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IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12449
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引用次数: 0
Systems Engineering in Technology Development 技术开发中的系统工程
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12453
Jaime Sly, David Crowne

Technology development is the crucial first step in designing new products and systems. It is a unique phase of product development in that it incorporates both scientific exploration and reduction to an engineered result. Too often, systems thinking and systems engineering principles aren't applied at this stage, leading to technologies that solve the wrong problems, inability to progress to higher maturity levels, and unworkable implementation architectures. In practice, this means higher development costs, extended timelines, and failed technology development projects. This article presents a framework for and provides guidance on systems engineering activities that add value and improve outcomes if applied during early stages of product development.

技术开发是设计新产品和系统的关键第一步。这是产品开发的一个独特阶段,它结合了科学探索和工程成果的简化。通常情况下,系统思维和系统工程原理在这个阶段没有得到应用,导致技术解决了错误的问题,无法提高到更高的成熟度,并且实现架构不可行。在实践中,这意味着更高的开发成本、延长的时间表和失败的技术开发项目。本文为系统工程活动提供了一个框架,并为其提供了指导,如果在产品开发的早期阶段应用,这些活动将增加价值并改善结果。
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引用次数: 0
Systems Engineering Management in Research and Development Valley of Death 死亡之谷的系统工程管理
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12451
Michael DiMario PhD, Ann Hodges

A failure of a great many early research and development programs is the result of encountering the traditional valley of death that shadows early research and technology development. The elements that create the valley of death leads to research and technology development high risk and poor return on investment for a great many research and development organizations. This leads eventually to avoiding research and technology development all together because the organizations cannot viably manage the outcome of their early-stage research and development (ESR&D) efforts. Unfortunately, there are few established frameworks and processes for enabling smooth transitions to avoid failure and manage risk across fundamental research, applied research, development, and productization. Many leaders, program managers, and scientists are unwilling to involve systems engineering because of the perception that systems engineering is heavily process oriented, adds unnecessary costs, and should be applied only to mature technologies. The value of systems engineering as applied to ESR&D is unclear to these key individuals. The unfortunate result is that systems engineering is not applied to ESR&D. This article discusses the potential of application of systems engineering to ESR&D to improve return on investment and decrease risk.

许多早期研究和开发项目的失败是遇到传统的死亡之谷的结果,这种死亡之谷遮蔽了早期研究和技术开发。造成死亡之谷的因素导致研究和技术开发风险高,许多研究和开发组织的投资回报率低。这最终导致了避免将研究和技术开发放在一起,因为这些组织无法有效地管理其早期研究和开发(ESR&;D)工作的结果。不幸的是,在基础研究、应用研究、开发和产品化过程中,几乎没有现成的框架和流程来实现平稳过渡,以避免失败并管理风险。许多领导者、项目经理和科学家不愿意参与系统工程,因为他们认为系统工程在很大程度上是以过程为导向的,增加了不必要的成本,并且应该只应用于成熟的技术。系统工程在ESR&;这些关键人物不清楚D。不幸的结果是,系统工程没有应用于ESR&;D.本文讨论了系统工程在ESR&;D以提高投资回报率并降低风险。
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引用次数: 1
Digital Engineering Enablers for Systems Engineering in Early-Stage Research and Development 系统工程早期研发的数字工程推动者
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12456
Arno Granados, Celia Tseng

Robust systems engineering is perceived as an unnecessary cost and schedule burden when the goal is proof of concept in an early-stage project (TRL 1-5). In reality the majority of industry, as opposed to academic, early-stage research and development (ESR&D) efforts are generally not “pure research”, but instead focus on technology development for the purpose of technology transition to applied development and technology insertion into new or existing products. To overcome the barriers, an early and active end-user focused system engineering approach is needed to build the use cases to support the transition from fundamental research to applied development. Digital engineering (DE) enablers can lower the transition investment cost through the use of agile methodologies, reference architectures, and model-based design and manufacturing capabilities. End-to-end digital continuity from ESR&D to manufacturing and sustainment facilitates early discoveries of transition risks, which enable informed decision-making to mitigate pitfalls leading to the “valley of death.”

