Nisreen A. Jdayea, Shamil I. Neamah, Mazin A. Alalousi
Cadmium (Cd) is one the most toxic metals harmful for both animals and plants. In this study, we test whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can protect plants from cadmium toxicity. AgNPs treatments (0 and 100 μg/L) were applied to Datura stramonium calli grown in different cadmium metal environments (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 μM). Cd application led to a decrease in fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content (Chl.T), tolerance index (Ti), and bioaccumulation factor (BCF). The Cd treatment increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) contents and Cd accumulation (Cd con). These results show the positive role of AgNPs in protecting the callus cultures from oxidative stress. The AgNPs pretreatment improved the growth of tissue cultures compared to nontreatment, increasing FW, DW, RWC, and Chl.T; the highest CAT and GPX activities were detected in the AgNPs pretreatment condition; and AgNPs pretreatment improved Ti and BCF, despite increased Cd. Also, this treatment caused a decrease in H2O2. Based on these results, we propose AgNPs as an effective agent to reduce the toxic effects of Cd metal on D. stramonium.
{"title":"Silver Nanoparticles Reduce the Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Datura stramonium Callus Culture","authors":"Nisreen A. Jdayea, Shamil I. Neamah, Mazin A. Alalousi","doi":"10.1155/2023/8281882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8281882","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) is one the most toxic metals harmful for both animals and plants. In this study, we test whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can protect plants from cadmium toxicity. AgNPs treatments (0 and 100 μg/L) were applied to Datura stramonium calli grown in different cadmium metal environments (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 μM). Cd application led to a decrease in fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content (Chl.T), tolerance index (Ti), and bioaccumulation factor (BCF). The Cd treatment increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) contents and Cd accumulation (Cd con). These results show the positive role of AgNPs in protecting the callus cultures from oxidative stress. The AgNPs pretreatment improved the growth of tissue cultures compared to nontreatment, increasing FW, DW, RWC, and Chl.T; the highest CAT and GPX activities were detected in the AgNPs pretreatment condition; and AgNPs pretreatment improved Ti and BCF, despite increased Cd. Also, this treatment caused a decrease in H2O2. Based on these results, we propose AgNPs as an effective agent to reduce the toxic effects of Cd metal on D. stramonium.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135825247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gerard Oballim, Morish Obura, Wilson Reuben Opile, Julius Onyango Ochuodho
This study aimed at determining changes in the seed quality of bambara nut (BN) landraces during seed development and maturation so as to more precisely time seed harvest for better seed quality. Three bambara nut landraces, AbiBam001, LocalBam, and TVSU544, were sown in two field experimental sites in northern Uganda in October 2020 and 2021. Seeds were harvested at 83, 93, 103, 113, and 123 days after sowing (DAS) in the first experiment and at 123, 130, and 138 DAS in the second. Seeds were subjected to quality tests of seed dry weight, final germination percentage (FGP), germination velocity index (GVI), and seedling dry weight (SDW). All landraces showed significant differences in seed weight and seedling dry weight at progressive developmental stages in the first experiment. All parameters showed no differences in the second experiment except for the seed weight of AbiBam001 and the FGP of TVSU544. Both TVSU544 and LocalBam attained mass maturity (highest seed weight) at approximately 113 DAS, while AbiBam001 reached mass maturity at about 130 DAS. Seeds of the highest quality were obtained at 103 DAS for TVSU544 and at 113 DAS for both LocalBam and AbiBam001. For both AbiBam001 and TVSU544, the highest quality seeds occur before mass maturity, while for LocalBam, at about mass maturity. Seed harvest should be timed at 103−113, 113−123, and 120−130 DAS for TVSU544, LocalBam, and AbiBam001, respectively. The assessment of seed development before 83 DAS and maturation after 138 DAS in the main growing season will synchronize growing conditions with farmers’ practices and crucially provide a complete picture of the developmental patterns of the landraces.
