A new theory for additional heat transfer convected by a dispersed phase of microbubbles was posited recently. An additional convection term in the heat transport equation reflects the latent heat of vapor of the liquid carried by the microbubbles from hot zones that vaporize more liquid to cold zones where condensation releases the latent heat. This theory was shown to be consistent with analysis of observations of freezing times measured by in the original Mpemba effect study, by inferring heat transfer coefficients fitted by Newton’s law of cooling. In this paper, the scaling analysis, leading to the proposition that the additional heat flux is proportional to the phase fraction of microbubbles, is tested by steady state solutions of the canonical hot wall / cold wall buoyant convection problem. For phase fractions 0.02 and 0.1, the maximum ratio of additional Nusselt number emergent is five, occurring in the microfluidic regime. Increasing the characteristic length of the domain maintains the monotonicity of the increase in additional Nusselt number ratio over the case of no microbubbles present. The additional heat transfer due to the microbubble dispersion, ranging from 5-50%, is found to be nearly proportional to the microbubble phase fraction for the range of 0.02 to 0.2. However, larger characteristic lengths introduce insufficient heat flux from the hot wall to maintain a “driven cavity” flow structure, so that the steady state structure that emerges is a stable stratification with thin boundary layers near the hot and cold walls, with weak shear flow convection. The stable stratification resultant at higher characteristic lengths suppresses the additional heat flux due to microbubble mediation, but only moderately deviating from proportionality.
{"title":"Steady State Heat Transport by Microbubble Dispersions Mediating Convection With Phase Change Dynamics","authors":"W. Zimmerman","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v14n1p30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v14n1p30","url":null,"abstract":"A new theory for additional heat transfer convected by a dispersed phase of microbubbles was posited recently. An additional convection term in the heat transport equation reflects the latent heat of vapor of the liquid carried by the microbubbles from hot zones that vaporize more liquid to cold zones where condensation releases the latent heat. This theory was shown to be consistent with analysis of observations of freezing times measured by in the original Mpemba effect study, by inferring heat transfer coefficients fitted by Newton’s law of cooling. In this paper, the scaling analysis, leading to the proposition that the additional heat flux is proportional to the phase fraction of microbubbles, is tested by steady state solutions of the canonical hot wall / cold wall buoyant convection problem. For phase fractions 0.02 and 0.1, the maximum ratio of additional Nusselt number emergent is five, occurring in the microfluidic regime. Increasing the characteristic length of the domain maintains the monotonicity of the increase in additional Nusselt number ratio over the case of no microbubbles present. The additional heat transfer due to the microbubble dispersion, ranging from 5-50%, is found to be nearly proportional to the microbubble phase fraction for the range of 0.02 to 0.2. However, larger characteristic lengths introduce insufficient heat flux from the hot wall to maintain a “driven cavity” flow structure, so that the steady state structure that emerges is a stable stratification with thin boundary layers near the hot and cold walls, with weak shear flow convection. The stable stratification resultant at higher characteristic lengths suppresses the additional heat flux due to microbubble mediation, but only moderately deviating from proportionality.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78446651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is a brief summary article of research. The results of the three times experiments are reviewed. two heterogeneous catalysis mechanisms are introduced, namely: Chemical Reaction Mode Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism-CRM and Electron Cyclic Donate-Accept Catalysis Mechanism-ECDAM or Electron Orbital Deformation-Recovery Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism -EODRM. Some difficulties encountered by CRM are listed. The author clearly points out that the CRM is not credible. This false theory has misled us for more than 100 years. About ECDAM, the article also gives a brief description. The main point of ECDAM is that the catalysis phenomenon are physical rather than chemical phenomenon. The catalysts do not participate in chemical reactions. It's just contact, electron cyclic donate-accept or electron orbital deformation-recovery cycle. The theory contains three viewpoints: 1. There is a boundary between the catalyst and the poison. 2. The active of the catalyst or the degree of toxicity of the poison is closely related to ihe electronegative value of the catalyst or poison. 3. The active of catalyst is closely related to the chemical state of the catalyst The selectivity of catalyst is also related to electronegative or energy level According to ECDAM, the author considers that there are several problems worth studying in production and scientific research. such as: alumina is a poison in the Fe ammonia synthesis catalyst. The Cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2) ceramic honeycomb support is also a poison in automotive exhaust purification catalyst. The Cordierite ceramic honeycomb is retardant in wall flow filter for diesel vehicles. Activated carbon is a poison in the Ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Alumina and activated carbon all are a poison to noble metal catalysts, and so on.
