A new series of different heterocyclic derivatives was prepared via a facile unimolecular condensation of D-iso ascorbic acid with o-chlorophenyl hydrazine to give D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulosono-1,4-lactone 2-( o-chlorophenyl hydrazine (2). Reactions of (2) with hydroxylamine gave the 2-( o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime (3). On boiling with boiling acetyl chloride, (3) gave 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-D-erythro-glyceryl-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid-5,1́-lactone (4). In the treatment of (3) with benzoyl chloride in pyridine the same dehydrative cyclization occurred giving, 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(2,3-di-o-benzoyloxy-D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid-5,1΄-lactone (5). On the treatment of compound (4) with liquid ammonia in methanol, deacetylation occurred concurrently with the opening of the lactone ring, to afford the 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamide (6). Similarly, treatment of compound (4) with hydrazine hydrate in methanol, afforded 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid hydrazide (7). The controlled reaction of (3) with sodium hydroxide, followed by neutralization, gave 3-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-4,5-isoxazoline-5-(4H)-one-4-o-chlorophenyl hydrazone (8). Reaction of (3) with HBr-AcOH gave 5-O-acetyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy-D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulosono-1,4-lactone-2-(o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime (9); these were converted into 4-(2-O-acetyl-3-bromo-3-deoxy-l-threo-glycerol-l-yl)-2-aryl-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid 5,41-lactones on treatment with acetic anhydride-pyridine. Compound (3) treatment with bromine-water caused its cyclization and bromination of the phenyl group to give carboxylic acid 5,1΄-lactone (10). Acetylation of (10) gave the diacetate (11), which upon treatment with hydrazine hydrate in methanol, afforded compound (12), mild acetylation of compound (12) gave the triacetate (13) boiling of (13) with acetic anhydride afforded hexa acetyl derivative (14). on the treatment of compound (11) with liquid ammonia in methanol deacetylation occurred to afford 1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamide derivative (15). On the other hand, treatment of compound (3) with bromine-water for a short time yielded 3-oxime (16). Subsequent acetylation with boiling acetic anhydride afforded compound (11). In addition, acetylation of compound 3 afforded a diacetyl derivative assigned as 5,6-di-O-acetyl-D-erythro-2,3-hexodilusono-1,4-lactone-(2-o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-acetoxime (17), which on boiling with acetic anhydride cyclization occurred giving compound (4). On the treatment of Dehydro-L-ascorbic acid-2-phenyl hydrazone (L-threo-2,3-hexodiulosono- 1,4-lactone 2-phenylhydrazone (19) with acetic anhydride/pyridine, afforded 5,6-di-O-acetyl-3-acetoxime (20) that upon treatment with boiling acetic anhydride, afforded the triazole derivative (21). Furthermore, treatment of the monophenyl hydrazone (18) with S-benzyl hydrazine carbodithiolate in
{"title":"A Facile Synthesis, Spectroscopic Identification, and Antimicrobial Activities of Some New Heterocyclic Derivatives from D-erythro-2,3-hexodiuloso-1,4-lactone-2-(o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime","authors":"N. M. Hamada, S. Mancy, Mohamed A. El Sekily","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n2p62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n2p62","url":null,"abstract":"A new series of different heterocyclic derivatives was prepared via a facile unimolecular condensation of D-iso ascorbic acid with o-chlorophenyl hydrazine to give D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulosono-1,4-lactone 2-( o-chlorophenyl hydrazine (2). Reactions of (2) with hydroxylamine gave the 2-( o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime (3). On boiling with boiling acetyl chloride, (3) gave 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-D-erythro-glyceryl-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid-5,1́-lactone (4). In the treatment of (3) with benzoyl chloride in pyridine the same dehydrative cyclization occurred giving, 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(2,3-di-o-benzoyloxy-D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid-5,1΄-lactone (5). On the treatment of compound (4) with liquid ammonia in methanol, deacetylation occurred concurrently with the opening of the lactone ring, to afford the 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamide (6). Similarly, treatment of compound (4) with hydrazine hydrate in methanol, afforded 2-o-chlorophenyl-4-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid hydrazide (7). The controlled reaction of (3) with sodium hydroxide, followed by neutralization, gave 3-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-4,5-isoxazoline-5-(4H)-one-4-o-chlorophenyl hydrazone (8). Reaction of (3) with HBr-AcOH gave 5-O-acetyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy-D-erythro-2,3-hexodiulosono-1,4-lactone-2-(o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-oxime (9); these were converted into 4-(2-O-acetyl-3-bromo-3-deoxy-l-threo-glycerol-l-yl)-2-aryl-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylic acid 5,41-lactones on treatment with acetic anhydride-pyridine. Compound (3) treatment with bromine-water caused its cyclization and bromination of the phenyl group to give carboxylic acid 5,1΄-lactone (10). Acetylation of (10) gave the diacetate (11), which upon treatment with hydrazine hydrate in methanol, afforded compound (12), mild acetylation of compound (12) gave the triacetate (13) boiling of (13) with acetic anhydride afforded hexa acetyl derivative (14). on the treatment of compound (11) with liquid ammonia in methanol deacetylation occurred to afford 1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamide derivative (15). On the other hand, treatment of compound (3) with bromine-water for a short time yielded 3-oxime (16). Subsequent acetylation with boiling acetic anhydride afforded compound (11). In addition, acetylation of compound 3 afforded a diacetyl derivative assigned as 5,6-di-O-acetyl-D-erythro-2,3-hexodilusono-1,4-lactone-(2-o-chlorophenyl hydrazone)-3-acetoxime (17), which on boiling with acetic anhydride cyclization occurred giving compound (4). On the treatment of Dehydro-L-ascorbic acid-2-phenyl hydrazone (L-threo-2,3-hexodiulosono- 1,4-lactone 2-phenylhydrazone (19) with acetic anhydride/pyridine, afforded 5,6-di-O-acetyl-3-acetoxime (20) that upon treatment with boiling acetic anhydride, afforded the triazole derivative (21). Furthermore, treatment of the monophenyl hydrazone (18) with S-benzyl hydrazine carbodithiolate in","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The constraints on the Gibbs free energy equation required to intercompare the stabilities of chemical species are reviewed, and the concept of thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable compounds is defined. A method for synthesizing these compounds is then discussed based on a rule first stated by the French chemist, Pierre Macquer, in 1749, and its modern application illustrated using several concrete examples. A simple graphical method for visualizing trends in thermodynamically stable versus thermodynamically unstable compounds is then introduced and illustrated with example plots. The paper concludes with a brief note on terminology.
{"title":"The Paradox of Thermodynamic Instability","authors":"William B. Jensen, Roger W. Kugel, A. Pinhas","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n2p34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n2p34","url":null,"abstract":"The constraints on the Gibbs free energy equation required to intercompare the stabilities of chemical species are reviewed, and the concept of thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable compounds is defined. A method for synthesizing these compounds is then discussed based on a rule first stated by the French chemist, Pierre Macquer, in 1749, and its modern application illustrated using several concrete examples. A simple graphical method for visualizing trends in thermodynamically stable versus thermodynamically unstable compounds is then introduced and illustrated with example plots. The paper concludes with a brief note on terminology.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. K. Banerjee, Liadis Bedoya, Alexis Maldonado, Lisbeth Mendoza, Elvia V. Cabrera
Several methods have been developed for the synthesis of 8-methoxy-1- tetralone 4. The applications of some named organic reactions can be observed during the synthesis of tetralone 4. Attempts have been made to achieve the direct conversion of 5-methoxy-1-tetralone into the tetralone 4. The method for the ring expansion of tertiary cyclobutanol 30 catalyzed by silver salts has proved useful to obtain the title tetralone 4.
