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A brief epistemological discussion of astrotheology in the light of astrobiology 从天体生物学的角度对天体神学的认识论进行简要讨论
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550421000367
Octavio A. Chon-Torres, K. Szocik
Astrotheology is presented as a discipline of study that manages to complement theology and science. It considers that each one has its own role and that as long as there is no reductionism that wants to monopolize the place of the other, fluid communication between both is possible. Therefore, it is worth examining epistemologically astrotheology in the light of astrobiology. To achieve this, we will highlight the aspect of experience in order to relate it to transdisciplinarity.
天体神学是作为一门学科来研究的,它是神学和科学的补充。它认为每一个都有自己的角色,只要没有想要垄断另一个位置的还原论,两者之间的流畅交流是可能的。因此,天体生物学在认识论上考察天体神学是值得的。为了实现这一点,我们将强调经验的方面,以便将其与跨学科联系起来。
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引用次数: 1
Self-conscious intelligent technological societies in the universe: a simple direct approach to probable astrosociological realistic scenarios 宇宙中有自我意识的智能技术社会:对可能的天体社会学现实场景的简单直接方法
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-12-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550421000355
L. D. da Silva
We present an alternative equation to estimate the probable number N of self-conscious intelligent technological societies (SCITSs) within the radius of the observable universe. This equation has only one poorly-known factor, Pc, the SCITS's formation probability, which can be estimated within an uncertainty by a factor of 102 (10−11 ≤ Pc ≤ 10−9) by applying the restriction imposed by Fermi's Paradox. The SCITS's formation rate for a typical spiral galaxy is then estimated as ≈1 civ Gyr−1. For a very optimistic maximum life expectancy ≈108 yr, the conclusion is that two civilizations never coexist in the same galaxy. Our estimated values for Pc are compatible with current biological and astrophysical evidences. We also propose an alternative astrosociological classification scheme which enables us to speculate about possible evolutionary paths for SCITSs in the universe. The so-called ‘Closed Bottle Neck’ (CBN) scenario suggests that civilizations are no exit evolutionary ways. We argue that simply there would not be interstellar travels nor Galaxy colonization or a Galactic Club. Thus Fermi's Paradox results eliminated, and the perspectives about the future of our own civilization may not be positive.
我们提出了一个替代方程来估计可观测宇宙半径内自我意识智能技术社会(SCITS)的可能数量N。该方程只有一个鲜为人知的因子Pc,即SCITS的形成概率,通过应用费米悖论施加的限制,可以在不确定度为102的因子(10−11≤Pc≤10−9)的范围内估计。对于一个典型的螺旋星系,SCITS的形成速率被估计为≈1 civ Gyr−1。对于一个非常乐观的最大预期寿命≈108年,结论是两个文明永远不会共存于同一个星系。我们对Pc的估计值与当前的生物学和天体物理学证据相一致。我们还提出了一种替代的天体社会学分类方案,使我们能够推测宇宙中SCITS的可能进化路径。所谓的“封闭的瓶颈”(CBN)场景表明,文明是无法退出的进化方式。我们认为,根本不会有星际旅行,也不会有银河殖民或银河俱乐部。因此,费米悖论的结果被消除了,关于我们自己文明未来的观点可能不是积极的。
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引用次数: 0
Mars: new insights and unresolved questions 火星:新的见解和未解决的问题
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550421000276
H. Changela, E. Chatzitheodoridis, André Antunes, D. Beaty, Kristian Bouw, J. Bridges, K. Capova, C. Cockell, C. Conley, E. Dadachova, T. D. Dallas, S. de Mey, C. Dong, A. Ellery, M. Ferus, B. Foing, Xiaohui Fu, K. Fujita, Yangting Lin, S. Jheeta, L. Hicks, Sen Hu, Á. Kereszturi, Alexandros Krassakis, Yang Liu, J. Oberst, J. Michalski, P. M. Ranjith, T. Rinaldi, D. Rothery, Hector A. Stavrakakis, L. Selbmann, R. K. Sinha, Alian Wang, K. Williford, Z. Váci, J. Vago, M. Waltemathe, J. E. Hallsworth
Mars exploration motivates the search for extraterrestrial life, the development of space technologies, and the design of human missions and habitations. Here, we seek new insights and pose unresolved questions relating to the natural history of Mars, habitability, robotic and human exploration, planetary protection, and the impacts on human society. Key observations and findings include: – high escape rates of early Mars' atmosphere, including loss of water, impact present-day habitability; – putative fossils on Mars will likely be ambiguous biomarkers for life; – microbial contamination resulting from human habitation is unavoidable; and – based on Mars' current planetary protection category, robotic payload(s) should characterize the local martian environment for any life-forms prior to human habitation. Some of the outstanding questions are: – which interpretation of the hemispheric dichotomy of the planet is correct; – to what degree did deep-penetrating faults transport subsurface liquids to Mars' surface; – in what abundance are carbonates formed by atmospheric processes; – what properties of martian meteorites could be used to constrain their source locations; – the origin(s) of organic macromolecules; – was/is Mars inhabited; – how can missions designed to uncover microbial activity in the subsurface eliminate potential false positives caused by microbial contaminants from Earth; – how can we ensure that humans and microbes form a stable and benign biosphere; and – should humans relate to putative extraterrestrial life from a biocentric viewpoint (preservation of all biology), or anthropocentric viewpoint of expanding habitation of space? Studies of Mars' evolution can shed light on the habitability of extrasolar planets. In addition, Mars exploration can drive future policy developments and confirm (or put into question) the feasibility and/or extent of human habitability of space.