{"title":"Catalysis Mechanism and Application of Carbon Gasification Reaction-A Comparison of Two Heterogeneous Catalysis Mechanisms","authors":"Jiahui Jin","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v14n1p23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v14n1p23","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a brief summary article of research. The results of the three times experiments are reviewed. two heterogeneous catalysis mechanisms are introduced, namely: Chemical Reaction Mode Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism-CRM and Electron Cyclic Donate-Accept Catalysis Mechanism-ECDAM or Electron Orbital Deformation-Recovery Cyclic Catalysis Mechanism -EODRM. Some difficulties encountered by CRM are listed. The author clearly points out that the CRM is not credible. This false theory has misled us for more than 100 years. About ECDAM, the article also gives a brief description. The main point of ECDAM is that the catalysis phenomenon are physical rather than chemical phenomenon. The catalysts do not participate in chemical reactions. It's just contact, electron cyclic donate-accept or electron orbital deformation-recovery cycle. The theory contains three viewpoints: 1. There is a boundary between the catalyst and the poison. 2. The active of the catalyst or the degree of toxicity of the poison is closely related to ihe electronegative value of the catalyst or poison. 3. The active of catalyst is closely related to the chemical state of the catalyst The selectivity of catalyst is also related to electronegative or energy level According to ECDAM, the author considers that there are several problems worth studying in production and scientific research. such as: alumina is a poison in the Fe ammonia synthesis catalyst. The Cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2) ceramic honeycomb support is also a poison in automotive exhaust purification catalyst. The Cordierite ceramic honeycomb is retardant in wall flow filter for diesel vehicles. Activated carbon is a poison in the Ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Alumina and activated carbon all are a poison to noble metal catalysts, and so on.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80358301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is a prime natural resource and physiological necessity to mankind. Therefore, drinking water must not carry harmful chemicals as well as biological contaminants for the well-being and human health. Some of the chemicals like Fluoride, Iron, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, selenium, and Nitrate in water may produce serious physiological changes when exist beyond permissible concentration. The Aim of the study was to create spatial map for drinking water purpose for Dhar district, MP. The ground water quality data were collected from PHED, M.P. and IMIS (Ministry of Drinking water & Sanitation) Website,Government of India. The GWQ layers were created separately for each element for Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon period from the well point layers with interpolation technique. Each element wise layer has been categorised into `three catagories (1) potable water in Desirable limits (2) Potable water in permissible limits (3) non-potable ground water, as per BIS standard, 2015. The Union of eight element layers of each pre-monsoon and post-monsoon has been done and integrated pre-monsoon and Integrated post-monsoon Ground Water Quality (GWQ) map have been prepared and after the Union of these two maps, the Final ground water quality map has been prepared. It was concluded from the study, that multiple parameters are affecting the quality of ground water in Dhar district and particularly excess Fluoride, Nitrate, Total Hardness (as Caco3), Iron, pH, and Total Dissolve solids are prevalent in the area. About 69.66% Habitation of Dhar district is severely affected mainly by excess of Fluoride, Nitrate & Total Hardness (as Caco3), pH & Iron(Fe) & It is observed that about 70.51% area of Dhar district has been affected in terms of Ground Water Quality.
