Consumers are increasingly aware and threatened by skin-related concerns. They face an increasingly hectic lifestyle and harsh environmental conditions, so they pay more attention to their state of health and increase their level of awareness. The available literature is full of examples using cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals that demonstrate multiple beneficial activities. However, this trend creates obstacles in the formulation due to the need to manage the organoleptic properties of the finished products, for example the emission of “unpleasant” odours. The emission of unpleasant odours inevitably tends to directly or indirectly compromise the entire formulation and its “sensory pleasantness”. In fact, it is of fundamental importance to take into account that cosmetics, unlike drugs, are not intended to cure, but are characterized by a complex interaction between psyche, skin and product. The analysis of the social context and the context of use of the product is growing strongly to ensure the growth of this sector. Cosmetic products are designed to offer pleasant sensory experiences and meet different human needs. In cosmetics the sensory experience is given through the cosmetic “vehicle” transmitting a unique sensation to the skin thanks to its ingredients.
{"title":"Odor Masking, Stability and Sensoriality: Researching Background agents in Complex Systems for Infinite Solutions","authors":"Giulio Gennari, A. Mazzucco","doi":"10.18689/IJCR-1000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18689/IJCR-1000108","url":null,"abstract":"Consumers are increasingly aware and threatened by skin-related concerns. They face an increasingly hectic lifestyle and harsh environmental conditions, so they pay more attention to their state of health and increase their level of awareness. The available literature is full of examples using cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals that demonstrate multiple beneficial activities. However, this trend creates obstacles in the formulation due to the need to manage the organoleptic properties of the finished products, for example the emission of “unpleasant” odours. The emission of unpleasant odours inevitably tends to directly or indirectly compromise the entire formulation and its “sensory pleasantness”. In fact, it is of fundamental importance to take into account that cosmetics, unlike drugs, are not intended to cure, but are characterized by a complex interaction between psyche, skin and product. The analysis of the social context and the context of use of the product is growing strongly to ensure the growth of this sector. Cosmetic products are designed to offer pleasant sensory experiences and meet different human needs. In cosmetics the sensory experience is given through the cosmetic “vehicle” transmitting a unique sensation to the skin thanks to its ingredients.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"82 1","pages":"51-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73724763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The thermodynamic analysis of the coupling of one cycle in the operation of a reversible heat engine with a work-degrading step in which the whole of the engine’s work output is frictionally degraded into heat at the temperature of its cold reservoir, allows identification of the fact that the engine’s reversibility is dependent on the continued availability of its work output. As long as this work remains available the engine will be reversible, this on reason of the fact that the initial condition can be restored via the simple expedient of using the said work to propel the inverse cycle. The moment this work becomes, for whatever reason, unavailable, restoration of the engine’s initial condition becomes impossible, and what was a reversible engine becomes irreversible. The inability of current thermodynamic terminology to deal with this situation is brought to light and a simple suggestion aimed at correcting this deficiency is advanced.
{"title":"An Irreversible Heat Engine Working at the Reversible Efficiency","authors":"J. Iñiguez","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n2p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n2p1","url":null,"abstract":"The thermodynamic analysis of the coupling of one cycle in the operation of a reversible heat engine with a work-degrading step in which the whole of the engine’s work output is frictionally degraded into heat at the temperature of its cold reservoir, allows identification of the fact that the engine’s reversibility is dependent on the continued availability of its work output. As long as this work remains available the engine will be reversible, this on reason of the fact that the initial condition can be restored via the simple expedient of using the said work to propel the inverse cycle. The moment this work becomes, for whatever reason, unavailable, restoration of the engine’s initial condition becomes impossible, and what was a reversible engine becomes irreversible. The inability of current thermodynamic terminology to deal with this situation is brought to light and a simple suggestion aimed at correcting this deficiency is advanced.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"39 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88198633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent times the use of high fat ketogenic diet as a treatment strategy in some diseases and weight control has been on the increase. This study aims to elucidate the effect of high fat ketogenic diet on some renal and liver parameters. Forty albino rats were used and divided into four groups. Group A was control; B, C, and D were fed with diets including butter, coconut oil and olive oil respectively for eight weeks. Urine and serum samples were assayed spectrophotometrically. There was a significant difference in urinary albumin (0.13±0.01g/dl) of group D when compared with control (0.22 ± 0.03g/dl). Urinary creatinine concentrations of group D (4.32±0.70mg/dl) was higher than group C (1.75±0.46 mg/dl). Urea of group B (39.40±4.70 mg/dl), group C (29.90±1.46 mg/dl) and group D (40.20±2.62mg/dl) were lower than control group (64.20±3.41mg/dl). Serum creatinine concentrations of group B (1.05±0.09mg/dl), group C (0.85±0.07lmg/dl) and group D (1.03±0.07 mg/dl) were reduced significantly. Albumin: creatinine ratio of group A (120.6±32.04) was higher than that of group D (41.31±8.28). AST (260.1±17.80) was higher in group C compared with A (160.1± 9.510). ALT for D (91.20±18.70), group A (36.00±3.84), serum albumin concentrations of group D (3.590±0.1286), group C (3.590±0.1286) and group A (4.100±0.1814). Total protein concentration of group C (5.390±0.2105), D (5.280± 0.1104) and group A (6.190±0.2496g). Body weight of experimental groups reduced while the control groups increased. This study has confirmed that high fat ketogenic diet can be used for weight management however it could be harmful to the liver but did not show any harmful effects on the kidneys.
