Pub Date : 2025-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101217
Jiang Xia , Li Xin , Zhao Dongni
The performance of supercapacitors largely depends on the characteristics of electrode materials. Among various electrode materials, iron oxide has been widely used as an electrode material for supercapacitors. However, iron oxide still has problems of low stability and poor conductivity, which seriously hinders its application as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. To solve these problems, one approach is to use carbon materials with good mechanical and electrical conductivity as the carbon skeleton of composite electrode materials and combine them with iron oxide of different crystal structures to obtain composite supercapacitor electrode materials with excellent electrochemical performance. Based on the introduction of the structure and properties of ferrite compounds, this paper comprehensively reviews the preparation methods of iron-based/carbon composite electrode materials. In addition, based on different micro-space dimensional structures, the research progress of iron-based/carbon composite electrode materials in supercapacitors is summarized, and the problems in their application process are pointed out. This comprehensive summary will help promote the research and development of high-performance supercapacitors based on iron-based electrode materials.
{"title":"Recent advances in iron oxide/carbon composite electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors","authors":"Jiang Xia , Li Xin , Zhao Dongni","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of supercapacitors largely depends on the characteristics of electrode materials. Among various electrode materials, iron oxide has been widely used as an electrode material for supercapacitors. However, iron oxide still has problems of low stability and poor conductivity, which seriously hinders its application as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. To solve these problems, one approach is to use carbon materials with good mechanical and electrical conductivity as the carbon skeleton of composite electrode materials and combine them with iron oxide of different crystal structures to obtain composite supercapacitor electrode materials with excellent electrochemical performance. Based on the introduction of the structure and properties of ferrite compounds, this paper comprehensively reviews the preparation methods of iron-based/carbon composite electrode materials. In addition, based on different micro-space dimensional structures, the research progress of iron-based/carbon composite electrode materials in supercapacitors is summarized, and the problems in their application process are pointed out. This comprehensive summary will help promote the research and development of high-performance supercapacitors based on iron-based electrode materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 12","pages":"Article 101217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101216
Cheng-Tang Pan , Yu-Hsiu Lin , Yi-Hsuan Liu , Ming-Chan Lee
Non-uniform copper surface roughness in semiconductor manufacturing causes false Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) signals, necessitating manual re-inspection and reducing production efficiency. This study aims to optimize electroplating processes to improve surface quality and reduce labor dependence by systematically investigating the effects of critical process parameters. Uniform Design (UD) was employed to establish the experimental framework, examining the influence of current density, production time limitation (Q-Time), and plating thickness on electroplating quality. A Kriging-based Response Surface Method (K-RSM) integrated with Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied for process optimization, followed by experimental validation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) assessed the contribution of each factor to surface uniformity. Results demonstrated that optimal parameters—current density of 9 A/dm², Q-Time of 1 h, and plating thickness of 5.7 μm—achieved 17.48 % improvement in surface roughness uniformity and 23.33 % reduction in manual re-inspection rates after AOI. Current density exhibited the most significant influence on surface quality. The proposed methodology provides a systematic and reproducible approach for electroplating process optimization, effectively enhancing manufacturing reliability while minimizing labor costs in semiconductor production.