{"title":"“Spatial Data Analysis for Ground Water Quality Assessment With Special Reference to Fluoride” - A Case Study of Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"D. K. Umak, Sandeep Rastogi, I. Das","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v14n1p8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v14n1p8","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a prime natural resource and physiological necessity to mankind. Therefore, drinking water must not carry harmful chemicals as well as biological contaminants for the well-being and human health. Some of the chemicals like Fluoride, Iron, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, selenium, and Nitrate in water may produce serious physiological changes when exist beyond permissible concentration. \u0000 \u0000The Aim of the study was to create spatial map for drinking water purpose for Dhar district, MP. The ground water quality data were collected from PHED, M.P. and IMIS (Ministry of Drinking water & Sanitation) Website,Government of India. The GWQ layers were created separately for each element for Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon period from the well point layers with interpolation technique. Each element wise layer has been categorised into `three catagories (1) potable water in Desirable limits (2) Potable water in permissible limits (3) non-potable ground water, as per BIS standard, 2015. The Union of eight element layers of each pre-monsoon and post-monsoon has been done and integrated pre-monsoon and Integrated post-monsoon Ground Water Quality (GWQ) map have been prepared and after the Union of these two maps, the Final ground water quality map has been prepared. It was concluded from the study, that multiple parameters are affecting the quality of ground water in Dhar district and particularly excess Fluoride, Nitrate, Total Hardness (as Caco3), Iron, pH, and Total Dissolve solids are prevalent in the area. About 69.66% Habitation of Dhar district is severely affected mainly by excess of Fluoride, Nitrate & Total Hardness (as Caco3), pH & Iron(Fe) & It is observed that about 70.51% area of Dhar district has been affected in terms of Ground Water Quality.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81885434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Soudre, A. Kouraogo, A. Kiba, R. Karfo, T. Guiguemde, Bibata Kabore, E. Kabré, J. Sakandé
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate ionic disorders in malaria and dengue co-infection at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Material and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection, carried out in the laboratory of the Pediatric University Hospital Charles de Gaulle in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2019. The study was on patients who performed a thick blood drop/smear, dengue serology and blood ionogram. Results: On 1405 cases included in the study, 102 patients (7.26%) were confirmed of malaria. Dengue serology was positive in 235 patients (16.72%). The frequency of co-infection was 1.14% (n=16). The mean age of the patients was 9.93 years and the age group of 0 to 15 years represented 78.93% of the cases. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio (M/F) of 2.58. Hyponatremia (40%), hypercalcemia (40%), hypokalemia (30%) and hypophosphatemia (30%) were the main blood ionogram disturbances in malaria and dengue co-infection. The statistically significant disturbances in case of malaria and dengue co-infection were the absence of hypobicarbonatemia (p=0.036). Conclusion: Malaria and dengue are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in Burkina Faso. Although co-infection was rare in the study (1.14%), it was associated with several blood ionogram disturbances. Evaluation and consideration of these disturbances during treatment would contribute to a better care of patients.
{"title":"Ionic Disorders in Malaria and Dengue Co-Infection","authors":"F. Soudre, A. Kouraogo, A. Kiba, R. Karfo, T. Guiguemde, Bibata Kabore, E. Kabré, J. Sakandé","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v14n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v14n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate ionic disorders in malaria and dengue co-infection at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. \u0000 \u0000Material and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection, carried out in the laboratory of the Pediatric University Hospital Charles de Gaulle in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2019. The study was on patients who performed a thick blood drop/smear, dengue serology and blood ionogram. \u0000 \u0000Results: On 1405 cases included in the study, 102 patients (7.26%) were confirmed of malaria. Dengue serology was positive in 235 patients (16.72%). The frequency of co-infection was 1.14% (n=16). The mean age of the patients was 9.93 years and the age group of 0 to 15 years represented 78.93% of the cases. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio (M/F) of 2.58. Hyponatremia (40%), hypercalcemia (40%), hypokalemia (30%) and hypophosphatemia (30%) were the main blood ionogram disturbances in malaria and dengue co-infection. The statistically significant disturbances in case of malaria and dengue co-infection were the absence of hypobicarbonatemia (p=0.036). \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: Malaria and dengue are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in Burkina Faso. Although co-infection was rare in the study (1.14%), it was associated with several blood ionogram disturbances. Evaluation and consideration of these disturbances during treatment would contribute to a better care of patients.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86896777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 13, Number 2 Abdallah El-Gharbawy, Alexandria University, Egypt Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Toros Agri-Industry, Research and Development Center, Turkey Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, Catholic University of Cameroon, Cameroon Farhaoui Mohamed, National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE), Morocco Gholam Hossain Varshouee, National Petrochemical Company, Iran Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand Nejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, Tunisia Rafael Gomes da Silveira, Federal Institute of Education, Brazil Rania I.M. Almoselhy, FTRI&ARC, Egypt Severine Queyroy, Aix-Marseille Université, France Sintayehu Leshe, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada Albert John On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry Canadian Center of Science and Education
《国际化学杂志》希望感谢以下个人对本期稿件的同行评审提供的帮助。我们非常感谢他们在保持期刊质量方面的帮助和贡献。许多作者，不管《国际化学杂志》是否发表他们的作品，都很感激审稿人提供的有益反馈。第13卷第2卷审稿人Abdallah el - gharawy、亚历山大大学、埃及Ahmad Galadima、Usmanu Danfodiyo大学、尼日利亚Ahmet Ozan Gezerman、托罗斯农业工业研究与发展中心、土耳其Ayodele Temidayo Odularu、黑尔堡大学、南非Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo、喀麦隆天主教大学、喀麦隆Farhaoui Mohamed、国家电力和饮用水办公室(ONEE)、摩洛哥Gholam Hossain varshoee、国家石化公司、伊朗Ho Soon Min、英迪国际大学、马来西亚Kevin C. Cannon、宾州州立大学阿宾顿分校、美国Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam、巴特吉医学院科技学院、沙特阿拉伯Nanda Gunawardhana、Saga大学、日本Nanthaphong Khamthong、Rangsit大学、泰国Nejib Hussein Mekni、Al Manar大学、突尼斯Rafael Gomes da Silveira、联邦教育学院、巴西Rania I.M. Almoselhy、FTRI&ARC、埃及Severine Queyroy、艾克斯-马赛大学、法国Sintayehu Leshe、Debre Markos大学、埃塞俄比亚Sitaram Acharya、美国德克萨斯基督教大学Tony Di Feo、加拿大自然资源部、加拿大Albert John代表、国际化学杂志编辑委员会、加拿大科学与教育中心
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 2","authors":"A. John","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v13n2p41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v13n2p41","url":null,"abstract":"International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Reviewers for Volume 13, Number 2 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Abdallah El-Gharbawy, Alexandria University, Egypt \u0000 \u0000Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria \u0000 \u0000Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Toros Agri-Industry, Research and Development Center, Turkey \u0000 \u0000Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa \u0000 \u0000Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, Catholic University of Cameroon, Cameroon \u0000 \u0000Farhaoui Mohamed, National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE), Morocco \u0000 \u0000Gholam Hossain Varshouee, National Petrochemical Company, Iran \u0000 \u0000Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia \u0000 \u0000Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA \u0000 \u0000Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia \u0000 \u0000Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan \u0000 \u0000Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand \u0000 \u0000Nejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, Tunisia \u0000 \u0000Rafael Gomes da Silveira, Federal Institute of Education, Brazil \u0000 \u0000Rania I.M. Almoselhy, FTRI&ARC, Egypt \u0000 \u0000Severine Queyroy, Aix-Marseille Université, France \u0000 \u0000Sintayehu Leshe, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia \u0000 \u0000Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA \u0000 \u0000Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Albert John \u0000 \u0000On behalf of, \u0000 \u0000The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry \u0000 \u0000Canadian Center of Science and Education","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79173934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Abdel-Halim, H. Baker, Akef I. Alhmaideen, A. Abu-Surrah
Kinetics of oxidation of L-cysteine by new series of substituted ONNO-donor salen-type Schiff base complexes of general formula [MIII(L)Cl] (M = Co, Fe, Cr; L = Schiff base ligand) have been studied in aqueous solutions. Measurements were run at constant temperature (25º C), constant ionic strength (0.20 M), and constant pH (7.0) under pseudo-first order conditions, in which the concentration of cysteine is around two orders of magnitude greater than that of metal complex. The observed rate constant was determined by following the change in absorbance of reaction mixture at a predetermined wavelength with time. Results show that the rate of oxidation depends on the type of metal center, with Co(III) complexes were found to have the highest rates due to higher reduction potential of Co(III). The oxidation rate was also found to depend on steric factor and the electron withdrawing / releasing ability of the ligand bound to the metal ion.