{"title":"Influence of Low Carbohydrate High Fat Ketogenic Diets on Renal and Liver Parameters","authors":"B. Eiya, R. O. Aikpitanyi-iduitua","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n2p6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n2p6","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times the use of high fat ketogenic diet as a treatment strategy in some diseases and weight control has been on the increase. This study aims to elucidate the effect of high fat ketogenic diet on some renal and liver parameters. Forty albino rats were used and divided into four groups. Group A was control; B, C, and D were fed with diets including butter, coconut oil and olive oil respectively for eight weeks. Urine and serum samples were assayed spectrophotometrically. There was a significant difference in urinary albumin (0.13±0.01g/dl) of group D when compared with control (0.22 ± 0.03g/dl). Urinary creatinine concentrations of group D (4.32±0.70mg/dl) was higher than group C (1.75±0.46 mg/dl). Urea of group B (39.40±4.70 mg/dl), group C (29.90±1.46 mg/dl) and group D (40.20±2.62mg/dl) were lower than control group (64.20±3.41mg/dl). Serum creatinine concentrations of group B (1.05±0.09mg/dl), group C (0.85±0.07lmg/dl) and group D (1.03±0.07 mg/dl) were reduced significantly. Albumin: creatinine ratio of group A (120.6±32.04) was higher than that of group D (41.31±8.28). AST (260.1±17.80) was higher in group C compared with A (160.1± 9.510). ALT for D (91.20±18.70), group A (36.00±3.84), serum albumin concentrations of group D (3.590±0.1286), group C (3.590±0.1286) and group A (4.100±0.1814). Total protein concentration of group C (5.390±0.2105), D (5.280± 0.1104) and group A (6.190±0.2496g). Body weight of experimental groups reduced while the control groups increased. This study has confirmed that high fat ketogenic diet can be used for weight management however it could be harmful to the liver but did not show any harmful effects on the kidneys.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72790391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-25DOI: 10.22159/IJCR.2020V4I3.115
I Idika Digbo, N. Ndukwe, C. Ogukwe, Adewumi Aderike, Aleshiloye Abimbola
Objective: One of the objectives of this work includes to expand the field of application of natural biomass for the treatment of dye effluents from industrial wastes. In addition, it is aimed at elucidating the dependency or otherwise of flow rate and bed height on adsorption using the fixed bed technique method of adsorption. Methods: The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to examine the morphology of the biomass. The screened biomass samples were characterized at 1000 x magnification, and 500 x magnification respectively for their surface morphologies. This was done using a scanning electron microscope (FEI–inspect/OXFORD INSTRUMENTS–X–MAX), which was equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX) spectrophotometer employed for the elemental composition analyses. It was equally characterized with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional growth responsible for the adsorption. This was done using a Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, England) in the wavelength range of 350-4000 nm. Results: Results for the biomass morphology obtained through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of some tiny pores. These pores represent sites where dye molecules could be trapped in the course of the adsorption. The result from the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) after adsorption show that C-H, C ≡ H, and C ≡ C functional growth were responsible for the adsorption. For the methylene blue dye, at the flow rate of 20m3/s, the amount of dye adsorbed was 8.40 mg/g, 11.30 mg/g at 30m3/s and 13.64 mg/g at 40m3/s. For Bismarck brown Y dye, at the same range of flow rate, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 4.71 mg/g to 9.78 mg/g. indigo was the least adsorbed at the same range of flow rate. The values obtained ranged from 2.80 mg/g to 8.00 mg/g. In addition, at the bed height of 4.0–6.0x10-2(m), the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 5.15 mg/g–24.62 mg/g for methylene blue dye. Within the same range of bed height, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 8.20 mg/g–15.00 mg/g for Bismarck brown Y dye, and 5.66 mg/g–14.86 mg/g for indigo dye. Conclusion: From the results obtained, it is clearly seen that methylene blue dye was the most adsorbed, while the indigo dye was the least adsorbed within the same flow rate and bed height ranges. In addition, the three classes of dyes used in these investigations, which represent Cationic, Anionic and Neutral dyes, can adsorb on to Cedrus libani (Elizabeth Leaf) at various degrees. Also, the amount of dye adsorbed is dependent on the flow rate and bed height within the range of experimental consideration. In each of the analyses, three different experiments were performed, and the mean values reported with their standard deviations.
