Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101296
Joseph Fugo, Nyemaga Masanje Malima, Eric Mutegoa, Mastan Rao Kotupalli
Exposure of metals to acidic environments has been a major source of corrosion, requiring immediate intervention. Consequently, there has been a huge interest in the use of hybrid composites as green corrosion inhibitors for high-strength steel. Herein, a hybrid composite inhibitor based on zinc and water hyacinth leaf extract (Zn/WHLE) was prepared and investigated for corrosion mitigation of high-strength steel pipeline in acidic media. The findings acquired from FTIR, SEM and EDX analyses confirmed the successful formation of the Zn/WHLE composite. Phytochemical screening of water hyacinth leaf extract revealed numerous inhibitive phytochemicals of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Corrosion inhibition experiments revealed an increase in the inhibition efficiency with the increasing amount of Zn/WHLE composite. Gravimetric measurements in 0.5 M HCl solution, yielded high inhibition efficiency of 90.29 % using 400 ppm of Zn/WHLE after 24 h of immersion. With the same inhibitor concentration, electrochemical studies offered maximum inhibition efficiency of 86.44 % and 82.91 % from potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance measurements respectively. The Tafel polarization studies demonstrated that the Zn/WHLE hybrid composite acted as a mixed-type of inhibitor by affecting both cathodic and anodic sites. The Gibbs free energy of adsorption obtained was −18.58 kJ/mol, indicating spontaneous and physical adsorption of the Zn/WHLE inhibitor on the steel surface. The adsorption of the Zn/WHLE inhibitor on the steel interface was found to obey the Langmuir isotherm model. Consequently, the findings of this work offers a promising environmental friendly solution to mitigate corrosion of high-strength steels during acid pickling.
金属暴露在酸性环境中是腐蚀的主要原因，需要立即干预。因此，人们对使用混杂复合材料作为高强度钢的绿色缓蚀剂产生了巨大的兴趣。本文制备了一种基于锌和水葫芦叶提取物的杂化复合缓蚀剂（Zn/WHLE），并对其在酸性介质中对高强钢管道的缓蚀作用进行了研究。FTIR、SEM和EDX分析结果证实了Zn/WHLE复合材料的成功形成。水葫芦叶提取物的植物化学筛选结果显示，水葫芦叶提取物含有大量的酚类、类黄酮、单宁和生物碱等具有抑制作用的植物化学物质。缓蚀实验表明，随着Zn/WHLE复合材料用量的增加，缓蚀效率提高。在0.5 M HCl溶液中，用400 ppm的Zn/WHLE溶液浸泡24 h后，抑制率达到90.29 %。在相同的阻垢剂浓度下，电化学研究结果表明，动电位极化和电化学阻抗测量的阻垢效率分别为86.44 %和82.91 %。Tafel极化研究表明，Zn/WHLE杂化复合材料同时影响阴极和阳极，是一种混合型抑制剂。得到的吉布斯吸附自由能（ΔGads）为−18.58 kJ/mol，表明Zn/WHLE抑制剂在钢表面进行了自发吸附和物理吸附。Zn/WHLE缓蚀剂在钢界面上的吸附符合Langmuir等温线模型。因此，这项工作的发现提供了一个有前途的环保解决方案，以减轻酸洗过程中高强度钢的腐蚀。
{"title":"Electrochemical and gravimetric evaluation of a Zn/water hyacinth leaf extract hybrid composite as a green inhibitor for high-strength steel in acidic environment","authors":"Joseph Fugo, Nyemaga Masanje Malima, Eric Mutegoa, Mastan Rao Kotupalli","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure of metals to acidic environments has been a major source of corrosion, requiring immediate intervention. Consequently, there has been a huge interest in the use of hybrid composites as green corrosion inhibitors for high-strength steel. Herein, a hybrid composite inhibitor based on zinc and water hyacinth leaf extract (Zn/WHLE) was prepared and investigated for corrosion mitigation of high-strength steel pipeline in acidic media. The findings acquired from FTIR, SEM and EDX analyses confirmed the successful formation of the Zn/WHLE composite. Phytochemical screening of water hyacinth leaf extract revealed numerous inhibitive phytochemicals of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Corrosion inhibition experiments revealed an increase in the inhibition efficiency with the increasing amount of Zn/WHLE composite. Gravimetric measurements in 0.5 M HCl solution, yielded high inhibition efficiency of 90.29 % using 400 ppm of Zn/WHLE after 24 h of immersion. With the same inhibitor concentration, electrochemical studies offered maximum inhibition efficiency of 86.44 % and 82.91 % from potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance measurements respectively. The Tafel polarization studies demonstrated that the Zn/WHLE hybrid composite acted as a mixed-type of inhibitor by affecting both cathodic and anodic sites. The Gibbs free energy of adsorption <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> obtained was −18.58 kJ/mol, indicating spontaneous and physical adsorption of the Zn/WHLE inhibitor on the steel surface. The adsorption of the Zn/WHLE inhibitor on the steel interface was found to obey the Langmuir isotherm model. Consequently, the findings of this work offers a promising environmental friendly