{"title":"Changes in Seed Quality during Seed Development and Maturation of Bambara Nut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Landraces","authors":"Gerard Oballim, Morish Obura, Wilson Reuben Opile, Julius Onyango Ochuodho","doi":"10.1155/2023/5953877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5953877","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at determining changes in the seed quality of bambara nut (BN) landraces during seed development and maturation so as to more precisely time seed harvest for better seed quality. Three bambara nut landraces, AbiBam001, LocalBam, and TVSU544, were sown in two field experimental sites in northern Uganda in October 2020 and 2021. Seeds were harvested at 83, 93, 103, 113, and 123 days after sowing (DAS) in the first experiment and at 123, 130, and 138 DAS in the second. Seeds were subjected to quality tests of seed dry weight, final germination percentage (FGP), germination velocity index (GVI), and seedling dry weight (SDW). All landraces showed significant differences <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\" separators=\"|\"> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo><</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>0.05</mn> </mrow> </mfenced> </math> in seed weight and seedling dry weight at progressive developmental stages in the first experiment. All parameters showed no differences <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M2\"> <mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\" separators=\"|\"> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>></mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>0.05</mn> </mrow> </mfenced> </math> in the second experiment except for the seed weight of AbiBam001 and the FGP of TVSU544. Both TVSU544 and LocalBam attained mass maturity (highest seed weight) at approximately 113 DAS, while AbiBam001 reached mass maturity at about 130 DAS. Seeds of the highest quality were obtained at 103 DAS for TVSU544 and at 113 DAS for both LocalBam and AbiBam001. For both AbiBam001 and TVSU544, the highest quality seeds occur before mass maturity, while for LocalBam, at about mass maturity. Seed harvest should be timed at 103−113, 113−123, and 120−130 DAS for TVSU544, LocalBam, and AbiBam001, respectively. The assessment of seed development before 83 DAS and maturation after 138 DAS in the main growing season will synchronize growing conditions with farmers’ practices and crucially provide a complete picture of the developmental patterns of the landraces.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136080043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mushroom is a fungus growing on decomposing substrates. It is the substrate type that affects the yield and quality of oyster mushroom. It can be cultivated by landless people to alleviate poverty. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield performance of oyster mushroom in waste leaves and sawdust. Spawn were purchased from YB Plant Micropropagation Plc; Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Euclea racemosa waste leaves, Cordia africana waste leaves, and sawdust were prepared and inoculated with the spawn. Cotton husks were used as a control. 60 grams of spawn was used for 1000 g of each substrate and supplemented with 3% wheat bran and 1% gypsum. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. A one-way ANOVA model was used to indicate significant mean differences at 95% confidence interval between flushes. Treatment means were compared using Turkey’s t test. In the first flush, primordial initiation was fastest and took 6.33 days in Cordia africana waste leaves and provide higher (166 ± 48.49, 131.6 ± 32.71, 49.66 ± 15.53 gram) mean yield and BE (16.6 ± 4.84, 13.16 ± 3.27, 4.96 ± 5.5%) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd flushes, respectively. However, in the 2nd and 3rd flushes, a lower (24.66 ± 4.61, 14.66 ± 0.57 gram) mean yield was recorded in Euclea racemosa waste leaves. Higher (10.63 ± 1.00, 7.83 ± 3.92, 6.56 ± 2.26 cm) mean pileus diameter and pileus thickness (8.3 ± 1.47, 7.76 ± 1.32, 4.10 ± 0.85 mm) were noted in sawdust in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd flushes, respectively. This study confirmed that the waste leaves of Cordia africana and Euclea racemosa could be used as an alternative substrate for the cultivation of oyster mushroom.