{"title":"STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF FLOW RATE AND BED HEIGHT ON THE FIXED BED ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE, BISMARCK BROWN Y DYE, AND INDIGO BLUE DYE ON TO CEDRUS LIBANI (ELIZ ABETH LEAF) BIOMASS","authors":"I Idika Digbo, N. Ndukwe, C. Ogukwe, Adewumi Aderike, Aleshiloye Abimbola","doi":"10.22159/IJCR.2020V4I3.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/IJCR.2020V4I3.115","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: One of the objectives of this work includes to expand the field of application of natural biomass for the treatment of dye effluents from industrial wastes. In addition, it is aimed at elucidating the dependency or otherwise of flow rate and bed height on adsorption using the fixed bed technique method of adsorption. \u0000Methods: The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to examine the morphology of the biomass. The screened biomass samples were characterized at 1000 x magnification, and 500 x magnification respectively for their surface morphologies. This was done using a scanning electron microscope (FEI–inspect/OXFORD INSTRUMENTS–X–MAX), which was equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX) spectrophotometer employed for the elemental composition analyses. It was equally characterized with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional growth responsible for the adsorption. This was done using a Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, England) in the wavelength range of 350-4000 nm. \u0000Results: Results for the biomass morphology obtained through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of some tiny pores. These pores represent sites where dye molecules could be trapped in the course of the adsorption. The result from the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) after adsorption show that C-H, C ≡ H, and C ≡ C functional growth were responsible for the adsorption. For the methylene blue dye, at the flow rate of 20m3/s, the amount of dye adsorbed was 8.40 mg/g, 11.30 mg/g at 30m3/s and 13.64 mg/g at 40m3/s. For Bismarck brown Y dye, at the same range of flow rate, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 4.71 mg/g to 9.78 mg/g. indigo was the least adsorbed at the same range of flow rate. The values obtained ranged from 2.80 mg/g to 8.00 mg/g. In addition, at the bed height of 4.0–6.0x10-2(m), the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 5.15 mg/g–24.62 mg/g for methylene blue dye. Within the same range of bed height, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 8.20 mg/g–15.00 mg/g for Bismarck brown Y dye, and 5.66 mg/g–14.86 mg/g for indigo dye. \u0000Conclusion: From the results obtained, it is clearly seen that methylene blue dye was the most adsorbed, while the indigo dye was the least adsorbed within the same flow rate and bed height ranges. In addition, the three classes of dyes used in these investigations, which represent Cationic, Anionic and Neutral dyes, can adsorb on to Cedrus libani (Elizabeth Leaf) at various degrees. Also, the amount of dye adsorbed is dependent on the flow rate and bed height within the range of experimental consideration. \u0000In each of the analyses, three different experiments were performed, and the mean values reported with their standard deviations.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"83 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80641953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boranes, despite their instability in nature, can be regarded as hydrocarbon relatives since a [BH] fragment corresponds to a carbon [C] skeletal element in terms of the number of valence electrons. The borane formula which can be expressed as BnHm usually appears in such a way that when (n) is even, then (m) is even and when (n) is odd, (m) is odd as well. Through the study of cluster series, it appears that the cluster number K which represents skeletal linkages is usually a whole number. This inherent characteristic confers unique order within borane clusters with nodal connectivity of 5 and the polyhedral nature of the borane clusters. The orderliness of the borane clusters is reflected by the ease of their categorization into clan series and their readily constructed geometrical isomeric structures. The cluster valence electrons can easily be calculated using one of the six recently discovered fundamental equations.
