fertilize according to farmers + 2 tons/ha of organic fertilizer with sugarcane filter cakes. By analyzing the nutrient content of soil samples, it was found that inorganic fertilizers in combination with sugarcane residues improved soil fertility as reduced soil acidity and electrical conductivity, and increased organic matter, total nitrogen content, and exchangeable K. In addition, exchange and enriched exchangeable Mg achieved the highest rice yield, a statistically significant difference compared with organic fertilizer treatment with straw compost and inorganic fertilizer. However, the content of total P, available P, exchangeable Na, and Ca have not improved significantly. Therefore, applying inorganic fertilizers combined with sugarcane filter cakes is an excellent measure to help improve the supply of nutrients from the soil and increase rice yield in the dike land.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45929474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Oliva, Karol B. Rubio, Diomedes Chinguel, Joel Carranza, Leidy G. Bobadilla, S. Leiva
Although the coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most important coffee pest worldwide, controversies remain regarding basic aspects of its behavior, such as how this is influenced by abiotic factors of the coffee agroecosystem. In this study, we compared the level of infestation and total population per fruit under three different levels of shade (full sun, up to 40%, and >40%), for two varieties of coffee (Caturra and Catimor) and at two different altitudes (1200 to 1700 m above sea level) in Rodríguez de Mendoza, Peru. We found that the infestation percentage increases with the shade levels of the plot. The average percentages of infestation according to shade levels were 10.52% for coffee in full sun, 12.56% with up to 40% shade, and 17.99% for coffee growing in more than 40% shade; however, maximum infestation values of 68.421%, 84.127%, and 95.238% were obtained for coffee plantations in full sun, up to 40% shade, and more than 40% shade, respectively. The Catimor variety was found to be more susceptible to CBB infestation than Caturra. In addition, CBB infestation per fruit was found to decrease with increasing altitude.
{"title":"Coffee Berry Borer Infestation and Population per Fruit Relationship with Coffee Variety, Shade Level, and Altitude on Specialty Coffee Farms in Peru","authors":"M. Oliva, Karol B. Rubio, Diomedes Chinguel, Joel Carranza, Leidy G. Bobadilla, S. Leiva","doi":"10.1155/2023/6782173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6782173","url":null,"abstract":"Although the coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most important coffee pest worldwide, controversies remain regarding basic aspects of its behavior, such as how this is influenced by abiotic factors of the coffee agroecosystem. In this study, we compared the level of infestation and total population per fruit under three different levels of shade (full sun, up to 40%, and >40%), for two varieties of coffee (Caturra and Catimor) and at two different altitudes (1200 to 1700 m above sea level) in Rodríguez de Mendoza, Peru. We found that the infestation percentage increases with the shade levels of the plot. The average percentages of infestation according to shade levels were 10.52% for coffee in full sun, 12.56% with up to 40% shade, and 17.99% for coffee growing in more than 40% shade; however, maximum infestation values of 68.421%, 84.127%, and 95.238% were obtained for coffee plantations in full sun, up to 40% shade, and more than 40% shade, respectively. The Catimor variety was found to be more susceptible to CBB infestation than Caturra. In addition, CBB infestation per fruit was found to decrease with increasing altitude.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47442966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. O. Ene, W. G. Abtew, H. Oselebe, F. U. Ozi, O. Ogah, E. Okechukwu, U. Chukwudi
High humidity is a major constraint to increased tomato fruit production in a cool tropical monsoon climate. However, the genetic variation observed in Solanum pimpinellifolium makes it a good gene donor for breeding tomato cultivars capable of thriving under high humidity. The objective of this study was to estimate heterosis, heritability for higher yield, and to assess the adaptability of the genotypes to humid conditions. Genotypes were raised from five morphologically divergent parents, viz., wild parent (W)–“LA2093,” “CLN2498D” (D), “CLN2417H” (H), “Tima” (T), and “UC Dan INDIA” (U). The F1s were generated by biparental mating design using “LA2093” as a common pollen donor that was selfed to produce F2s and backcrossed to both parents to obtain BC1s and BC2s. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Data were collected on selected yield-influencing traits and analyzed. “D × W” and “U × W” hybrids showed significant positive better parent heterosis for fruit weight per plant (30.4% and 35.5%) and total fruit yield (48.6% and 26.9%), respectively. The additive variance was higher than dominance variance for all the traits, including total fruit yield in all hybrids viz., “H × W,” “D × W,” “T × W,” and “U × W.” High narrow sense heritability estimate of ≥60% was observed in “D × W” and “U × W” hybrids for the majority of the floral and fruit traits including total fruit yield. This makes the improvement of “D × W” and “U × W” hybrids by direct selection advantageous. Hence, the adoption of selection for the affected traits in subsequent tomato breeding programs would enhance fruit yield and adaptability to humid environments.
{"title":"Hybrid Vigor and Heritability Estimates in Tomato Crosses Involving Solanum lycopersicum × S. pimpinellifolium under Cool Tropical Monsoon Climate","authors":"C. O. Ene, W. G. Abtew, H. Oselebe, F. U. Ozi, O. Ogah, E. Okechukwu, U. Chukwudi","doi":"10.1155/2023/3003355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3003355","url":null,"abstract":"High humidity is a major constraint to increased tomato fruit production in a cool tropical monsoon climate. However, the genetic variation observed in Solanum pimpinellifolium makes it a good gene donor for breeding tomato cultivars capable of thriving under high humidity. The objective of this study was to estimate heterosis, heritability for higher yield, and to assess the adaptability of the genotypes to humid conditions. Genotypes were raised from five morphologically divergent parents, viz., wild parent (W)–“LA2093,” “CLN2498D” (D), “CLN2417H” (H), “Tima” (T), and “UC Dan INDIA” (U). The F1s were generated by biparental mating design using “LA2093” as a common pollen donor that was selfed to produce F2s and backcrossed to both parents to obtain BC1s and BC2s. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Data were collected on selected yield-influencing traits and analyzed. “D × W” and “U × W” hybrids showed significant positive better parent heterosis for fruit weight per plant (30.4% and 35.5%) and total fruit yield (48.6% and 26.9%), respectively. The additive variance was higher than dominance variance for all the traits, including total fruit yield in all hybrids viz., “H × W,” “D × W,” “T × W,” and “U × W.” High narrow sense heritability estimate of ≥60% was observed in “D × W” and “U × W” hybrids for the majority of the floral and fruit traits including total fruit yield. This makes the improvement of “D × W” and “U × W” hybrids by direct selection advantageous. Hence, the adoption of selection for the affected traits in subsequent tomato breeding programs would enhance fruit yield and adaptability to humid environments.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43874207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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