火星探索推动了对地外生命的探索,空间技术的发展,以及人类任务和居住地的设计。在这里,我们寻求新的见解,并提出有关火星自然历史、可居住性、机器人和人类探索、行星保护以及对人类社会的影响等尚未解决的问题。主要观察和发现包括:早期火星大气的高逃逸率,包括水的损失,影响了今天的宜居性;-火星上假定的化石可能是生命的模糊生物标志物;-人类居住造成的微生物污染是不可避免的;根据火星目前的行星保护类别,在人类居住之前,机器人有效载荷应该表征火星当地任何生命形式的环境。一些悬而未决的问题是:-对地球半球二分法的哪种解释是正确的;-深穿透断层在多大程度上将地下液体输送到火星表面;-由大气过程形成的碳酸盐的丰度;-火星陨石的哪些特性可以用来限制它们的来源位置;-有机大分子的来源;-火星是否有人居住;-旨在揭示地下微生物活动的任务如何消除由地球微生物污染物造成的潜在误报;——如何确保人与微生物形成稳定、良性的生物圈;人类应该从生物中心(保护所有生物)的角度来看待假定的外星生命,还是从人类中心(扩大空间居住)的角度来看待?对火星演化的研究可以揭示太阳系外行星的宜居性。此外,火星探索可以推动未来的政策发展,并确认(或质疑)人类在太空居住的可行性和/或程度。
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引用次数: 23
Submarine hydrothermal vent systems: the relevance of dynamic systems in chemical evolution and prebiotic chemistry experiments 海底热液喷口系统:动力学系统在化学进化和益生元化学实验中的相关性
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550421000331
Saúl A. Villafañe-Barajas, M. Colín-García
Since their discovery, submarine hydrothermal vent systems have been pointed out as important places where chemical evolution on Earth could have occurred; and their role in the process has been highlighted. Similarly, some hypotheses have considered these systems in origin of life scenarios. In this way, many experiments have been developed, and the knowledge about these systems has increased. Due to their complexity, many experimental simulations have only included a few of the geochemical variables present in these environments, pressure and temperature. Other main variables have hardly been included, such as mineralogy, thermal and pH gradients, dissolved ions and/or redox reactions. As it has been understood, the dynamism and heterogeneity of these environments are huge, and it comprises different scales, from single vents to full hydrothermal fields. However, the vast majority of experiments focus on a specific part of these systems and do not include salinity, mineralogy and pH gradients. For this reason, in this paper, we pointed out some considerations about how this dynamism can be interpreted, and included in some models, as well their importance in prebiotic chemistry experiments and their extrapolations regarding the hypothesis about the origins of life.
自发现以来,海底热液喷口系统一直被认为是地球上可能发生化学进化的重要场所;并强调了他们在这一进程中的作用。类似地,一些假设在生命起源场景中考虑了这些系统。通过这种方式,已经开发了许多实验,并且对这些系统的了解也有所增加。由于其复杂性,许多实验模拟只包括这些环境中存在的几个地球化学变量,即压力和温度。其他主要变量几乎没有包括在内,如矿物学、热梯度和pH梯度、溶解离子和/或氧化还原反应。正如人们所理解的,这些环境的动态性和异质性是巨大的,它包括不同的规模,从单个喷口到全热液场。然而,绝大多数实验都集中在这些系统的特定部分,不包括盐度、矿物学和pH梯度。因此,在本文中,我们指出了一些关于如何解释这种动态性的考虑,并将其纳入一些模型中,以及它们在益生元化学实验中的重要性,以及它们对生命起源假说的推断。
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引用次数: 2
Long-read sequencing reveals increased occurrence of genomic variants and adenosine methylation in Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 after long-duration flight exposure onboard the International Space Station 长时间测序显示,在国际空间站上长时间飞行暴露后,短小芽孢杆菌SAFR-32基因组变异和腺苷甲基化的发生率增加
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-11-16 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550421000343
S. Waters, S. Ledford, A. Wacker, Sonali Verma, Bianca Serda, J. McKaig, J. Varelas, Patrick Nicoll, K. Venkateswaran, David J. Smith
Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032, an endospore-forming bacterial strain, was investigated to determine its methylation pattern (methylome) change, compared to ground control, after direct exposure to space conditions onboard the International Space Station (ISS) for 1.5 years. The resulting ISS-flown and non-flown strains were sequenced using the Nanopore MinION and an in-house method and pipeline to identify methylated positions in the genome. Our analysis indicated genomic variants and m6A methylation increased in the ISS-flown SAFR-032. To complement the broader omics investigation and explore phenotypic changes, ISS-flown and non-flown strains were compared in a series of laboratory-based chamber experiments using an X-ray irradiation source (doses applied at 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 Gy); results show a potentially higher survival fraction of ISS-flown DS2 at the two highest exposures. Taken together, results from this study document lasting changes to the genome by methylation, potentially triggered by conditions in spaceflight, with functional consequences for the resistance of bacteria to stressors expected on long-duration missions beyond low Earth orbit.