{"title":"Optimization of electroplating processes using Kriging-based response surface method (K-RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) for enhanced surface uniformity of copper","authors":"Cheng-Tang Pan , Yu-Hsiu Lin , Yi-Hsuan Liu , Ming-Chan Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-uniform copper surface roughness in semiconductor manufacturing causes false Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) signals, necessitating manual re-inspection and reducing production efficiency. This study aims to optimize electroplating processes to improve surface quality and reduce labor dependence by systematically investigating the effects of critical process parameters. Uniform Design (UD) was employed to establish the experimental framework, examining the influence of current density, production time limitation (Q-Time), and plating thickness on electroplating quality. A Kriging-based Response Surface Method (K-RSM) integrated with Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied for process optimization, followed by experimental validation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) assessed the contribution of each factor to surface uniformity. Results demonstrated that optimal parameters—current density of 9 A/dm², Q-Time of 1 h, and plating thickness of 5.7 μm—achieved 17.48 % improvement in surface roughness uniformity and 23.33 % reduction in manual re-inspection rates after AOI. Current density exhibited the most significant influence on surface quality. The proposed methodology provides a systematic and reproducible approach for electroplating process optimization, effectively enhancing manufacturing reliability while minimizing labor costs in semiconductor production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 12","pages":"Article 101216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) show great promise for applications in smart grid energy storage, power tools, and other fields. Among various cathode materials, Co₃O₄ stands out as an ideal candidate. However, while many studies have focused on the synthesis, design, and doping of cathode materials, the influence of synthesis parameters such as hydrothermal reaction time on morphology and electrochemical performance has been less explored. In this study, Co₃O₄/CC cathode materials were fabricated on carbon cloth via hydrothermal reactions with different durations: 3, 4, 6, and 8 h. The electrode synthesized over 8 h exhibited the best battery performance. It featured uniformly distributed Co₃O₄ nanowires with a regular surface and small dimensions on the carbon cloth. The corresponding Zn-ion battery demonstrated excellent rate capability and low reaction resistance. Within a voltage window of 0.01–2.2 V, the initial discharge specific capacity reached 108.2 mAh/g at a current density of 1 A/g. After 60 charge–discharge cycles, the specific capacity increased to 142.6 mAh/g, indicating good cycling stability. This work provides optimized hydrothermal reaction conditions for preparing high-performance Co₃O₄ cathodes for zinc-ion batteries.
水性锌离子电池（azib）在智能电网储能、电动工具和其他领域的应用前景广阔。在各种阴极材料中，Co₃O₄是理想的候选者。然而，虽然许多研究都集中在正极材料的合成、设计和掺杂方面，但对水热反应时间等合成参数对阴极材料形貌和电化学性能的影响研究较少。在碳布上通过水热反应制备了Co₃O₄/CC正极材料，反应时间分别为3、4、6、8 h。在8 h以上合成的电极表现出最佳的电池性能。它的特点是均匀分布的Co₃O₄纳米线，表面规则，碳布上的尺寸小。相应的锌离子电池表现出优异的倍率性能和较低的反应电阻。在0.01 ~ 2.2 V的电压窗口内，电流密度为1 a /g时，初始放电比容量达到108.2 mAh/g。经过60次充放电循环后，比容量增加到142.6 mAh/g，具有良好的循环稳定性。为制备高性能Co₃O₄锌离子电池阴极提供了优化的水热反应条件。
{"title":"Effect of reaction time on the morphology and electrochemical performance of Co₃O₄/Carbon cloth cathodes for zinc-ion batteries","authors":"Kefan Wu, Zhe Wang, Yujia Wang, Ying Ma, Tianran Lin, Youfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) show great promise for applications in smart grid energy storage, power tools, and other fields. Among various cathode materials, Co₃O₄ stands out as an ideal candidate. However, while many studies have focused on the synthesis, design, and doping of cathode materials, the influence of synthesis parameters such as hydrothermal reaction time on morphology and electrochemical performance has been less explored. In this study, Co₃O₄/CC cathode materials were fabricated on carbon cloth via hydrothermal reactions with different durations: 3, 4, 6, and 8 h. The electrode synthesized over 8 h exhibited the best battery performance. It featured uniformly distributed Co₃O₄ nanowires with a regular surface and small dimensions on the carbon cloth. The corresponding Zn-ion battery demonstrated excellent rate capability and low reaction resistance. Within a voltage window of 0.01–2.2 V, the initial discharge specific capacity reached 108.2 mAh/g at a current density of 1 A/g. After 60 charge–discharge cycles, the specific capacity increased to 142.6 mAh/g, indicating good cycling stability. This work provides optimized hydrothermal reaction conditions for preparing high-performance Co₃O₄ cathodes for zinc-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 12","pages":"Article 101215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101214
Qianqian Wang
Corrosion of steel and other construction metals represents a critical threat to infrastructure durability, and recent advances in nanotechnology have inspired a new generation of protective coatings with superior performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of electrochemical methods used to evaluate nanocoatings (nanostructured coatings and nano-additive-modified coatings) and highlights how different classes of nanoscale materials improve corrosion resistance. Techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance, and localized probes not only quantify reductions in corrosion current and increases in charge-transfer resistance, but also clarify the mechanisms by which nanostructured additives function. Inorganic nanoparticles such as silica, titania, and ceria enhance barrier density and adhesion, while layered clays and double hydroxides impart both tortuous diffusion paths and inhibitor release capability. Carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes, offer unique two-dimensional or fibrous architectures that create highly effective barriers, though their long-term behavior depends strongly on dispersion, orientation, and defect control. Conductive polymers and hybrid composites integrate active passivation with structural reinforcement, and self-healing nanocontainer systems demonstrate the ability to autonomously restore protection at damaged sites. By comparing diverse strategies, this review emphasizes the interplay between barrier effects, active inhibition, and mechanical reinforcement, while also recognizing the challenges of durability, scalability, and environmental safety. Overall, electrochemical insights have advanced both the understanding and optimization of nanocoatings, guiding the design of multifunctional systems that can extend service life and reduce maintenance costs for critical infrastructure.