{"title":"Synthesis of 8-Methoxy-1-Tetralone","authors":"A. K. Banerjee, Liadis Bedoya, Alexis Maldonado, Lisbeth Mendoza, Elvia V. Cabrera","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n2p24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n2p24","url":null,"abstract":"Several methods have been developed for the synthesis of 8-methoxy-1- tetralone 4. The applications of some named organic reactions can be observed during the synthesis of tetralone 4. Attempts have been made to achieve the direct conversion of 5-methoxy-1-tetralone into the tetralone 4. The method for the ring expansion of tertiary cyclobutanol 30 catalyzed by silver salts has proved useful to obtain the title tetralone 4.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for crude oil continues to increase in response to the continued global needs for it, the development of unconventional crude oil reserves is the only way to sustain global supply. However, the excessively higher viscosity of heavy crude oil makes it less attractive for conventional pipeline transportation. Therefore, reducing the viscosity of heavy crude oil to meet crude oil transporting pipeline regulations is a necessity. This paper has assessed the dilution efficiency of well-known diluents in the petroleum industry, using different dilution ratios based on a thermodynamic approach involving activation energy and heat of vaporization determination. Based on selected dilution ratios, kinematic viscosities of binary and ternary systems of toluene and natural gas condensate as diluents, and Saudi Heavy crude oil as the base oil were measured, using anticipated field based temperatures reported in the literature, which facilitated the experimental approach. The study shows that although the ternary systems have the lowest activation energy for viscous flow and heat of vaporization in accordance with the thermal activation theory of viscous flow, natural gas condensate binary systems have the lowest cost of transportation per barrel of total fluid in the transporting pipeline. The study further shows that the binary systems for toluene and Saudi Heavy crude oil have higher activation energy for viscous flowed compared to the toluene systems.
{"title":"Study of Activation Energy for Viscous Flow of Mixtures as a Measure of Dilution Efficiency for Heavy Oil-Diluent Systems","authors":"A. Miadonye, M. Amadu, Iysha Kumari, Isha Jain","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n2p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n2p1","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for crude oil continues to increase in response to the continued global needs for it, the development of unconventional crude oil reserves is the only way to sustain global supply. However, the excessively higher viscosity of heavy crude oil makes it less attractive for conventional pipeline transportation. Therefore, reducing the viscosity of heavy crude oil to meet crude oil transporting pipeline regulations is a necessity. This paper has assessed the dilution efficiency of well-known diluents in the petroleum industry, using different dilution ratios based on a thermodynamic approach involving activation energy and heat of vaporization determination. Based on selected dilution ratios, kinematic viscosities of binary and ternary systems of toluene and natural gas condensate as diluents, and Saudi Heavy crude oil as the base oil were measured, using anticipated field based temperatures reported in the literature, which facilitated the experimental approach. The study shows that although the ternary systems have the lowest activation energy for viscous flow and heat of vaporization in accordance with the thermal activation theory of viscous flow, natural gas condensate binary systems have the lowest cost of transportation per barrel of total fluid in the transporting pipeline. The study further shows that the binary systems for toluene and Saudi Heavy crude oil have higher activation energy for viscous flowed compared to the toluene systems.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141010780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical oxygen demand and mean oxidation number of organic carbons are two important concepts in redox chemistry. The former is used for counting pure or mixed organic matters in aqueous solution. The latter is a redox metric for water treatment, organic combustion, and anaerobic digestion. Currently the calculation of theoretical chemical oxygen demand of neutral organic matter is based on the number of moles of molecular oxygen (O2). However, the calculation of theoretical chemical oxygen demand of ionic organic matter has seldom been studied. The purpose of this article is to develop a simple mathematical equation for doing so by using mean oxidation number of organic carbons. To develop the equation, relationships among chemical oxygen demand, mean oxidation number of organic carbons, number of organic carbons, and formula mass of organic matter are identified. The mathematical equations for chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and the ratio of chemical oxygen demand to total organic carbon are also established for any molecule(s).