{"title":"Growth and Yield Performance of Oyster Mushroom (P. ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kummer) Using Waste Leaves and Sawdust","authors":"Biniam Argaw, Teklemichael Tesfay, Tesfay Godifey, Negasi Asres","doi":"10.1155/2023/8013491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8013491","url":null,"abstract":"Mushroom is a fungus growing on decomposing substrates. It is the substrate type that affects the yield and quality of oyster mushroom. It can be cultivated by landless people to alleviate poverty. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield performance of oyster mushroom in waste leaves and sawdust. Spawn were purchased from YB Plant Micropropagation Plc; Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Euclea racemosa waste leaves, Cordia africana waste leaves, and sawdust were prepared and inoculated with the spawn. Cotton husks were used as a control. 60 grams of spawn was used for 1000 g of each substrate and supplemented with 3% wheat bran and 1% gypsum. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. A one-way ANOVA model was used to indicate significant mean differences at 95% confidence interval between flushes. Treatment means were compared using Turkey’s t test. In the first flush, primordial initiation was fastest and took 6.33 days in Cordia africana waste leaves and provide higher (166 ± 48.49, 131.6 ± 32.71, 49.66 ± 15.53 gram) mean yield and BE (16.6 ± 4.84, 13.16 ± 3.27, 4.96 ± 5.5%) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd flushes, respectively. However, in the 2nd and 3rd flushes, a lower (24.66 ± 4.61, 14.66 ± 0.57 gram) mean yield was recorded in Euclea racemosa waste leaves. Higher (10.63 ± 1.00, 7.83 ± 3.92, 6.56 ± 2.26 cm) mean pileus diameter and pileus thickness (8.3 ± 1.47, 7.76 ± 1.32, 4.10 ± 0.85 mm) were noted in sawdust in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd flushes, respectively. This study confirmed that the waste leaves of Cordia africana and Euclea racemosa could be used as an alternative substrate for the cultivation of oyster mushroom.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135551878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beimer Chuquibala-Checan, Magdiel Torres-de la Cruz, Santos Leiva, Elgar Hernandez-Diaz, Karol Rubio, Malluri Goñas, Marielita Arce-Inga, Manuel Oliva-Cruz
Coffee (Coffea arabica) is the main commodity in Peru and is the economic support for thousands of small farmers. However, coffee production is affected by the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei). Currently, H. hampei is the most important pest in whole coffee-growing regions in Peru. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro biological activity of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria peruviensis, and Metarhizium sp. against Hypothenemus hampei in two trials at different times. Conidia production, Conidia viability, and pathogenicity against H. hampei were evaluated at three concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 107, and 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1). In addition, lethal times (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated. There were significant differences in conidia production ( < 0.001) and conidia viability ( < 0.041). The highest conidia production and conidia viability were reached by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis, respectively. Likewise, there were differences in the pathogenicity of the strains in the two tests carried out (test 1: < 0.0009 and test 2: < 0.0001). The highest mortality occurred in the treatments of B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, B. bassiana 1 × 107 conidia/mL−1, and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1. The treatments with lower LT50 and LT90 were B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1 and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, and the strains with the lowest LC50 and LC90 were B. peruviensis and B. bassiana. The in vitro characteristics shown by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis conditions suggest they should be evaluated in the field to determine the capability of these strains to reduce populations of H. hampei.
{"title":"In Vitro Biological Activity of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria peruviensis, and Metarhizium sp. against Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"Beimer Chuquibala-Checan, Magdiel Torres-de la Cruz, Santos Leiva, Elgar Hernandez-Diaz, Karol Rubio, Malluri Goñas, Marielita Arce-Inga, Manuel Oliva-Cruz","doi":"10.1155/2023/4982399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4982399","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee (Coffea arabica) is the main commodity in Peru and is the economic support for thousands of small farmers. However, coffee production is affected by the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei). Currently, H. hampei is the most important pest in whole coffee-growing regions in Peru. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro biological activity of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria peruviensis, and Metarhizium sp. against Hypothenemus hampei in two trials at different times. Conidia production, Conidia viability, and pathogenicity against H. hampei were evaluated at three concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 107, and 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1). In addition, lethal times (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated. There were significant differences in conidia production ( <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mi>P</mi> </math> < 0.001) and conidia viability ( <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M2\"> <mi>P</mi> </math> < 0.041). The highest conidia production and conidia viability were reached by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis, respectively. Likewise, there were differences in the pathogenicity of the strains in the two tests carried out (test 1: <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M3\"> <mi>P</mi> </math> < 0.0009 and test 2: <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M4\"> <mi>P</mi> </math> < 0.0001). The highest mortality occurred in the treatments of B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, B. bassiana 1 × 107 conidia/mL−1, and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1. The treatments with lower LT50 and LT90 were B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1 and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, and the strains with the lowest LC50 and LC90 were B. peruviensis and B. bassiana. The in vitro characteristics shown by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis conditions suggest they should be evaluated in the field to determine the capability of these strains to reduce populations of H. hampei.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136280408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corm type correlates with corm size, which affects longevity and early growth in the field. Seed storage after harvesting is important to preserve viability and vigor. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between the corm type and storage period on corm deterioration, storage, vigor, and growth in the field. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was arranged, with the corm size (i.e., corm and cormels) and the storage period (i.e., 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks). Corms undergo color changes faster than cormels do. The weight and diameter decreased by more than 10–30% after 4 weeks, while the length decreased by more than 10% after 6 weeks, and even the hardness decreased by 50% compared to that at 0 weeks. Corms were stored for 6 weeks, when the weight loss was lower than that of cormels. The corm sprouted after 2 weeks of storage. Corm resulted in a higher sprouting percentage than cormels. The corm type did not have a significant effect on growth vigor, but corm resulted in higher growth vigor than cormels after storage. The storage period leads to growth vigor loss. Weight, length, and diameter loss were positively correlated with sprouting and negatively correlated with hardness and growth vigor. This research recommends that the storage period of taro tubers before planting should be less than six weeks to optimize growth in the field.