{"title":"Electrochemical evaluation of nanostructured coatings for corrosion protection of structural metals","authors":"Qianqian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrosion of steel and other construction metals represents a critical threat to infrastructure durability, and recent advances in nanotechnology have inspired a new generation of protective coatings with superior performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of electrochemical methods used to evaluate nanocoatings (nanostructured coatings and nano-additive-modified coatings) and highlights how different classes of nanoscale materials improve corrosion resistance. Techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance, and localized probes not only quantify reductions in corrosion current and increases in charge-transfer resistance, but also clarify the mechanisms by which nanostructured additives function. Inorganic nanoparticles such as silica, titania, and ceria enhance barrier density and adhesion, while layered clays and double hydroxides impart both tortuous diffusion paths and inhibitor release capability. Carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes, offer unique two-dimensional or fibrous architectures that create highly effective barriers, though their long-term behavior depends strongly on dispersion, orientation, and defect control. Conductive polymers and hybrid composites integrate active passivation with structural reinforcement, and self-healing nanocontainer systems demonstrate the ability to autonomously restore protection at damaged sites. By comparing diverse strategies, this review emphasizes the interplay between barrier effects, active inhibition, and mechanical reinforcement, while also recognizing the challenges of durability, scalability, and environmental safety. Overall, electrochemical insights have advanced both the understanding and optimization of nanocoatings, guiding the design of multifunctional systems that can extend service life and reduce maintenance costs for critical infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 12","pages":"Article 101214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101211
Akotto Achiepo Gaetan , Briton Bi Gouessé Henri , Ngoma Tsaty Veronique junior , Yao Kouassi Benjamin , Drogui Patrick
The simultaneous oxidation of four PhCs (Carbamazepine (CBZ), Caffeine (CAF), Ibuprofen (IBU), and Diclofenac (DFC)) has been investigated by electrochemical oxidation process using Ti/IrO2 and Nb/BDD anode electrodes, respectively. The initial concentration of each PhCs was 69 µg/L. The effectiveness of the electro-oxidation process was due to its capability of oxidizing PhCs at the anode surface and in solution. A factorial experimental design was used for determining the influent parameters on the PhCs degradation. Four factors were investigated: supporting electrolyte concentration, current density, period of electrolysis and anode type. Anode type and treatment time were the most influent parameters on the electrochemical degradation of pollutants. By using a 24 factorial design, the best performance for PhCs degradation (more than 99 % of each PhC removed) was obtained by using boron doped diamond anode electrode (BDD) operated at a current density of 5.24 mA/cm2 during 70 min of period treatment time in the presence of 1.0 g Na2SO4/L. However, the period of treatment time could be five times reduced (to simultaneously remove around 100 % of each PhC) while using NaCl as supporting electrolyte (instead of Na2SO4). This was mainly attributed to the combination of direct and indirect effect of electrolysis, more effective in the case of NaCl used as supporting electrolyte compared to Na2SO4. The direct effect of electrolysis contributed to oxidize 40–80 % of PhCs (namely for DFC, IBU and CAF), whereas more than 99 % of CBZ could be oxidized owing to the sole direct effect of electrolysis.