在国际空间站(ISS)上直接暴露于太空条件1.5年后,对一种内孔形成细菌株短小芽孢杆菌SAFR-32进行了研究,以确定其甲基化模式(甲基组)与地面对照相比的变化。使用Nanopore Mineion和内部方法和管道对ISS飞行和非飞行菌株进行测序,以确定基因组中的甲基化位置。我们的分析表明,在国际空间站飞行的SAFR-32中,基因组变异和m6A甲基化增加。为了补充更广泛的组学研究并探索表型变化,在一系列基于实验室的室内实验中,使用X射线辐射源(剂量为2505007501000和1250Gy)对ISS飞行菌株和非飞行菌株进行了比较;结果显示,ISS飞行的DS2在两次最高暴露下的存活率可能更高。总之,这项研究的结果记录了甲基化对基因组的持久变化,甲基化可能是由太空飞行条件引发的,对细菌抵抗近地轨道以外的长期任务中预期的压力源具有功能性影响。
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引用次数: 2
Detection of pre-industrial societies on exoplanets – ERRATUM 在系外行星上探测前工业化社会——ERRATUM
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-11-16 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550421000318
A. Lockley, D. Visioni
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引用次数: 0
Research programmes arising from ‘Oumuamua considered as an alien craft Oumuamua被认为是一艘外星飞船的研究计划
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/S147355042100032X
M. Elvis
The controversial hypothesis that ‘Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) was an alien craft dominated by a solar sail is considered using known physics for the two possible cases: controlled and uncontrolled flight. The reliability engineering challenges for an artefact designed to operate for ~105–106 year are also considerable. All three areas generate research programmes going forward. The uncontrolled case could be either ‘anonymous METI’ (messaging extraterrestrial intelligence) or ‘inadvertent METI’. In the controlled case the nature of the origin star, trajectory guidance from the origin star to the Sun, and the identity of a destination star are all undecided. The ‘controlled’ case has more strikes against it than the ‘uncontrolled’ case, but neither suffers a knock-out blow, as yet. Some of the issues turn out not to be major obstacles to the alien craft hypothesis, but others weaken the case for it. Most, however, imply new studies. Some of these, e.g. intercept missions for new interstellar objects, are concepts being developed, and will be of value whatever these objects turn out to be. Overall, these considerations show that a many-pronged, targeted, research programme can be built around the hypothesis that ‘Oumuamua is an alien craft. The considerations presented here can also be applied to other interstellar visitors, as well as to general discussions of interstellar travel.
有争议的假设认为,Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1)是一艘由太阳帆主导的外星飞船,该假设使用已知的物理学来考虑两种可能的情况:受控和不受控制的飞行。对于设计寿命为105-106年的人工设备,可靠性工程方面的挑战也是相当大的。这三个领域都产生了未来的研究项目。不受控制的情况可能是“匿名METI”(发送外星智慧信息),也可能是“无意的METI”。在受控情况下,起源恒星的性质、从起源恒星到太阳的轨迹制导以及目的地恒星的身份都未确定。“受控制”的情况比“不受控制”的情况受到更多的打击,但到目前为止,两者都没有遭受致命打击。其中一些问题并不是外星人飞船假说的主要障碍,但另一些问题却削弱了它的说服力。然而,大多数都意味着新的研究。其中一些,例如拦截新星际物体的任务,是正在开发的概念,无论这些物体是什么,都将是有价值的。总的来说,这些考虑表明,围绕“奥陌陌”是一艘外星飞船的假设,可以建立一个多管齐下、有针对性的研究计划。这里提出的考虑也可以适用于其他星际访客,以及星际旅行的一般讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Fungal biomarkers are detectable in Martian rock-analogues after space exposure: implications for the search of life on Mars 在太空暴露后,真菌生物标志物在火星岩石类似物中可检测到:对火星生命搜索的影响
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-10-18 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550421000240
C. Pacelli, A. Cassaro, M. Baqué, L. Selbmann, L. Zucconi, A. Maturilli, L. Botta, R. Saladino, U. Böttger, R. Demets, E. Rabbow, J. D. de Vera, S. Onofri
Mars is a primary target of astrobiological interest: its past environmental conditions may have been favourable to the emergence of a prebiotic chemistry and, potentially, biological activity. In situ exploration is currently underway at the Mars surface, and the subsurface (2 m depth) will be explored in the future ESA ExoMars mission. In this context, BIOlogy and Mars EXperiment was performed to evaluate the stability and detectability of organic biomarkers under space and Mars-like conditions. Our data suggested that some target molecules, namely melanin, azelaic acid and nucleic acids, can be detected even after 16 months exposure to Low Earth Orbit conditions by multidisciplinary approaches. We used the same techniques as onboard the ExoMars rover, as Raman and infrared spectroscopies and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, and polymerase chain reaction even if this is not planned for the imminent mission to Mars. These results should be taken into account for future Mars exploration.