{"title":"Categorization of Boranes Into Clan Series","authors":"E. Kiremire, Ivan Lule","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p107","url":null,"abstract":"Boranes, despite their instability in nature, can be regarded as hydrocarbon relatives since a [BH] fragment corresponds to a carbon [C] skeletal element in terms of the number of valence electrons. The borane formula which can be expressed as BnHm usually appears in such a way that when (n) is even, then (m) is even and when (n) is odd, (m) is odd as well. Through the study of cluster series, it appears that the cluster number K which represents skeletal linkages is usually a whole number. This inherent characteristic confers unique order within borane clusters with nodal connectivity of 5 and the polyhedral nature of the borane clusters. The orderliness of the borane clusters is reflected by the ease of their categorization into clan series and their readily constructed geometrical isomeric structures. The cluster valence electrons can easily be calculated using one of the six recently discovered fundamental equations.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"92 1","pages":"107-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83799654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.1021/scimeetings.0c00202
I. Uwidia
Increased global demand for freshwater far exceeds the quantity available for human sustenance. Wastewater recycling processes are necessary and capable of producing large volumes of water for reuse. In this study, raw kitchen wastewater was analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological characteristics before and after biological treatment and sand-bed filtration. The results revealed a reduction in the mean values of the following parameters: turbidity (from 6.9 to 6 NTU, a 13.04% reduction), conductivity (365 to 311 µS/cm, a 14.79% reduction), total dissolved solids (141 to 121 mg/L, a 14.18% reduction), total suspended solids (5 to 2 mg/L, a 60% reduction), biochemical oxygen demand (5.5 to 1.82 mg/L, a 66.9% reduction), chemical oxygen demand (36 to 32 mg/L, an 11.11% reduction), and total bacterial count (286 x 10-4 to 16 x 10-4 CFU, a 94.41% reduction). The kitchen wastewater was suitable for non-potable reuse. Biological treatment and sand-bed filtration rendered the kitchen wastewater useful for secondary applications such as irrigation.
{"title":"Treatment of Kitchen Wastewater using Aerobic Biological Method and Sand-Bed Filtration","authors":"I. Uwidia","doi":"10.1021/scimeetings.0c00202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/scimeetings.0c00202","url":null,"abstract":"Increased global demand for freshwater far exceeds the quantity available for human sustenance. Wastewater recycling processes are necessary and capable of producing large volumes of water for reuse. In this study, raw kitchen wastewater was analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological characteristics before and after biological treatment and sand-bed filtration. The results revealed a reduction in the mean values of the following parameters: turbidity (from 6.9 to 6 NTU, a 13.04% reduction), conductivity (365 to 311 µS/cm, a 14.79% reduction), total dissolved solids (141 to 121 mg/L, a 14.18% reduction), total suspended solids (5 to 2 mg/L, a 60% reduction), biochemical oxygen demand (5.5 to 1.82 mg/L, a 66.9% reduction), chemical oxygen demand (36 to 32 mg/L, an 11.11% reduction), and total bacterial count (286 x 10-4 to 16 x 10-4 CFU, a 94.41% reduction). The kitchen wastewater was suitable for non-potable reuse. Biological treatment and sand-bed filtration rendered the kitchen wastewater useful for secondary applications such as irrigation.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77234376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.22159/ijcr.2020v4i2.104
Selmihan Şahin, Y. Demir, I. Ozmen
Objective: In the present work, protease was produced from Bacillus subtilis under solid-state fermentation (SSF). The effect of lyophilization with different additives on the activity of protease in an organic solvent and kineteci properties was investigated. Methods: Production conditions of protease (fermentation time, moisture level, initial pH, temperature) were optimized. After production, it was partially purified and then, lyophilized with different additives from an aqueous buffer solution containing 98% (w/w) of different additives (pumice, KCl, without additive) for 72 h after freezing in liquid nitrogen. After that, the effect of organic solvents (2.5% and 5% of DCM, ethanol, hexane, toluene) on these lyophilized protease preparations was determined and their kinetic properties were determined. Results: Optimum protease production was obtained with 40% of moisture level, at pH 7.5, 37 °C after 24 h fermentation. It was partially purified by using ammonium sulphate precipitation (20-80%) with 5.8-fold and specific activity of 38 U/mg and then dialysed with 6.4-fold and a specific activity of 35 U/mg. Co-lyophilization of protease with pumice and KCl was increased activity of an enzyme in aqueous organic solvents when compared lyophilized protease without additive. Used solvents, except DCM, were increased activity of lyophilized protease with pumice/KCl. It was found that the lyophilization with pumice and KCl resulted in an increasing in the catalytic efficiency, while it was decreased in Km and Vmax values. Conclusion: The obtained findings demonstrated that protease from B. subtilis can effectively be produced under SSF by using wheat bran and used in industrial applications because of showing improved activity in an organic solvent by co-lyophilization with pumice/KCl.