{"title":"The Effect of the Taro Corm Type and Storage on Morphophysiological Deterioration and Early Growth in the Field","authors":"Ridwan Diaguna, Edi Santosa, Candra Budiman","doi":"10.1155/2023/3280339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3280339","url":null,"abstract":"Corm type correlates with corm size, which affects longevity and early growth in the field. Seed storage after harvesting is important to preserve viability and vigor. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between the corm type and storage period on corm deterioration, storage, vigor, and growth in the field. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was arranged, with the corm size (i.e., corm and cormels) and the storage period (i.e., 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks). Corms undergo color changes faster than cormels do. The weight and diameter decreased by more than 10–30% after 4 weeks, while the length decreased by more than 10% after 6 weeks, and even the hardness decreased by 50% compared to that at 0 weeks. Corms were stored for 6 weeks, when the weight loss was lower than that of cormels. The corm sprouted after 2 weeks of storage. Corm resulted in a higher sprouting percentage than cormels. The corm type did not have a significant effect on growth vigor, but corm resulted in higher growth vigor than cormels after storage. The storage period leads to growth vigor loss. Weight, length, and diameter loss were positively correlated with sprouting and negatively correlated with hardness and growth vigor. This research recommends that the storage period of taro tubers before planting should be less than six weeks to optimize growth in the field.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135393551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed to compare the tolerance capacity of Cyperus iria, Achyranthes aspera, and Eruca sativa to lead-contaminated and chromium-contaminated soils and to check their phytoremediation potential by pot culture experimentation. The experiment was conducted in three replicates in pots having 4 kg of sieved soil mixed with different doses of chromium, 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg·kg−1, and lead, 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 mg·kg−1. The experiment was conducted for 80 days, and roots were harvested two times, i.e., at 40 days and 80 days after sowing. Metal accumulation in the roots was determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The result of the study indicated that C. iria has the maximum potential to accumulate both the metals in its roots than other two plants. The order of chromium metal accumulation was found to be C. iria > E. sativa > A. aspera. On the other hand, the order of lead metal accumulation was found to be C. iria > A. aspera > E. sativa.