火星是天体生物学兴趣的主要目标:它过去的环境条件可能有利于生命前化学和潜在生物活动的出现。火星表面的原位探测目前正在进行中,而地下(2米深)将在未来的ESA ExoMars任务中进行探索。在此背景下,进行了生物学和火星实验,以评估有机生物标志物在太空和类火星条件下的稳定性和可检测性。我们的数据表明,通过多学科方法,即使在低地球轨道条件下暴露16个月后,也可以检测到一些目标分子,即黑色素、壬二酸和核酸。我们使用了与ExoMars探测器相同的技术,如拉曼光谱、红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱仪,以及聚合酶链反应,即使这不是即将到来的火星任务的计划。这些结果应该考虑到未来的火星探测。
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引用次数: 7
Martian stick-like structures are not trace fossils: a new protocol for testing ichnogenicity synthesized from paleosol ichnology 火星棒状结构不是痕迹化石:从古土壤遗迹学合成的一种新的遗迹成因测试方案
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-09-03 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550421000239
J. Genise
There are different criteria that are usually analysed independently before identifying a new trace fossil, such as morphological regularity, completeness, dispersion, recurrence and complexity, surface morphology, and context. The synthesis of these criteria, as utilized in paleosol ichnology, composes a protocol that is presented herein for the first time and can be used for testing the ichnogenicity of trace-like structures in any paleoenvironment of Earth or Mars. As a study case, the Martian ‘stick-like structures’ do not fulfil any of the requirements posed by this protocol to be postulated as trace fossils. The ichnogenicity test, focussed exclusively on morphology and context, is simpler but equally useful as the biogenicity ones. It may be applied in the future with other potential cases before carrying on more complex analyses or to evaluate the astrobiological interest of trace-like structures.
在识别新的痕迹化石之前,通常会独立分析不同的标准,如形态规则性、完整性、分散性、重复性和复杂性、表面形态和背景。古土壤遗迹学中使用的这些标准的综合构成了本文首次提出的方案,可用于测试地球或火星任何古环境中痕量结构的遗迹成因。作为一个研究案例,火星的“棒状结构”不符合该协议提出的任何假设为痕迹化石的要求。基因原性测试只关注形态学和上下文,它更简单,但与生物原性测试一样有用。在进行更复杂的分析或评估类痕迹结构的天体生物学意义之前,它可能在未来与其他潜在案例一起应用。
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引用次数: 0
Astrobiology in Europe, 20 years of expectations 欧洲天体生物学,20年的期望
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550421000227
A. Brack
Abstract During 20 years, the European astrobiologists collaborated within EANA, the European Astrobiology Network Association, to help European researchers developing astrobiology programmes to share their knowledge, to foster their cooperation, to attract young scientists to this quickly evolving interactive field of research, and to explain astrobiology to the public at large. The experiment of Stanley Miller in 1953 launched the ambitious hope that chemists would be able to shed light on the origins of life by recreating a simple life form in a test tube. However, the dream has not yet been accomplished, despite the great volume of effort and innovation put forward by the scientific community.
摘要在20年的时间里,欧洲天体生物学家在欧洲天体生物学网络协会EANA内合作,帮助欧洲研究人员制定天体生物学计划,分享他们的知识,促进他们的合作,吸引年轻科学家进入这一快速发展的互动研究领域,并向公众解释天体生物学。斯坦利·米勒(Stanley Miller)在1953年的实验引发了一个雄心勃勃的希望,即化学家能够通过在试管中重现一种简单的生命形式来揭示生命的起源。然而,尽管科学界付出了巨大的努力和创新,但这个梦想尚未实现。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
International Journal of Astrobiology
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