{"title":"Using Mean Oxidation Number of Organic Carbons to Count Theoretical Chemical Oxygen Demand","authors":"Pong Kau Yuen, C. M. Lau","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n1p88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n1p88","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical oxygen demand and mean oxidation number of organic carbons are two important concepts in redox chemistry. The former is used for counting pure or mixed organic matters in aqueous solution. The latter is a redox metric for water treatment, organic combustion, and anaerobic digestion. Currently the calculation of theoretical chemical oxygen demand of neutral organic matter is based on the number of moles of molecular oxygen (O2). However, the calculation of theoretical chemical oxygen demand of ionic organic matter has seldom been studied. The purpose of this article is to develop a simple mathematical equation for doing so by using mean oxidation number of organic carbons. To develop the equation, relationships among chemical oxygen demand, mean oxidation number of organic carbons, number of organic carbons, and formula mass of organic matter are identified. The mathematical equations for chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and the ratio of chemical oxygen demand to total organic carbon are also established for any molecule(s).","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biohydrogen is widely generated by dark fermentation and two-stage anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion can be chemically represented by the Buswell’s equation, which is based on elemental composition of organic matter. When compared to Buswell’s equation for biomethane, its equation for biohydrogen has been given less attention. In this article, the nature of Buswell’s equation for biohydrogen is introduced by using the H-atom method. The mean oxidation number of organic carbons is employed as a metric for counting theoretical quantity of biohydrogen and parameters of Buswell’s equation for biohydrogen. Based on an empirical formula and mean oxidation number of organic carbons, the general Buswell’s equation for biohydrogen is developed. The mathematical relationships among mean oxidation number of organic carbons, empirical formula, quantity of biohydrogen, theoretical biohydrogen potential, and biohydrogen percent yield are also established. Biowastes and bio-substrates are chosen to demonstrate this notion.
生物氢广泛通过暗发酵和两级厌氧消化产生。厌氧消化可通过布斯韦尔方程进行化学表示，该方程基于有机物的元素组成。与用于生物甲烷的布斯韦尔方程相比，用于生物氢的布斯韦尔方程受到的关注较少。本文采用 H 原子法介绍了布斯韦尔生物氢方程的性质。采用有机碳的平均氧化数作为计算生物氢理论数量和布斯韦尔生物氢方程参数的指标。根据经验公式和有机碳的平均氧化数，建立了生物氢的一般布斯韦尔方程。此外，还建立了有机碳平均氧化数、经验公式、生物氢数量、理论生物氢潜力和生物氢产量百分比之间的数学关系。选择生物废料和生物基质来证明这一概念。
{"title":"Buswell’s Equation for Quantifying Biohydrogen","authors":"Pong Kau Yuen, C. M. Lau","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n1p78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n1p78","url":null,"abstract":"Biohydrogen is widely generated by dark fermentation and two-stage anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion can be chemically represented by the Buswell’s equation, which is based on elemental composition of organic matter. When compared to Buswell’s equation for biomethane, its equation for biohydrogen has been given less attention. In this article, the nature of Buswell’s equation for biohydrogen is introduced by using the H-atom method. The mean oxidation number of organic carbons is employed as a metric for counting theoretical quantity of biohydrogen and parameters of Buswell’s equation for biohydrogen. Based on an empirical formula and mean oxidation number of organic carbons, the general Buswell’s equation for biohydrogen is developed. The mathematical relationships among mean oxidation number of organic carbons, empirical formula, quantity of biohydrogen, theoretical biohydrogen potential, and biohydrogen percent yield are also established. Biowastes and bio-substrates are chosen to demonstrate this notion.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140234245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Buswell’s equation can represent anaerobic digestion. The overall stoichiometric chemical equation is important for the counting of biomethane and theoretical biochemical methane potential. Although the concept of oxidation number of organic carbons has been applied in organic chemistry and biochemistry, the relationship between mean oxidation number of organic carbons and quantity of biomethane has not been studied. This article uses the H-atom method as a balancing tool to build a Buswell’s model which can help understand the redox nature of organic compounds and establish the mathematical relationships among the stoichiometric coefficients of Buswell’s equation, elemental composition of organic compound, and mean oxidation number of organic carbons. By using mean oxidation number of organic carbons as a metric, the mathematical equations for the counting of biomethane and theoretical biochemical methane potential are attained. The parameters of Buswell’s equation can also be quantified by any given structural formula of an organic compound.