{"title":"Electrochemical oxidation of four pharmaceutical pollutants using Ti/IrO2 and Nb/BDD anodes: Application of factorial design methodology","authors":"Akotto Achiepo Gaetan , Briton Bi Gouessé Henri , Ngoma Tsaty Veronique junior , Yao Kouassi Benjamin , Drogui Patrick","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The simultaneous oxidation of four PhCs (Carbamazepine (CBZ), Caffeine (CAF), Ibuprofen (IBU), and Diclofenac (DFC)) has been investigated by electrochemical oxidation process using Ti/IrO<sub>2</sub> and Nb/BDD anode electrodes, respectively. The initial concentration of each PhCs was 69 µg/L. The effectiveness of the electro-oxidation process was due to its capability of oxidizing PhCs at the anode surface and in solution. A factorial experimental design was used for determining the influent parameters on the PhCs degradation. Four factors were investigated: supporting electrolyte concentration, current density, period of electrolysis and anode type. Anode type and treatment time were the most influent parameters on the electrochemical degradation of pollutants. By using a 2<sup>4</sup> factorial design, the best performance for PhCs degradation (more than 99 % of each PhC removed) was obtained by using boron doped diamond anode electrode (BDD) operated at a current density of 5.24 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> during 70 min of period treatment time in the presence of 1.0 g Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/L. However, the period of treatment time could be five times reduced (to simultaneously remove around 100 % of each PhC) while using NaCl as supporting electrolyte (instead of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). This was mainly attributed to the combination of direct and indirect effect of electrolysis, more effective in the case of NaCl used as supporting electrolyte compared to Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. The direct effect of electrolysis contributed to oxidize 40–80 % of PhCs (namely for DFC, IBU and CAF), whereas more than 99 % of CBZ could be oxidized owing to the sole direct effect of electrolysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 12","pages":"Article 101211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101213
Weiye Hu , Yanliang Li , Xiaoyun Hu , Yongbin Zeng
Although laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibits significant advantages in forming complex structures, its application in precision engineering is severely constrained by poor surface quality. This study aims to enhance the surface quality of LPBF-fabricated Hastelloy X through electrochemical polishing (ECP) using eco-friendly NaCl-aqueous and NaCl-ethylene glycol (NaCl-EG) electrolytes. The effects of electrolyte composition and current density on electrochemical dissolution behavior were experimentally investigated. ECP parameters were optimized through a comprehensive evaluation of surface roughness, material removal rate (MRR), and thickness reduction. The results indicate that the formation of a supersaturated salt film in the NaCl-EG electrolyte can suppress the uneven dissolution of carbides and matrix, but its improvement on roughness is limited. Compared with the NaCl-EG electrolyte, the NaCl-aqueous electrolyte achieves comparable surface roughness while increasing the MRR by at least 336.21 %. Furthermore, to address the challenge of polishing internal cavity surfaces of LPBF parts, a conformal tool electrode design strategy is proposed. Through this approach, partially melted particles on the inner surface of curved channels were successfully removed, reducing the surface roughness Sa from 7.16 to 11.91 μm to 1.63–1.95 μm. This extends the application potential of ECP for polishing complex internal channels in LPBF components.