solution to mitigate corrosion of high-strength steels during acid pickling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 3","pages":"Article 101296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-velocity multiphase flow containing dissolved oxygen and chloride ions leads to severe frictional loss and corrosion degradation in hollow fountain nozzles. To enhance flow-channel performance, titanium carbonitride (TiCN, T1) and diamond-like carbon (DLC, T2) coatings were deposited on 304 stainless steel using multi-arc ion plating with a graded Ti/TiN/TiCN transition layer. Structural, surface, and interface properties were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and 3D profilometry, while corrosion resistance in ASTM D1141 simulated seawater was evaluated via potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. ANSYS Fluent simulations were further employed to assess coating-induced flow improvements. The DLC coating demonstrated a higher sp³ fraction (ID/IG =0.5), significantly smoother morphology (Ra≈42.5 nm), and the best corrosion resistance, with a corrosion current density of 0.12 μA/cm² and a charge-transfer resistance of 13230 Ω·cm². Numerical analysis confirmed that the DLC-coated surface effectively suppressed near-wall turbulence, stabilized the high-velocity jet core, and reduced gas–liquid mixing.Overall, DLC achieved a synergistic combination of “ultra-low friction” and “high corrosion resistance,” providing a promising and durable surface-engineering solution for improving jet stability and prolonging the service life of fountain nozzles and related hydraulic components.
{"title":"Investigation of the corrosion stability of TiCN and diamond-like carbon(DLC) coatings on 304 stainless steel in simulated seawater: Electrochemical and numerical studies","authors":"Yihong Zhao, Zhou Jiang, Rongfa Chen, Zhiqiang Tang, Xinhao Sun, Zesen Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-velocity multiphase flow containing dissolved oxygen and chloride ions leads to severe frictional loss and corrosion degradation in hollow fountain nozzles. To enhance flow-channel performance, titanium carbonitride (TiCN, T1) and diamond-like carbon (DLC, T2) coatings were deposited on 304 stainless steel using multi-arc ion plating with a graded Ti/TiN/TiCN transition layer. Structural, surface, and interface properties were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and 3D profilometry, while corrosion resistance in ASTM D1141 simulated seawater was evaluated via potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. ANSYS Fluent simulations were further employed to assess coating-induced flow improvements. The DLC coating demonstrated a higher sp³ fraction (I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> =0.5), significantly smoother morphology (Ra≈42.5 nm), and the best corrosion resistance, with a corrosion current density of 0.12 μA/cm² and a charge-transfer resistance of 13230 Ω·cm². Numerical analysis confirmed that the DLC-coated surface effectively suppressed near-wall turbulence, stabilized the high-velocity jet core, and reduced gas–liquid mixing.Overall, DLC achieved a synergistic combination of “ultra-low friction” and “high corrosion resistance,” providing a promising and durable surface-engineering solution for improving jet stability and prolonging the service life of fountain nozzles and related hydraulic components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 3","pages":"Article 101295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study details the fabrication of a carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) modified with a polydopamine thin film decorated by copper star-shaped nanoparticles (StCu@PDA-CCE) and its application for ethanol fuel cell and sensing. The polydopamine layer electrodeposited by copper nanostars formed on the surface of the CCE and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrocatalytic performance of the modified electrode toward ethanol oxidation was investigated in an acidic medium via cyclic voltammetry. The modified CCE demonstrated a low ethanol oxidation potential of approximately 0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for use as the anode in direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), evidenced by a significantly reduced overpotential. Additionally, a linear calibration curve was obtained for ethanol in the concentration range of 0.02–0.30 mM using square wave voltammetry, with a detection limit of 5.9 µM.