{"title":"a PRODUCTION OF PROTEASE FROM BACILLUS SUBTILIS UNDER SSF AND EFFECT OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON LYOPHILIZED PROTEASE PREPARATIONS","authors":"Selmihan Şahin, Y. Demir, I. Ozmen","doi":"10.22159/ijcr.2020v4i2.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcr.2020v4i2.104","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: In the present work, protease was produced from Bacillus subtilis under solid-state fermentation (SSF). The effect of lyophilization with different additives on the activity of protease in an organic solvent and kineteci properties was investigated. \u0000Methods: Production conditions of protease (fermentation time, moisture level, initial pH, temperature) were optimized. After production, it was partially purified and then, lyophilized with different additives from an aqueous buffer solution containing 98% (w/w) of different additives (pumice, KCl, without additive) for 72 h after freezing in liquid nitrogen. After that, the effect of organic solvents (2.5% and 5% of DCM, ethanol, hexane, toluene) on these lyophilized protease preparations was determined and their kinetic properties were determined. \u0000Results: Optimum protease production was obtained with 40% of moisture level, at pH 7.5, 37 °C after 24 h fermentation. It was partially purified by using ammonium sulphate precipitation (20-80%) with 5.8-fold and specific activity of 38 U/mg and then dialysed with 6.4-fold and a specific activity of 35 U/mg. Co-lyophilization of protease with pumice and KCl was increased activity of an enzyme in aqueous organic solvents when compared lyophilized protease without additive. Used solvents, except DCM, were increased activity of lyophilized protease with pumice/KCl. It was found that the lyophilization with pumice and KCl resulted in an increasing in the catalytic efficiency, while it was decreased in Km and Vmax values. \u0000Conclusion: The obtained findings demonstrated that protease from B. subtilis can effectively be produced under SSF by using wheat bran and used in industrial applications because of showing improved activity in an organic solvent by co-lyophilization with pumice/KCl.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75907030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A series of new quinoline derivatives (6-phenyl-6H-chromeno, [4,3-b] quinoline) have been prepared by using 4-chloro-2-phenyl-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde and various substituted nitroarenes as starting materials in the presence of Tin (II) chloride dihydrate and ethanol. The conversion in this synthesis involves the following steps (i) reduction of nitroarenes to anilines, (ii) Coupling of the anilines, chromene aldehydes (iii) Cyclization of resulting species and (iv) dehydration of cyclic intermediates. Several new quinolones have been prepared. We screened eight compounds of this novel series (6a-r) in three different cancer cell lines (B16F10, MCF7 and A549). The screened compounds showed moderate anticancer activity on two of the studied cell lines with best IC50 values of compound 6i (6.10±1.23 µM) and 6m (8.21±2.31 µM) on MCF7 cells. The selected compounds 6i and 6m led to morphological changes after treatment on MCF7 cell line. Interestingly, detailed studies suggested that the compounds 6i and 6m induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells in an oxidative stress independent manner without causing necrosis. In addition, we found destabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential behind the observed anticancer activity. Our results clearly indicate the promising anticancer potential of this novel series. This method is operationally simple and works with a diverse range of substrates.