布斯韦尔方程可以表示厌氧消化。总的化学计量方程对生物甲烷的计算和理论生化甲烷潜力非常重要。虽然有机碳氧化数的概念已在有机化学和生物化学中得到应用，但有机碳平均氧化数与生物甲烷数量之间的关系尚未得到研究。本文以 H 原子法为平衡工具，建立了一个有助于理解有机化合物氧化还原性质的布斯韦尔模型，并建立了布斯韦尔方程的化学计量系数、有机化合物的元素组成和有机碳的平均氧化数之间的数学关系。以有机碳的平均氧化数为指标，得出了生物甲烷的计算数学公式和理论生化甲烷潜能值。布斯韦尔方程的参数也可以通过任何给定的有机化合物结构式来量化。
{"title":"Using Mean Oxidation Number of Organic Carbons to Quantify Buswell’s Equation","authors":"Pong Kau Yuen, C. M. Lau","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n1p41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n1p41","url":null,"abstract":"Buswell’s equation can represent anaerobic digestion. The overall stoichiometric chemical equation is important for the counting of biomethane and theoretical biochemical methane potential. Although the concept of oxidation number of organic carbons has been applied in organic chemistry and biochemistry, the relationship between mean oxidation number of organic carbons and quantity of biomethane has not been studied. This article uses the H-atom method as a balancing tool to build a Buswell’s model which can help understand the redox nature of organic compounds and establish the mathematical relationships among the stoichiometric coefficients of Buswell’s equation, elemental composition of organic compound, and mean oxidation number of organic carbons. By using mean oxidation number of organic carbons as a metric, the mathematical equations for the counting of biomethane and theoretical biochemical methane potential are attained. The parameters of Buswell’s equation can also be quantified by any given structural formula of an organic compound.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139622013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Papa Adama Ndione, M. Mbaye, Latyr Ndione, Khémesse Kital, L. Cissé, S. Sarr, Djibril Fall, François Delattre, A. Coly, M. D. Gaye-Seye, A. Tine
A new method for direct spectrofluorimetric analysis of tyramine in various fish samples was established. Low limits of detection (LOD) between 0.53 ng/mL and 1.40 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 1.76 ng/mL and 4.68 ng/mL were obtained. Also, low values of relative standard deviations (RSD) between 0.30 % and 0.58 % were obtained; confirming good reproducibility of our measurements. The application of this method to our samples allowed the detection of tyramine with satisfactory recovery rates between 93.68 % and 106.60 %. Interference studies with different biogenic amines have shown that the determination of tyramine can be done without major problems in the presence of spermine, spermidine, and histamine. However, special attention should be paid when tyramine is determined in the presence of agmatine, cadaverine or putrescine. In all cases, the determination of tyramine is more influenced by the presence of tryptamine or dopamine in the sample.
{"title":"New Method for Analyzing Tyramine by Spectrofluorimetry: Application to Fish","authors":"Papa Adama Ndione, M. Mbaye, Latyr Ndione, Khémesse Kital, L. Cissé, S. Sarr, Djibril Fall, François Delattre, A. Coly, M. D. Gaye-Seye, A. Tine","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n1p22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n1p22","url":null,"abstract":"A new method for direct spectrofluorimetric analysis of tyramine in various fish samples was established. Low limits of detection (LOD) between 0.53 ng/mL and 1.40 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 1.76 ng/mL and 4.68 ng/mL were obtained. Also, low values of relative standard deviations (RSD) between 0.30 % and 0.58 % were obtained; confirming good reproducibility of our measurements. The application of this method to our samples allowed the detection of tyramine with satisfactory recovery rates between 93.68 % and 106.60 %. Interference studies with different biogenic amines have shown that the determination of tyramine can be done without major problems in the presence of spermine, spermidine, and histamine. However, special attention should be paid when tyramine is determined in the presence of agmatine, cadaverine or putrescine. In all cases, the determination of tyramine is more influenced by the presence of tryptamine or dopamine in the sample.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139164003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anaerobic digestion is a complex biochemical process in which organic matters are mineralized and stabilized into biogas and digestate by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. Buswell’s equation is an ideal model to represent anaerobic digestion for counting theoretical quantity of biogas and digestate in organic matters. Although the degradability and recovery of phosphorous element in digestate have been studied, the impact of phosphorous element on quantity of biomethane and theoretical biomethane potential in organophosphorous compounds are rarely explored. The quantity of biomethane is dependent on the elemental composition of organic matters, and the mean oxidation number of organic carbons is used as a counting parameter in Buswell’s equation. Biowastes which contain organophosphorous compounds are chosen to demonstrate this notion. This article has two purposes. First, the mathematical relationships among empirical formula of organic matter, mean oxidation number of organic carbons, quantity of biomethane, and theoretical biomethane potential are explored. Second, the impact of quantity of phosphorous element on quantity of biomethane, theoretical biomethane potential, and the ratio of biomethane to carbon dioxide are studied.