{"title":"Polydopamine/Copper nanostars-modified carbon ceramic electrode for enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation and sensitive detection of ethanol","authors":"Tahereh Rohani, Amirkhosro Beheshti-Marnani, Reza Dehghanian","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study details the fabrication of a carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) modified with a polydopamine thin film decorated by copper star-shaped nanoparticles (StCu@PDA-CCE) and its application for ethanol fuel cell and sensing. The polydopamine layer electrodeposited by copper nanostars formed on the surface of the CCE and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrocatalytic performance of the modified electrode toward ethanol oxidation was investigated in an acidic medium via cyclic voltammetry. The modified CCE demonstrated a low ethanol oxidation potential of approximately 0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for use as the anode in direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), evidenced by a significantly reduced overpotential. Additionally, a linear calibration curve was obtained for ethanol in the concentration range of 0.02–0.30 mM using square wave voltammetry, with a detection limit of 5.9 µM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 2","pages":"Article 101284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101283
Li Jin , Ertao Lei , Junkun Zhang , Kai Ma , Quanhui Li , Xiaoxue Yan , Feng Li
In recent years, with the rapid development of the new energy industry, the scale of new energy storage facilities centered around lithium-ion batteries has continued to climb. Additionally, there have been several significant safety incidents in energy storage power plants across the globe in recent years, raising concerns for the industry. It is worth noting that the widely used traditional Battery Management Systems (BMS) can only detect the structural integrity and physical parameter abnormalities of the battery, which has obvious monitoring limitations and cannot detect condensation inside of the battery pack. In this paper, we propose an Edge Aware Instance Segmentation Network (EAIS-Net) based on the visual features of condensation inside of battery packs. Specifically, the proposed EAIS-Net is used to enhance the perception ability of condensation phenomenon in battery images, and its core components is the Edge Perception Module (EPM). EPM is committed to enhancing the blurred edge structure of condensation on the surface of battery cell caused by factors such as light exposure and scattering, highlighting the edge characteristics of condensation. The proposed algorithm can provide early warning for energy storage power plants, and experimental results show that the proposed network is superior to other advanced algorithms.
{"title":"Design of a visual detection algorithm for condensation inside energy-storage lithium-ion battery packs","authors":"Li Jin , Ertao Lei , Junkun Zhang , Kai Ma , Quanhui Li , Xiaoxue Yan , Feng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, with the rapid development of the new energy industry, the scale of new energy storage facilities centered around lithium-ion batteries has continued to climb. Additionally, there have been several significant safety incidents in energy storage power plants across the globe in recent years, raising concerns for the industry. It is worth noting that the widely used traditional Battery Management Systems (BMS) can only detect the structural integrity and physical parameter abnormalities of the battery, which has obvious monitoring limitations and cannot detect condensation inside of the battery pack. In this paper, we propose an Edge Aware Instance Segmentation Network (EAIS-Net) based on the visual features of condensation inside of battery packs. Specifically, the proposed EAIS-Net is used to enhance the perception ability of condensation phenomenon in battery images, and its core components is the Edge Perception Module (EPM). EPM is committed to enhancing the blurred edge structure of condensation on the surface of battery cell caused by factors such as light exposure and scattering, highlighting the edge characteristics of condensation. The proposed algorithm can provide early warning for energy storage power plants, and experimental results show that the proposed network is superior to other advanced algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 2","pages":"Article 101283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101280
Lunxiang Li , Xiaojun Xue , Haitao Qu , Feng Liu , Liqian Liu , Xiaoyong Chen , Ruize Xu
This study aims to enhance the corrosion resistance of Ni50 laser-clad coatings in high-concentration brine. The effects of molybdenum (Mo) addition at varying concentrations (2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%) on the microstructure, phase composition, and electrochemical corrosion behavior were systematically investigated. Results indicate that the phase composition primarily consists of γ-Ni solid solution with dispersed carbides and borides. Increasing Mo content enhances solid solution strengthening and friction coefficient. At 4 wt% Mo, the coating achieves peak hardness and optimal wear resistance. Crucially, elevated Mo content significantly improves corrosion resistance, with 6 wt% Mo exhibiting the optimal performance. XPS analysis confirms that Mo incorporation facilitates the formation of multivalent molybdenum oxides (MoO₂/MoO₃), reduces passive film defect density, and enhances its physical barrier properties and stability. This mechanism substantially improves the corrosion resistance of the coating in high-concentration brine.