{"title":"Assessment of Phytoremediation Potential of Three Weed Plant Species in Soil Contaminated with Lead and Chromium","authors":"Narinderjit Kaur, Sabreen Bashir, Agrataben Vadhel, Madhuri Girdhar, Tabarak Malik, Aarthi R. Mohan","doi":"10.1155/2023/2271039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2271039","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to compare the tolerance capacity of Cyperus iria, Achyranthes aspera, and Eruca sativa to lead-contaminated and chromium-contaminated soils and to check their phytoremediation potential by pot culture experimentation. The experiment was conducted in three replicates in pots having 4 kg of sieved soil mixed with different doses of chromium, 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg·kg−1, and lead, 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 mg·kg−1. The experiment was conducted for 80 days, and roots were harvested two times, i.e., at 40 days and 80 days after sowing. Metal accumulation in the roots was determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The result of the study indicated that C. iria has the maximum potential to accumulate both the metals in its roots than other two plants. The order of chromium metal accumulation was found to be C. iria > E. sativa > A. aspera. On the other hand, the order of lead metal accumulation was found to be C. iria > A. aspera > E. sativa.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44784965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) are commonly stored grain pests of economic importance in several parts of Africa. A huge amount of synthetic pesticides is being used for the management of crop pests, which have many negative effects on the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Plant-derived pesticides, on the other hand, are safe for the environment, affect only target insects, have a low application cost, and are easily biodegradable. The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of ethanol leaf tinctures of four selected botanicals against S. zeamais: Brucea antidysenterica (J.) (Waginos), Croton macrostachyus (Hochst.) (broad-leaved croton), Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) (Boston fern), and Carica papaya (L.) (papaya). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four different concentrations (0 mL, 2.5 mL, 5 mL, and 7.5 mL) and four plant leaf tinctures in three replicates. A random sample of 300 g of clean maize seed was treated with the four selected botanicals in plastic jars covered with a muslin cloth. Twenty adult maize weevils were introduced into each disinfected, treated, and untreated maize grain. The mortality rate, grain damage, and F1 progeny emergences were assessed and analyzed using SPSS software version 25. The highest (100%) mortality rate of S. zeamais was recorded for maize seeds treated with the leaf tincture of B. antidysenterica, followed by maize seeds treated with the leaf tincture of C. papaya (97.5%) at an application rate of 7.5 mL/300 g. The mean weight loss of the seeds showed a significant variation between the treatments. The mean weight loss of the seeds in the control (8.96%) was higher than the total mean weight loss treated by all plant leaf tinctures (3.66%). The emergence of F1 progeny of S. zeamais on maize grains showed significant differences among the treatments. The highest emergence (100%) of F1 progenies was recorded for the control treatment followed by C. macrostachyus (16.65%) at a rate of 2.5 mL/300 g maize grain treatment. The study concluded that B. antidysenterica and C. papaya tinctures had the potential to control the infestation of maize grains by S. zeamais.
{"title":"Evaluating Plant Leaf Tinctures against Maize Weevils (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) in Stored Maize (Zea mays L.) under Laboratory Conditions","authors":"Shetie Gatew, Abrham Chalew","doi":"10.1155/2023/5584859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5584859","url":null,"abstract":"Maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) are commonly stored grain pests of economic importance in several parts of Africa. A huge amount of synthetic pesticides is being used for the management of crop pests, which have many negative effects on the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Plant-derived pesticides, on the other hand, are safe for the environment, affect only target insects, have a low application cost, and are easily biodegradable. The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of ethanol leaf tinctures of four selected botanicals against S. zeamais: Brucea antidysenterica (J.) (Waginos), Croton macrostachyus (Hochst.) (broad-leaved croton), Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) (Boston fern), and Carica papaya (L.) (papaya). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four different concentrations (0 mL, 2.5 mL, 5 mL, and 7.5 mL) and four plant leaf tinctures in three replicates. A random sample of 300 g of clean maize seed was treated with the four selected botanicals in plastic jars covered with a muslin cloth. Twenty adult maize weevils were introduced into each disinfected, treated, and untreated maize grain. The mortality rate, grain damage, and F1 progeny emergences were assessed and analyzed using SPSS software version 25. The highest (100%) mortality rate of S. zeamais was recorded for maize seeds treated with the leaf tincture of B. antidysenterica, followed by maize seeds treated with the leaf tincture of C. papaya (97.5%) at an application rate of 7.5 mL/300 g. The mean weight loss of the seeds showed a significant variation between the treatments. The mean weight loss of the seeds in the control (8.96%) was higher than the total mean weight loss treated by all plant leaf tinctures (3.66%). The emergence of F1 progeny of S. zeamais on maize grains showed significant differences among the treatments. The highest emergence (100%) of F1 progenies was recorded for the control treatment followed by C. macrostachyus (16.65%) at a rate of 2.5 mL/300 g maize grain treatment. The study concluded that B. antidysenterica and C. papaya tinctures had the potential to control the infestation of maize grains by S. zeamais.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46374518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amilcar Servín Niz, Modesto Osmar Da Silva Oviedo, Eulalio Morel López, Derlys López Ávalos, Hugo González Villalba, Alcides Fernández Sánchez, Pablo Fankhauser Solis, Willian Insfrán
The ground cover produced by green manures has a direct influence on weed suppression and, in addition, the biomass produced by these same plants influences crop growth. This study was carried out to compare the effect of green manure species on the incidence of weeds, in sequence, in order to evaluate the effects of the use of green manure cover on the productive characteristics of maize plants. A completely randomised experimental design was used, with 11 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were cover crops Canavalia ensiformis (T1), Cajanus cajan (T2), Stizolobium pruriens (T3), Crotalaria juncea (T4), Phaseolus vulgaris (T5), Stizolobium trigre (T6), Stizolobium aterrimum (T7), Crotalaria retusa (T8), Crotalaria breviflora (T9), Dolichos lablab (T10), and conventional system (T11). Ninety days after sowing, the green manures were cut, and 30 days after the green manures were cut, the hybrid maize Crop Top 520 was sown. The variables evaluated in relation to the planting of green manures were the green and dry biomass of green manures, alongside the green biomass of weeds and suppression of weeds. Concerning maize plants, the variables evaluated were plant height at 60 DAS, stalk diameter at 60 DAS, number of grain rows per ear, number of grains per grain row, and yield. The averages were subsequently analyzed using Tukey’s test at 95% significance level. The use of green manure significantly reduces the green mass of weeds up to 90 days due to lack of access to light of the weeds, which reduces their appearance and growth. Stizolobium aterrimum showed the best results both as a dry mass producer and weed suppressor and also as a yield enhancer in maize crops.
{"title":"Implementation and Use of Green Manures for Weed Suppression in Sequential Maize Cropping","authors":"Amilcar Servín Niz, Modesto Osmar Da Silva Oviedo, Eulalio Morel López, Derlys López Ávalos, Hugo González Villalba, Alcides Fernández Sánchez, Pablo Fankhauser Solis, Willian Insfrán","doi":"10.1155/2023/3034572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3034572","url":null,"abstract":"The ground cover produced by green manures has a direct influence on weed suppression and, in addition, the biomass produced by these same plants influences crop growth. This study was carried out to compare the effect of green manure species on the incidence of weeds, in sequence, in order to evaluate the effects of the use of green manure cover on the productive characteristics of maize plants. A completely randomised experimental design was used, with 11 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were cover crops Canavalia ensiformis (T1), Cajanus cajan (T2), Stizolobium pruriens (T3), Crotalaria juncea (T4), Phaseolus vulgaris (T5), Stizolobium trigre (T6), Stizolobium aterrimum (T7), Crotalaria retusa (T8), Crotalaria breviflora (T9), Dolichos lablab (T10), and conventional system (T11). Ninety days after sowing, the green manures were cut, and 30 days after the green manures were cut, the hybrid maize Crop Top 520 was sown. The variables evaluated in relation to the planting of green manures were the green and dry biomass of green manures, alongside the green biomass of weeds and suppression of weeds. Concerning maize plants, the variables evaluated were plant height at 60 DAS, stalk diameter at 60 DAS, number of grain rows per ear, number of grains per grain row, and yield. The averages were subsequently analyzed using Tukey’s test at 95% significance level. The use of green manure significantly reduces the green mass of weeds up to 90 days due to lack of access to light of the weeds, which reduces their appearance and growth. Stizolobium aterrimum showed the best results both as a dry mass producer and weed suppressor and also as a yield enhancer in maize crops.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43499227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Badiel Badoua, Kihindo Adama Pascal, Yao Koffi Bertin, Nana Rasmata, Ouedraogo Razacswendé Fanta, Dondasse Edmond, T. Zoumbiesse