{"title":"Study on improving the inner surface quality of laser powder bed fusion-fabricated Hastelloy X by electrochemical polishing","authors":"Weiye Hu , Yanliang Li , Xiaoyun Hu , Yongbin Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibits significant advantages in forming complex structures, its application in precision engineering is severely constrained by poor surface quality. This study aims to enhance the surface quality of LPBF-fabricated Hastelloy X through electrochemical polishing (ECP) using eco-friendly NaCl-aqueous and NaCl-ethylene glycol (NaCl-EG) electrolytes. The effects of electrolyte composition and current density on electrochemical dissolution behavior were experimentally investigated. ECP parameters were optimized through a comprehensive evaluation of surface roughness, material removal rate (MRR), and thickness reduction. The results indicate that the formation of a supersaturated salt film in the NaCl-EG electrolyte can suppress the uneven dissolution of carbides and matrix, but its improvement on roughness is limited. Compared with the NaCl-EG electrolyte, the NaCl-aqueous electrolyte achieves comparable surface roughness while increasing the MRR by at least 336.21 %. Furthermore, to address the challenge of polishing internal cavity surfaces of LPBF parts, a conformal tool electrode design strategy is proposed. Through this approach, partially melted particles on the inner surface of curved channels were successfully removed, reducing the surface roughness Sa from 7.16 to 11.91 μm to 1.63–1.95 μm. This extends the application potential of ECP for polishing complex internal channels in LPBF components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 12","pages":"Article 101213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101204
Jingjing Cai , Liwei Chen , Yanfei Zeng , Shimiao Wang , Haijun Liu , Hongyu Li
As a promising next-generation energy storage system, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant research attention following the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries, despite their current pre-commercialization status. The electrochemical performance of SIBs critically depends on cathode materials, among which polyanionic compounds have shown particular promise. Sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3) with an open three-dimensional framework has emerged as a competitive cathode candidate due to its structural stability, high theoretical capacity (117.6 mAh·g⁻¹), and elevated operating voltage (3.4 V vs. Na⁺/Na). This study presents a novel synthesis strategy for carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)3 composites, demonstrating remarkable electrochemical performance. The optimized material exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 119.2 mAh·g⁻¹ at 0.5 C rate, approaching its theoretical limit. More importantly, it maintains 96.6 % capacity retention after 100 cycles, showcasing exceptional cycling stability. The rational material design and enhanced sodium-ion diffusion kinetics achieved through carbon modification provide valuable insights for developing high-performance polyanionic cathode materials, potentially accelerating the practical implementation of SIB technology.
随着锂离子电池的商业化，钠离子电池作为一种极具发展前景的新一代储能系统受到了广泛的关注。sib的电化学性能主要取决于正极材料，其中聚阴离子化合物表现出特别的前景。具有开放三维框架的磷酸钒钠（Na3V2(PO4)3）由于其结构稳定性、高理论容量（117.6 mAh·g⁻¹）和高工作电压（3.4 V vs. Na + /Na）而成为有竞争力的阴极候选者。本研究提出了一种新的碳包覆Na3V2(PO4)3复合材料的合成策略，该复合材料具有优异的电化学性能。优化后的材料在0.5 ℃速率下的初始放电容量为119.2 mAh·g⁻¹ ，接近理论极限。更重要的是，它在100次循环后保持96.6% %的容量保留，表现出卓越的循环稳定性。通过碳改性实现合理的材料设计和增强的钠离子扩散动力学，为开发高性能聚阴离子正极材料提供了有价值的见解，有可能加速SIB技术的实际实施。
{"title":"Microwave-assisted synthesis of high-performance Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C cathode for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Jingjing Cai , Liwei Chen , Yanfei Zeng , Shimiao Wang , Haijun Liu , Hongyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a promising next-generation energy storage system, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant research attention following the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries, despite their current pre-commercialization status. The electrochemical performance of SIBs critically depends on cathode materials, among which polyanionic compounds have shown particular promise. Sodium vanadium phosphate (Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>) with an open three-dimensional framework has emerged as a competitive cathode candidate due to its structural stability, high theoretical capacity (117.6 mAh·g⁻¹), and elevated operating voltage (3.4 V vs. Na⁺/Na). This study presents a novel synthesis strategy for carbon-coated Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> composites, demonstrating remarkable electrochemical performance. The optimized material exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 119.2 mAh·g⁻¹ at 0.5 C rate, approaching its theoretical limit. More importantly, it maintains 96.6 % capacity retention after 100 cycles, showcasing exceptional cycling stability. The rational material design and enhanced sodium-ion diffusion kinetics achieved through carbon modification provide valuable insights for developing high-performance polyanionic cathode materials, potentially accelerating the practical implementation of SIB technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 11","pages":"Article 101204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101208
Ke Wang
Vehicle body, particularly against chloride-containing environments such as de-icing salts, is a challenging task. The Zn-Co films are a potential and promising one for coated steel sheets, but a third alloying element in the Zn-Co alloys such as molybdenum greatly improves the performance of anticorrosive properties. In this study, the corrosion behavior and surface morphology of electrodeposited binary Zn-Co and ternary Zn-Co-Mo coatings on mild steel were examined. Coatings were electrodeposited from an acidic chloride solution containing sulphanilic acid (brightener) and gelatin (grain refiner). The chemical component of the coatings was verified by ICP-OES and EDS. Corrosion resistance was tested in 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results revealed that 1.7 wt% cobalt showed the highest improvement in binary alloy. The incorporation of molybdenum (∼ 1.0 wt%) resulted in a smoother, more uniform, and finer-grained ternary coating. Electrochemical studies resulted in noteworthy decrease in corrosion current density and increase charge transfer resistance for Zn-Co-Mo. The XPS analysis also evidences the presence of stable, molybdenum-enriched passive oxide layers which block chloride ion ingress. The ternary Zn-Co-Mo coating (containing 1.7 wt% Co and 1.0 wt% Mo) shows excellent corrosion resistance in chloride environment by the creation of a dense and stable passive film, as it finds potential application for corrosion protection of car parts in automotive industry.