{"title":"Mean Oxidation Number of Organic Carbons for Quantifying Biomethane in Organophosphorous Compounds","authors":"Pong Kau Yuen, C. M. Lau","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n1p11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n1p11","url":null,"abstract":"Anaerobic digestion is a complex biochemical process in which organic matters are mineralized and stabilized into biogas and digestate by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. Buswell’s equation is an ideal model to represent anaerobic digestion for counting theoretical quantity of biogas and digestate in organic matters. Although the degradability and recovery of phosphorous element in digestate have been studied, the impact of phosphorous element on quantity of biomethane and theoretical biomethane potential in organophosphorous compounds are rarely explored. The quantity of biomethane is dependent on the elemental composition of organic matters, and the mean oxidation number of organic carbons is used as a counting parameter in Buswell’s equation. Biowastes which contain organophosphorous compounds are chosen to demonstrate this notion. This article has two purposes. First, the mathematical relationships among empirical formula of organic matter, mean oxidation number of organic carbons, quantity of biomethane, and theoretical biomethane potential are explored. Second, the impact of quantity of phosphorous element on quantity of biomethane, theoretical biomethane potential, and the ratio of biomethane to carbon dioxide are studied.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138608054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single crystals of nickel tartrate hemi-pentahydrate, NiC4H4O6·2.5H2O, were grown by the gel method using silica gels. The crystal structure was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Its structure was orthorhombic with space group P212121 and lattice constants a = 7.8578(3) Å, b = 11.0988(5) Å, and c = 18.0529(8) Å, and consisted of slightly distorted NiO6 octahedra, C4H4O6 and H2O molecules, C4H4O6–Ni–C4H4O6 chains containing H2O molecules, and O–H···O hydrogen-bonded frameworks between adjacent molecules. The C4H4O6 molecules contained both single and double C–O bonds, and single C–C bonds, similar to other tartrate compounds. We discussed the differences in the chemical formulae and structures of tartrate compounds induced by different cations of the first transition metal series.
采用硅胶凝胶法制备半五水酒石酸镍单晶NiC4H4O6·2.5H2O。用单晶x射线衍射法测定了晶体结构。其结构为正交结构，空间群为P212121，晶格常数为a = 7.8578(3) Å， b = 11.0988(5) Å， c = 18.0529(8) Å，由NiO6八面体、C4H4O6和H2O分子、C4H4O6–Ni–C4H4O6链和相邻分子之间的O–H·· O氢键框架组成。与其他酒石酸盐化合物类似，C4H4O6分子含有单键和双键C–O键和单键C–C键。讨论了第一过渡金属系不同阳离子诱导酒石酸盐化合物的化学式和结构的差异。
{"title":"Crystal Growth and Structure of NiC4H4O6·2.5H2O","authors":"Takanori Fukami, Shuta Tahara","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v16n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v16n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"Single crystals of nickel tartrate hemi-pentahydrate, NiC4H4O6·2.5H2O, were grown by the gel method using silica gels. The crystal structure was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Its structure was orthorhombic with space group P212121 and lattice constants a = 7.8578(3) Å, b = 11.0988(5) Å, and c = 18.0529(8) Å, and consisted of slightly distorted NiO6 octahedra, C4H4O6 and H2O molecules, C4H4O6–Ni–C4H4O6 chains containing H2O molecules, and O–H···O hydrogen-bonded frameworks between adjacent molecules. The C4H4O6 molecules contained both single and double C–O bonds, and single C–C bonds, similar to other tartrate compounds. We discussed the differences in the chemical formulae and structures of tartrate compounds induced by different cations of the first transition metal series.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136105991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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