In Burkina Faso, the sesame sector is still relatively unorganized, with poor quality seeds that are unsuitable or outdated farming practices and noncompliant with recommended technical itineraries. This situation is very worrying and needs to be rectified. For this reason, we undertook this study to highlight the impact of the seeding method on the physiological, morphological, and agronomic performances of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties grown in Burkina Faso. The experiment was conducted at the Gampèla agropedagogical station located at 12°25′N, 12°22′W from Ouagadougou. Varieties S-42, 32-15, Wollega, and Humera were grown in strips (broadcast seeding) and in randomized complete blocks (row sowing). Row seeding favored plant growth and development for all varieties. Seed yield per plant for row seeding was significantly ( P < 0.001 ) higher than for broadcast seeding. In terms of 1000 seed weight, there was a decrease in the Wollega variety (2.42 g) in the broadcast seeding group compared with the row seeding group (3.13 g). The seeding method had no effect on the other varieties. The seeding method also had no significant influence on the lipid and protein contents of the seeds. When sown in rows, varieties S-42 (25.7 g/kg), 32-15 (20.64 g/kg), and Wollega (17.33 g/kg) accumulated more K than the broadcast seeding groups. For the Humera variety, the seeding method had no effect on K. Na accumulation in leaves was statistically equal for all varieties in both broadcast and row seeding. Variety 32-15 accumulated more Mg when sown broadcast (5.95 g/kg) than when sown in rows (3.85 g/kg). On the other hand, the varieties S-42 (3.13 g/kg), Wollega (4.21 g/kg), and Humera (3.12 g/kg) accumulated less Mg when broadcast than when sown in rows (S-42 (4.37 g/kg), Wollega (5.68 g/kg), and Humera (5.73 g/kg)). Thus, seeding in rows is recommended to obtain better vegetative development and higher capsule and seed yields for all varieties. Both of the seeding methods deliver the same lipid, protein, and Na contents for all varieties. Broadcast seeding is recommended for better Mg content for variety 32-15, and row seeding is recommended for better K content for varieties S-42, Wollega, and 32-15.
{"title":"Impact of the Seeding Method on Physiological, Agronomic, and Biochemical Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Varieties Grown in Burkina Faso","authors":"Badiel Badoua, Kihindo Adama Pascal, Yao Koffi Bertin, Nana Rasmata, Ouedraogo Razacswendé Fanta, Dondasse Edmond, T. Zoumbiesse","doi":"10.1155/2023/2738171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2738171","url":null,"abstract":"In Burkina Faso, the sesame sector is still relatively unorganized, with poor quality seeds that are unsuitable or outdated farming practices and noncompliant with recommended technical itineraries. This situation is very worrying and needs to be rectified. For this reason, we undertook this study to highlight the impact of the seeding method on the physiological, morphological, and agronomic performances of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties grown in Burkina Faso. The experiment was conducted at the Gampèla agropedagogical station located at 12°25′N, 12°22′W from Ouagadougou. Varieties S-42, 32-15, Wollega, and Humera were grown in strips (broadcast seeding) and in randomized complete blocks (row sowing). Row seeding favored plant growth and development for all varieties. Seed yield per plant for row seeding was significantly (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ) higher than for broadcast seeding. In terms of 1000 seed weight, there was a decrease in the Wollega variety (2.42 g) in the broadcast seeding group compared with the row seeding group (3.13 g). The seeding method had no effect on the other varieties. The seeding method also had no significant influence on the lipid and protein contents of the seeds. When sown in rows, varieties S-42 (25.7 g/kg), 32-15 (20.64 g/kg), and Wollega (17.33 g/kg) accumulated more K than the broadcast seeding groups. For the Humera variety, the seeding method had no effect on K. Na accumulation in leaves was statistically equal for all varieties in both broadcast and row seeding. Variety 32-15 accumulated more Mg when sown broadcast (5.95 g/kg) than when sown in rows (3.85 g/kg). On the other hand, the varieties S-42 (3.13 g/kg), Wollega (4.21 g/kg), and Humera (3.12 g/kg) accumulated less Mg when broadcast than when sown in rows (S-42 (4.37 g/kg), Wollega (5.68 g/kg), and Humera (5.73 g/kg)). Thus, seeding in rows is recommended to obtain better vegetative development and higher capsule and seed yields for all varieties. Both of the seeding methods deliver the same lipid, protein, and Na contents for all varieties. Broadcast seeding is recommended for better Mg content for variety 32-15, and row seeding is recommended for better K content for varieties S-42, Wollega, and 32-15.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48763249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Berhanu Bilate Daemo, Derbew Belew Yohannes, Tewodros Mulualem Beyene, W. G. Abtew