{"title":"Corrosion resistance of molybdenum-modified Ni-50 laser-clad coatings on 45# steel in concentrated brine","authors":"Lunxiang Li , Xiaojun Xue , Haitao Qu , Feng Liu , Liqian Liu , Xiaoyong Chen , Ruize Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to enhance the corrosion resistance of Ni50 laser-clad coatings in high-concentration brine. The effects of molybdenum (Mo) addition at varying concentrations (2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%) on the microstructure, phase composition, and electrochemical corrosion behavior were systematically investigated. Results indicate that the phase composition primarily consists of γ-Ni solid solution with dispersed carbides and borides. Increasing Mo content enhances solid solution strengthening and friction coefficient. At 4 wt% Mo, the coating achieves peak hardness and optimal wear resistance. Crucially, elevated Mo content significantly improves corrosion resistance, with 6 wt% Mo exhibiting the optimal performance. XPS analysis confirms that Mo incorporation facilitates the formation of multivalent molybdenum oxides (MoO₂/MoO₃), reduces passive film defect density, and enhances its physical barrier properties and stability. This mechanism substantially improves the corrosion resistance of the coating in high-concentration brine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 2","pages":"Article 101280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101279
Jie Pan , Xi Huang , Haojun Jiang , Kun Cao
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoylamide (HNA) was investigated in a 1 mol·L−1 hydrochloric acid solution using various techniques, including weight loss test, polarization curve analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical test revealed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency showed a gradual increase with increasing concentration, and achieved maximum inhibitory efficiencies of 94 % at a concentration of 10 mmol·L−1. HNA acted as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitors, primarily inhibiting anodic metal dissolution. The surface analysis of carbon steel using SEM, AFM, and XPS confirmed that the corrosion inhibitors adsorbed onto the metal surface, effectively separating the corrosion medium. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, further supporting their adsorption behavior on the metal surface.
{"title":"3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoylamide as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl","authors":"Jie Pan , Xi Huang , Haojun Jiang , Kun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoylamide (HNA) was investigated in a 1 mol·L<sup>−1</sup> hydrochloric acid solution using various techniques, including weight loss test, polarization curve analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical test revealed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency showed a gradual increase with increasing concentration, and achieved maximum inhibitory efficiencies of 94 % at a concentration of 10 mmol·L<sup>−1</sup>. HNA acted as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitors, primarily inhibiting anodic metal dissolution. The surface analysis of carbon steel using SEM, AFM, and XPS confirmed that the corrosion inhibitors adsorbed onto the metal surface, effectively separating the corrosion medium. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, further supporting their adsorption behavior on the metal surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 2","pages":"Article 101279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101281
Yongxiang Zhang , Ye Zhang
The integrity of competitive sports is perpetually challenged by the illicit use of performance-enhancing drugs. While laboratory-based methods like mass spectrometry represent the gold standard for confirmatory analysis, their inherent limitations in terms of cost, complexity, and turnaround time preclude their use for widespread, on-site screening. Electrochemical sensors have emerged as a powerful alternative, offering the potential for rapid, portable, and low-cost detection. This paradigm shift has been significantly accelerated by the advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials, whose unique physicochemical properties provide an ideal platform for developing next-generation sensing devices. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the application of 2D materials, including the graphene family, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and MXenes, in electrochemical sensors for detecting various classes of doping agents. Representative 2D-material-based platforms already achieve figures of merit compatible with anti-doping requirements, with rGO/CTAB-modified electrodes detecting testosterone down to 0.1 nM in urine and blood, MXene Ti₃C₂Tₓ–Fe₂O₃ aptasensors reaching limits of detection as low as 1.53 pg/mL across clinically relevant concentration ranges, and graphene-based stimulant sensors delivering stable electrochemical readouts from complex samples within tens of seconds to a few minutes. We critically examine the core arguments, controversies, and supporting evidence surrounding the performance of each material class, focusing on the intrinsic trade-offs between conductivity, functionalizability, and environmental stability. Furthermore, we delve into the overarching challenges that impede the transition from laboratory prototypes to field-deployable devices, namely the difficulties in scalable and reproducible material synthesis, the pervasive issue of biofouling in complex biological matrices, and the imperative for achieving high selectivity. Strategic solutions, including advanced surface modification techniques and the integration of specific molecular recognition elements like aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers, are discussed in detail. Finally, we explore the future trajectory of the field, highlighting the integration of 2D material sensors into advanced systems such as wearable devices and microfluidic platforms, the development of multiplexed sensor arrays for simultaneous multi-analyte detection, and the transformative role of machine learning in processing complex sensor data to deliver actionable insights. The convergence of these technologies promises to revolutionize anti-doping enforcement, shifting the paradigm from reactive, post-competition testing to proactive, continuous monitoring to safeguard the health of athletes and ensure fair play.