{"title":"Corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Zn–Co and Zn–Co–Mo coatings on mild steel in NaCl solution","authors":"Ke Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vehicle body, particularly against chloride-containing environments such as de-icing salts, is a challenging task. The Zn-Co films are a potential and promising one for coated steel sheets, but a third alloying element in the Zn-Co alloys such as molybdenum greatly improves the performance of anticorrosive properties. In this study, the corrosion behavior and surface morphology of electrodeposited binary Zn-Co and ternary Zn-Co-Mo coatings on mild steel were examined. Coatings were electrodeposited from an acidic chloride solution containing sulphanilic acid (brightener) and gelatin (grain refiner). The chemical component of the coatings was verified by ICP-OES and EDS. Corrosion resistance was tested in 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results revealed that 1.7 wt% cobalt showed the highest improvement in binary alloy. The incorporation of molybdenum (∼ 1.0 wt%) resulted in a smoother, more uniform, and finer-grained ternary coating. Electrochemical studies resulted in noteworthy decrease in corrosion current density and increase charge transfer resistance for Zn-Co-Mo. The XPS analysis also evidences the presence of stable, molybdenum-enriched passive oxide layers which block chloride ion ingress. The ternary Zn-Co-Mo coating (containing 1.7 wt% Co and 1.0 wt% Mo) shows excellent corrosion resistance in chloride environment by the creation of a dense and stable passive film, as it finds potential application for corrosion protection of car parts in automotive industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 11","pages":"Article 101208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101209
Jing Liu , Yuan Yin , Gang Liu
Water pollution represents a critical global environmental challenge, with heavy metal ions constituting a major class of contaminants. These toxic ions enter the human body through multiple pathways, including the consumption of contaminated drinking water, dermal contact, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. Once introduced, they pose severe health risks due to their high toxicity, strong bioaccumulation potential, and slow excretion rate. Such characteristics enable them to accumulate over time, creating long-term threats to both ecosystems and public health. Addressing these risks requires the development of highly sensitive, accurate, and reliable detection methods to monitor and identify heavy metal pollutants effectively, thereby ensuring environmental monitoring and public health protection. The growing prominence of electrochemical sensing devices in the identification and quantification of toxic metal ions is attributed to their low cost, high selectivity, exceptional sensitivity, and ability to achieve very low detection limits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in electrochemical sensing platforms for monitoring heavy metals in aqueous environments and identifies emerging directions for future research. The review is structured to first examine electrode fabrication strategies, detailing the properties of electrodes and the characteristics of electrodes produced through various methods. Next, it reviews research progress concerning the modification of electrodes, emphasizing a variety of modifying materials, including inorganic compounds, organic frameworks, and biomaterials. Subsequently, progress in the supporting analytical frameworks is discussed, including signal recognition, data processing, and predictive modeling algorithms that enable intelligent analysis. Finally, current trends in electrochemical sensing are summarized, and perspectives are offered for the development of novel electrochemical sensor technologies for reliable and precise detection of heavy metal ions.