{"title":"A Novel and Different Approach for the Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives Starting Directly from Nitroarenes and Their Evaluation as Anti-Cancer Agents","authors":"R. Sultana, Ravinder Reddy Tippanna","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v12n1p99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p99","url":null,"abstract":"A series of new quinoline derivatives (6-phenyl-6H-chromeno, [4,3-b] quinoline) have been prepared by using 4-chloro-2-phenyl-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde and various substituted nitroarenes as starting materials in the presence of Tin (II) chloride dihydrate and ethanol. The conversion in this synthesis involves the following steps (i) reduction of nitroarenes to anilines, (ii) Coupling of the anilines, chromene aldehydes (iii) Cyclization of resulting species and (iv) dehydration of cyclic intermediates. Several new quinolones have been prepared. We screened eight compounds of this novel series (6a-r) in three different cancer cell lines (B16F10, MCF7 and A549). The screened compounds showed moderate anticancer activity on two of the studied cell lines with best IC50 values of compound 6i (6.10±1.23 µM) and 6m (8.21±2.31 µM) on MCF7 cells. The selected compounds 6i and 6m led to morphological changes after treatment on MCF7 cell line. Interestingly, detailed studies suggested that the compounds 6i and 6m induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells in an oxidative stress independent manner without causing necrosis. In addition, we found destabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential behind the observed anticancer activity. Our results clearly indicate the promising anticancer potential of this novel series. This method is operationally simple and works with a diverse range of substrates.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"62 1","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77969323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.18488/journal.64.2020.81.1.14
Dessie Tibebe, F. Zewge, B. Lemma, Yezbie Kassa
Lake Ziway is shallow freshwater located in Northern part of Ethiopian Rift Valley. Expansions of the flower industry, widespread fisheries, intensive agricultural activities, fast population growth lead to deterioration of both water and sediment qualities and depletion of aquatic biota. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the internal nutrient load dynamics from the sediment. Nutrients in sediment samples were analyzed according to the standard procedures outlined in EPA, 1994 and phosphorus release rate were estimated with THE methods described in Steinman, et al. [3]. The results of sediment depth profile analyses showed that the mean concentrations of SRP, TP, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN were 27.7, 62, 5.28, 8.51 and 1733 mg/kg, respectively in dry season, and 21.2, 73, 7.99, 28.4, 24.2 and 1750 mg/kg, respectively in wet season. The values for all the studied nutrients distribution were higher at sediment top surface and decline with depth of the sediment profiles in most of the sampling sites and seasons. The results of the seasonal evaluation of phosphorus flux from lake sediments showed that sediments were sources of phosphorus. The findings from the current study indicate that internal sources of nutrients to Lake Ziway vary across time and space. Understanding this variation and internal nutrient load is important in developing mitigation and restoration strategies for the lake ecosystems.
{"title":"Analysis of Internal Nutrient Load Dynamics from the Sediment in Lake Ziway","authors":"Dessie Tibebe, F. Zewge, B. Lemma, Yezbie Kassa","doi":"10.18488/journal.64.2020.81.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.64.2020.81.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Ziway is shallow freshwater located in Northern part of Ethiopian Rift Valley. Expansions of the flower industry, widespread fisheries, intensive agricultural activities, fast population growth lead to deterioration of both water and sediment qualities and depletion of aquatic biota. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the internal nutrient load dynamics from the sediment. Nutrients in sediment samples were analyzed according to the standard procedures outlined in EPA, 1994 and phosphorus release rate were estimated with THE methods described in Steinman, et al. [3]. The results of sediment depth profile analyses showed that the mean concentrations of SRP, TP, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN were 27.7, 62, 5.28, 8.51 and 1733 mg/kg, respectively in dry season, and 21.2, 73, 7.99, 28.4, 24.2 and 1750 mg/kg, respectively in wet season. The values for all the studied nutrients distribution were higher at sediment top surface and decline with depth of the sediment profiles in most of the sampling sites and seasons. The results of the seasonal evaluation of phosphorus flux from lake sediments showed that sediments were sources of phosphorus. The findings from the current study indicate that internal sources of nutrients to Lake Ziway vary across time and space. Understanding this variation and internal nutrient load is important in developing mitigation and restoration strategies for the lake ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89196786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Problem based learning Model to improve the understanding Concept of Students prospective in Fractional Count","authors":"J. A. Sinaga","doi":"10.22161/ijcmp.4.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijcmp.4.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85723769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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