{"title":"Applications and challenges of graphene, MXenes, and transition metal dichalcogenides in electrochemical sensors for doping detection","authors":"Yongxiang Zhang , Ye Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2026.101281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integrity of competitive sports is perpetually challenged by the illicit use of performance-enhancing drugs. While laboratory-based methods like mass spectrometry represent the gold standard for confirmatory analysis, their inherent limitations in terms of cost, complexity, and turnaround time preclude their use for widespread, on-site screening. Electrochemical sensors have emerged as a powerful alternative, offering the potential for rapid, portable, and low-cost detection. This paradigm shift has been significantly accelerated by the advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials, whose unique physicochemical properties provide an ideal platform for developing next-generation sensing devices. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the application of 2D materials, including the graphene family, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and MXenes, in electrochemical sensors for detecting various classes of doping agents. Representative 2D-material-based platforms already achieve figures of merit compatible with anti-doping requirements, with rGO/CTAB-modified electrodes detecting testosterone down to 0.1 nM in urine and blood, MXene Ti₃C₂Tₓ–Fe₂O₃ aptasensors reaching limits of detection as low as 1.53 pg/mL across clinically relevant concentration ranges, and graphene-based stimulant sensors delivering stable electrochemical readouts from complex samples within tens of seconds to a few minutes. We critically examine the core arguments, controversies, and supporting evidence surrounding the performance of each material class, focusing on the intrinsic trade-offs between conductivity, functionalizability, and environmental stability. Furthermore, we delve into the overarching challenges that impede the transition from laboratory prototypes to field-deployable devices, namely the difficulties in scalable and reproducible material synthesis, the pervasive issue of biofouling in complex biological matrices, and the imperative for achieving high selectivity. Strategic solutions, including advanced surface modification techniques and the integration of specific molecular recognition elements like aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers, are discussed in detail. Finally, we explore the future trajectory of the field, highlighting the integration of 2D material sensors into advanced systems such as wearable devices and microfluidic platforms, the development of multiplexed sensor arrays for simultaneous multi-analyte detection, and the transformative role of machine learning in processing complex sensor data to deliver actionable insights. The convergence of these technologies promises to revolutionize anti-doping enforcement, shifting the paradigm from reactive, post-competition testing to proactive, continuous monitoring to safeguard the health of athletes and ensure fair play.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 2","pages":"Article 101281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101276
Hao Yu , Hao Zhang , Yesheng Huang , Chang Liu , Haoyu Wu , Pan Yi , Jin Gao , Kui Xiao
To investigate the aging failure mechanism of epoxy Zn-Al composite coatings on steel grid supports in industrial marine environments, the corrosion conditions of “high Cl⁻ + high concentrations of industrial acid gases + alternating wet-dry cycles” in the Caofeidian Port Area of Bohai Bay were taken as the testing background. A salt spray/wet-dry alternating cycle test combined with outdoor exposure testing was adopted. Coating performance and morphological evolution were analyzed via thickness measurements, adhesion tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), 3D laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results indicate a three-stage failure progression: Initial protective stage (Cycles 0–3): The coating remains dense and smooth with minimal color change, gradual thickness increase, and high adhesion. EIS results show |Z| at 0.01 Hz is approximately 10⁸–10⁹ Ω·cm², demonstrating a significant physical barrier function. Localized failure stage (4 cycles): Localized rust spots appear on the coating surface, thickness growth accelerates, adhesion decreases abruptly, |Z| at 0.01 Hz drops to 10⁷ Ω·cm², and the penetration of corrosive media triggers Zn dissolution. Expanded failure stage (≥5 cycles): Corrosion spots expand, the contents of Zn and Al decrease sharply, Fe and O are enriched, |Z| at 0.01 Hz reaches 10⁶ Ω·cm², the coating blisters and peels off, leading to complete failure. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing protection strategies in industrial marine environments.