{"title":"Kinetics and Mechanism of Catalyzed Oxidation of L-Cysteine by Salen Schiff Base Complexes of Co(III), Fe (III) and Cr(III)","authors":"H. Abdel-Halim, H. Baker, Akef I. Alhmaideen, A. Abu-Surrah","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V13N2P25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V13N2P25","url":null,"abstract":"Kinetics of oxidation of L-cysteine by new series of substituted ONNO-donor salen-type Schiff base complexes of general formula [MIII(L)Cl] (M = Co, Fe, Cr; L = Schiff base ligand) have been studied in aqueous solutions. Measurements were run at constant temperature (25º C), constant ionic strength (0.20 M), and constant pH (7.0) under pseudo-first order conditions, in which the concentration of cysteine is around two orders of magnitude greater than that of metal complex. The observed rate constant was determined by following the change in absorbance of reaction mixture at a predetermined wavelength with time. Results show that the rate of oxidation depends on the type of metal center, with Co(III) complexes were found to have the highest rates due to higher reduction potential of Co(III). The oxidation rate was also found to depend on steric factor and the electron withdrawing / releasing ability of the ligand bound to the metal ion.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85534316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are two contents of this article. The first is briefly to review the experiment research on the catalysis mechanism of Carbon Gasification Reaction-CGR(C+CO2=2CO) from 60s -90s. The results show that the catalytic phenomenon is physical phenomenon rather than chemical, and the catalyst does not participate in the chemical reaction. The catalytic activity and selectivity of catalyst are related to the electronegativity or energy level of the catalyst. The second is to clarify the applications of CGR for save mankind. The lime is first proposed to capture CO2 in flue gas of power plant. The lime can be recycled. The coal is used to convert CO2 from cement steel produce into CO, producing both energy and lime and iron. The capture CO2 is used to treat waste such as firewood and plastic, eliminate white pollution. The author considers that using the CGR which has been used for a long time can solve the three problems which people worry about: energy exhaustion, environmental pollution and climate crisis.
{"title":"A Chemical Reaction Can Save Mankind -A Review of Experiment Research on CO2+C=2CO and Application","authors":"Jiahui Jin","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V13N2P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V13N2P1","url":null,"abstract":"There are two contents of this article. The first is briefly to review the experiment research on the catalysis mechanism of Carbon Gasification Reaction-CGR(C+CO2=2CO) from 60s -90s. The results show that the catalytic phenomenon is physical phenomenon rather than chemical, and the catalyst does not participate in the chemical reaction. The catalytic activity and selectivity of catalyst are related to the electronegativity or energy level of the catalyst. The second is to clarify the applications of CGR for save mankind. The lime is first proposed to capture CO2 in flue gas of power plant. The lime can be recycled. The coal is used to convert CO2 from cement steel produce into CO, producing both energy and lime and iron. The capture CO2 is used to treat waste such as firewood and plastic, eliminate white pollution. The author considers that using the CGR which has been used for a long time can solve the three problems which people worry about: energy exhaustion, environmental pollution and climate crisis.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84607355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Copper(II) L-tartrate trihydrate, L-CuC4H4O6·3H2O, and copper(II) DL-tartrate dihydrate, DL-CuC4H4O6·2H2O, crystals were grown at room temperature by the gel method using silica gels as the growth medium. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on both crystals. The space group symmetries (monoclinic P21 and P21/c) and structural parameters of the crystals were determined at room temperature and at 114 K. Both structures consisted of slightly distorted CuO6 octahedra, C4H4O6 and H2O molecules, C4H4O6–Cu–C4H4O6 chains linked by Cu–O bonds, and O–H–O hydrogen-bonding frameworks between adjacent molecules. Weight losses due to thermal decomposition of the crystals were found to occur in the temperature range of 300–1250 K. We inferred that the weight losses were caused by the evaporation of bound water molecules and the evolution of H2CO, CO, and O2 gases from C4H4O6 molecules, and that the residual reddish-brown substance left in the vessels after decomposition was copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).
以硅胶为生长介质，采用室温凝胶法制备了三水合l -酒石酸铜(II)和二水合l -酒石酸铜(II)，分别为L-CuC4H4O6·2H2O和DL-CuC4H4O6·2H2O。对两种晶体进行了差示扫描量热法、热重-差示热分析和x射线衍射测量。在室温和114 K下测定了晶体的空间群对称性(单斜P21和P21/c)和结构参数。这两种结构都由CuO6八面体、C4H4O6和H2O分子、C4H4O6 - cu - C4H4O6链上的Cu-O键和相邻分子间的O-H-O氢键框架组成。在300-1250 K的温度范围内，由于晶体的热分解引起的重量损失被发现。我们推断失重是由于束缚水分子的蒸发和C4H4O6分子中H2CO、CO和O2气体的析出引起的，分解后容器中残留的红褐色物质为氧化铜(Cu2O)。