{"title":"Recent progress of electrochemical sensors for accurate detection of heavy metal ions in water: A comprehensive review","authors":"Jing Liu , Yuan Yin , Gang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water pollution represents a critical global environmental challenge, with heavy metal ions constituting a major class of contaminants. These toxic ions enter the human body through multiple pathways, including the consumption of contaminated drinking water, dermal contact, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. Once introduced, they pose severe health risks due to their high toxicity, strong bioaccumulation potential, and slow excretion rate. Such characteristics enable them to accumulate over time, creating long-term threats to both ecosystems and public health. Addressing these risks requires the development of highly sensitive, accurate, and reliable detection methods to monitor and identify heavy metal pollutants effectively, thereby ensuring environmental monitoring and public health protection. The growing prominence of electrochemical sensing devices in the identification and quantification of toxic metal ions is attributed to their low cost, high selectivity, exceptional sensitivity, and ability to achieve very low detection limits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in electrochemical sensing platforms for monitoring heavy metals in aqueous environments and identifies emerging directions for future research. The review is structured to first examine electrode fabrication strategies, detailing the properties of electrodes and the characteristics of electrodes produced through various methods. Next, it reviews research progress concerning the modification of electrodes, emphasizing a variety of modifying materials, including inorganic compounds, organic frameworks, and biomaterials. Subsequently, progress in the supporting analytical frameworks is discussed, including signal recognition, data processing, and predictive modeling algorithms that enable intelligent analysis. Finally, current trends in electrochemical sensing are summarized, and perspectives are offered for the development of novel electrochemical sensor technologies for reliable and precise detection of heavy metal ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 11","pages":"Article 101209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101212
Junkun Zhang , Li Jin , Zhongao Wang , Quanhui Li , Xiaoxue Yan , Ertao Lei , Kai Ma , Chao Lyu
Accurate and prompt diagnosis of internal short circuits at an early stage is critical for preventing severe safety incidents and ensuring the reliability and safety of lithium-ion batteries. However, existing early-stage internal short-circuit diagnosis methods often rely heavily on high-precision battery models and large volumes of high-quality labeled training data, limiting their practicality and robustness in real-world applications. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel method for early detection and quantitative assessment of internal short circuits in lithium-ion battery packs, based on differential voltage (DV) analysis and Mahalanobis distance. The proposed approach extracts a median DV curve from the sorted terminal voltages of individual cells within a battery pack, which serves as a reference to characterize the normal cell behavior. The Mahalanobis distance between each cell's DV curve and the reference curve is then calculated and compared against a threshold to distinguish short-circuited cells from healthy ones. For the identified faulty cells, the short-circuit current and resistance are estimated by analyzing the differences between charging voltage curves across adjacent cycles, enabling precise quantification of fault severity. Experimental validation is conducted using simulated internal short circuits with varying severities. Results show that the proposed method can accurately detect short-circuited cells when the short-circuit resistance is less than or equal to 300 Ω. The maximum and minimum relative errors of short-circuit resistance estimation are 5.21 % and 1.20 %, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.
{"title":"Detection and quantitative assessment of internal short circuits in lithium-ion battery packs based on differential voltage analysis and mahalanobis distance","authors":"Junkun Zhang , Li Jin , Zhongao Wang , Quanhui Li , Xiaoxue Yan , Ertao Lei , Kai Ma , Chao Lyu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and prompt diagnosis of internal short circuits at an early stage is critical for preventing severe safety incidents and ensuring the reliability and safety of lithium-ion batteries. However, existing early-stage internal short-circuit diagnosis methods often rely heavily on high-precision battery models and large volumes of high-quality labeled training data, limiting their practicality and robustness in real-world applications. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel method for early detection and quantitative assessment of internal short circuits in lithium-ion battery packs, based on differential voltage (DV) analysis and Mahalanobis distance. The proposed approach extracts a median DV curve from the sorted terminal voltages of individual cells within a battery pack, which serves as a reference to characterize the normal cell behavior. The Mahalanobis distance between each cell's DV curve and the reference curve is then calculated and compared against a threshold to distinguish short-circuited cells from healthy ones. For the identified faulty cells, the short-circuit current and resistance are estimated by analyzing the differences between charging voltage curves across adjacent cycles, enabling precise quantification of fault severity. Experimental validation is conducted using simulated internal short circuits with varying severities. Results show that the proposed method can accurately detect short-circuited cells when the short-circuit resistance is less than or equal to 300 Ω. The maximum and minimum relative errors of short-circuit resistance estimation are 5.21 % and 1.20 %, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13872,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science","volume":"20 11","pages":"Article 101212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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