Cassava has a crucial role in benefiting smallholder farmers as the main food and income source in southern Ethiopia. Characterization accessions are crucial for assessing variation, classifying, and identifying desirable accessions for crop improvement and conservation. In this regard, there needs to be more information on the morphological characterization and classification cassava accessions. Thus, the aim of this research was to systematically characterize, evaluate, and classify cassava accessions using qualitative characters to provide useful information for breeding program and conservation. A total of 64 accessions were planted using a simple lattice design during the 2020-2021 cropping season. Thirty qualitative data were collected at 3, 6, 9, and 18 months after planting and analyzed using the SAS and R-software packages. The high variable characteristics were the shape of the central leaflet, petiole color, leaf retention, branching habit, the color of the stem epidermis, the color of the stem exterior, the external color of the storage root, and the color of the root pulp towards frequency distribution analysis. The Shannon–Weaver diversity index ranged from 0.24 to 1.47, with an overall mean of 0.84. The first three dimensions in the multiple correspondent method explained approximately 39.39% of the total variation, with Dim 1 accounting for 20.77% and Dim 2 accounting for 9.98%, while petiole color and texture of the root epidermis were the leading contributors to the total variation, respectively. In clustering analysis, 64 accessions were classified into 4 clusters of varying sizes. The distribution of accessions in each cluster revealed that 52 accessions were in cluster I, 6 in cluster II, 5 in cluster III, and 1 in cluster IV. Each cluster was varied by a major group characteristic that it represented. Furthermore, the study identified the desirable accessions for desired storage root characteristics such as root constrictions, the external color of the storage root, the color of root pulp, the color of the root cortex, and cortex peeling tendency. In conclusion, the various analyses performed indicated the existence of sufficient genetic variability for the characteristics evaluated, which could be attributed to the dissimilar genetic backgrounds of the evaluated accessions. Thus, these could be utilized for breeding work and conservation.
{"title":"Phenotypic Characterization, Evaluation, and Classification of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Accessions in Ethiopia","authors":"Berhanu Bilate Daemo, Derbew Belew Yohannes, Tewodros Mulualem Beyene, W. G. Abtew","doi":"10.1155/2023/1559070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1559070","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava has a crucial role in benefiting smallholder farmers as the main food and income source in southern Ethiopia. Characterization accessions are crucial for assessing variation, classifying, and identifying desirable accessions for crop improvement and conservation. In this regard, there needs to be more information on the morphological characterization and classification cassava accessions. Thus, the aim of this research was to systematically characterize, evaluate, and classify cassava accessions using qualitative characters to provide useful information for breeding program and conservation. A total of 64 accessions were planted using a simple lattice design during the 2020-2021 cropping season. Thirty qualitative data were collected at 3, 6, 9, and 18 months after planting and analyzed using the SAS and R-software packages. The high variable characteristics were the shape of the central leaflet, petiole color, leaf retention, branching habit, the color of the stem epidermis, the color of the stem exterior, the external color of the storage root, and the color of the root pulp towards frequency distribution analysis. The Shannon–Weaver diversity index ranged from 0.24 to 1.47, with an overall mean of 0.84. The first three dimensions in the multiple correspondent method explained approximately 39.39% of the total variation, with Dim 1 accounting for 20.77% and Dim 2 accounting for 9.98%, while petiole color and texture of the root epidermis were the leading contributors to the total variation, respectively. In clustering analysis, 64 accessions were classified into 4 clusters of varying sizes. The distribution of accessions in each cluster revealed that 52 accessions were in cluster I, 6 in cluster II, 5 in cluster III, and 1 in cluster IV. Each cluster was varied by a major group characteristic that it represented. Furthermore, the study identified the desirable accessions for desired storage root characteristics such as root constrictions, the external color of the storage root, the color of root pulp, the color of the root cortex, and cortex peeling tendency. In conclusion, the various analyses performed indicated the existence of sufficient genetic variability for the characteristics evaluated, which could be attributed to the dissimilar genetic backgrounds of the evaluated accessions. Thus, these could be utilized for breeding work and conservation.","PeriodicalId":13844,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44776488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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