{"title":"Failure mechanism of epoxy Zn–Al composite coatings on Q235 steel in industrial marine environments","authors":"Hao Yu , Hao Zhang , Yesheng Huang , Chang Liu , Haoyu Wu , Pan Yi , Jin Gao , Kui Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the aging failure mechanism of epoxy Zn-Al composite coatings on steel grid supports in industrial marine environments, the corrosion conditions of “high Cl⁻ + high concentrations of industrial acid gases + alternating wet-dry cycles” in the Caofeidian Port Area of Bohai Bay were taken as the testing background. A salt spray/wet-dry alternating cycle test combined with outdoor exposure testing was adopted. Coating performance and morphological evolution were analyzed via thickness measurements, adhesion tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), 3D laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results indicate a three-stage failure progression: Initial protective stage (Cycles 0–3): The coating remains dense and smooth with minimal color change, gradual thickness increase, and high adhesion. EIS results show |Z| at 0.01 Hz is approximately 10⁸–10⁹ Ω·cm², demonstrating a significant physical barrier function. Localized failure stage (4 cycles): Localized rust spots appear on the coating surface, thickness growth accelerates, adhesion decreases abruptly, |Z| at 0.01 Hz drops to 10⁷ Ω·cm², and the penetration of corrosive media triggers Zn dissolution. Expanded failure stage (≥5 cycles): Corrosion spots expand, the contents of Zn and Al decrease sharply, Fe and O are enriched, |Z| at 0.01 Hz reaches 10⁶ Ω·cm², the coating blisters and peels off, leading to complete failure. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing protection strategies in industrial marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"21 3","pages":"Article 101276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101274
Ihsan ulhaq Toor
The emerging field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has opened new frontiers in corrosion science, particularly in the design, screening and performance prediction of corrosion inhibitors. Traditional experimental and quantum chemical approaches, while reliable, are often time-consuming and limited by empirical correlations. AI and ML driven models now offer a data-intensive alternative capable of predicting inhibitor efficiency, adsorption behavior, and electrochemical response with remarkable precision. Here in this study, recent progress in applying AI and ML algorithms such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, and deep learning frameworks to predict corrosion inhibition efficiency, adsorption mechanisms, and electrochemical parameters derived from potentiodynamic and impedance measurements are critically examined. The study reviews the data foundation essential for AI workflows including quantum, electrochemical, and image-based descriptors along with classical (SVR, RF, ANN), deep-learning (3L-DMPNN, ChemBERTa), and hybrid quantum ML architectures for inhibition efficiency prediction. Emerging generative models like MoIGPT have demonstrated the ability to design molecules conditioned on factors such as performance and toxicity. Meanwhile, integrated AI Electrochemistry pipelines connect machine learning predictions directly to experimental validation through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Despite remarkable advances, challenges remain in data standardization, model interpretability, scalability, and sustainability. Addressing these bottlenecks through FAIR data infrastructure, explainable and trustworthy AI, and green computational practices, will be critical for realizing the long-term vision of fully autonomous, eco-conscious, and self-optimizing corrosion-management ecosystems.
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