{"title":"Structural and Thermal Investigations of L-CuC4H4O6·3H2O and DL-CuC4H4O6·2H2O Single Crystals","authors":"T. Fukami, S. Tahara","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V13N1P38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V13N1P38","url":null,"abstract":"Copper(II) L-tartrate trihydrate, L-CuC4H4O6·3H2O, and copper(II) DL-tartrate dihydrate, DL-CuC4H4O6·2H2O, crystals were grown at room temperature by the gel method using silica gels as the growth medium. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on both crystals. The space group symmetries (monoclinic P21 and P21/c) and structural parameters of the crystals were determined at room temperature and at 114 K. Both structures consisted of slightly distorted CuO6 octahedra, C4H4O6 and H2O molecules, C4H4O6–Cu–C4H4O6 chains linked by Cu–O bonds, and O–H–O hydrogen-bonding frameworks between adjacent molecules. Weight losses due to thermal decomposition of the crystals were found to occur in the temperature range of 300–1250 K. We inferred that the weight losses were caused by the evaporation of bound water molecules and the evolution of H2CO, CO, and O2 gases from C4H4O6 molecules, and that the residual reddish-brown substance left in the vessels after decomposition was copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76342151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. M. Khoiroh, Asmaul Dwi Ayu Sholekah, E. Yulianti
Hematite coated PEG was synthesized by the sonication-calcination method. A variation of Na2CO3 is investigated to know the effect on structure and morphology. Characterization of samples are using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, and color reader techniques. XRF data showed that iron is the highest element in the precursor. The X-ray diffraction data confirm that Fe(OH)3, α-FeOOH, and Fe3O4 established at the sonication stage are then transformed into the α-Fe2O3 phase after calcination. The X-ray diffraction data also was found that α-Fe2O3 at 0.5 M formed with the highest crystallinity degree. The scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle's shape is spherical, bar-shaped, and aggregate. However, the distribution of particles is not uniform and still displays agglomeration. The Color reader shows the highest degree of lightness obtained is at 1 M variation.
{"title":"Structure and Morphology Properties of Nanoparticle Hematite Pigment from Lathe Waste","authors":"L. M. Khoiroh, Asmaul Dwi Ayu Sholekah, E. Yulianti","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V13N1P21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V13N1P21","url":null,"abstract":"Hematite coated PEG was synthesized by the sonication-calcination method. A variation of Na2CO3 is investigated to know the effect on structure and morphology. Characterization of samples are using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, and color reader techniques. XRF data showed that iron is the highest element in the precursor. The X-ray diffraction data confirm that Fe(OH)3, α-FeOOH, and Fe3O4 established at the sonication stage are then transformed into the α-Fe2O3 phase after calcination. The X-ray diffraction data also was found that α-Fe2O3 at 0.5 M formed with the highest crystallinity degree. The scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle's shape is spherical, bar-shaped, and aggregate. However, the distribution of particles is not uniform and still displays agglomeration. The Color reader shows the highest degree of lightness obtained is at 1 M variation.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"39 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76668831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mature fruits of Telfairia occidentalis were purchased from a local market in Ikono Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The seeds were separated from the fleshy mesocarp, washed with water and sundried. The cotyledons were separated from the seed coat and then oven-dried at 105 – 110 °C for 24 hours. The dry seeds were blended into powder and the oil cold-extracted with n-hexane. The oil extracted was used to prepare copper, nickel and zinc soaps. The soaps were characterised using standard methods and then applied as additives in the production of body pomades. Several tests were performed on the control and the metallic soap pomades to establish the effectiveness of the metallic soaps in pomade production. All the prepared metallic soaps were sparingly soluble in kerosene and methanol and exhibited no foaming characteristics. The properties of the pomades imply that the metallic soaps of T. occidentalis have good potential in the cosmetics industry.
{"title":"Pomade Production from the Metallic Soaps of Telfairia occidentalis Seed Oil","authors":"A. Udoh, I. Udoekpo, E. Inam","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V13N1P30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V13N1P30","url":null,"abstract":"Mature fruits of Telfairia occidentalis were purchased from a local market in Ikono Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The seeds were separated from the fleshy mesocarp, washed with water and sundried. The cotyledons were separated from the seed coat and then oven-dried at 105 – 110 °C for 24 hours. The dry seeds were blended into powder and the oil cold-extracted with n-hexane. The oil extracted was used to prepare copper, nickel and zinc soaps. The soaps were characterised using standard methods and then applied as additives in the production of body pomades. Several tests were performed on the control and the metallic soap pomades to establish the effectiveness of the metallic soaps in pomade production. All the prepared metallic soaps were sparingly soluble in kerosene and methanol and exhibited no foaming characteristics. The properties of the pomades imply that the metallic soaps of T. occidentalis have good potential in the cosmetics industry.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"68 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84194178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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