This article leverages efforts associated with Industry 4.0, digital engineering transformation and INCOSE working group efforts to illustrate how a systems engineering approach based on DE concepts facilitates rapid instantiation of key systems engineering process and elements in ESR&D projects. This approach is both enabling to foundational ESR&D efforts, and transformational in building a bridge across the valley of death to foster success in technology transition to product. An agnostic tool, standards-based framework is presented, and specific tools are used to illustrate ESR&D transformation.

当目标是在早期项目中证明概念时,鲁棒系统工程被认为是不必要的成本和进度负担(TRL 1-5)。事实上,与学术相反,大多数行业的早期研发工作通常不是“纯粹的研究”,而是专注于技术开发,目的是将技术过渡到应用开发,并将技术插入新产品或现有产品中。为了克服这些障碍,需要一种早期和积极的以最终用户为中心的系统工程方法来构建用例,以支持从基础研究到应用开发的过渡。数字工程(DE)推动者可以通过使用敏捷方法、参考体系结构以及基于模型的设计和制造能力来降低转型投资成本。ESR&;D到制造和维持有助于早期发现过渡风险,从而使明智的决策能够减轻导致“死亡谷”的陷阱。本文利用了与工业4.0相关的努力,数字工程转型和INCOSE工作组努力说明基于DE概念的系统工程方法如何促进ESR&;D项目。这种方法既能够实现基础ESR&;D的努力,以及在建造一座跨越死亡之谷的桥梁以促进技术向产品过渡的成功方面的转型。提出了一个不可知的工具,基于标准的框架,并使用特定的工具来说明ESR&;D变换。
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引用次数: 1
FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 来自编辑
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12450
William Miller
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引用次数: 0
Incorporating Digital Twins In Early Research and Development of Megaprojects To Reduce Cost and Schedule Risk 在大型项目的早期研发中加入数字双胞胎以降低成本和进度风险
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12457
Christopher Ritter, Mark Rhoades

Early-stage research and development (ESR&D) plays a vital role in the product development lifecycle, necessitating innovative approaches to address the complex challenges faced during this phase. This article quantifies how the incorporation of digital twin (DT) technology can reduce cost and schedule risk during ESR&D and later lifecycle stages in megaprojects. The Idaho National Laboratory demonstrated the application of DT in the Microreactor AGile Non-Nuclear Experimental Testbed (MAGNET) operations phase, showcasing the transformative potential of DT in both design and operation. These advances allowed real-time assessment of construction changes and their impact on project requirements. By focusing on the benefits of digital twinning, this article aims to promote a more positive attitude toward the incorporation of digital twin technologies in the early stages of R&D projects.

早期研发在产品开发生命周期中发挥着至关重要的作用,需要创新的方法来应对这一阶段面临的复杂挑战。本文量化了数字孪生(DT)技术的结合如何在ESR&;大型项目的D和后期生命周期阶段。爱达荷州国家实验室演示了DT在微型反应堆AGile非核实验试验台(MAGNET)运行阶段的应用,展示了DT在设计和运行中的变革潜力。这些进步使得能够实时评估施工变更及其对项目要求的影响。通过关注数字孪生的好处,本文旨在促进在研发的早期阶段对数字孪生技术的结合持更积极的态度;D项目。
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引用次数: 0
An Approach to Bridging the Gap Between the Attainment of Research Objectives and System Application 一种弥合研究目标实现与系统应用之间差距的方法
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12454
Susan Ruth

The aerospace industry has widely adopted the use of technology readiness levels (TRLs), (NASA) which describe the maturity of a technology from earliest stages of research through the operational system. In using TRLs, it has been observed that bridging the gap between research on a technology and its incorporation by engineers into a system is challenging. Nominally, the transition from TRL 4, defined as a component and/or breadboard validation in a laboratory environment, to TRL 7, defined as a system prototype demonstration in an operational environment, is a programmatic gap known as the “valley of death.” The valley of death is a schism whereby the component that incorporates the new technology fails to meet the eventual system requirements. The goal of this paper is to provide a methodology and “language” that enables the researchers and engineers to communicate more effectively to traverse this gap. The basis for this methodology is the combination of established methods for communicating progress for a program combined with the development and application of domain assessments. Domain readiness levels (DRLs), analogs of the TRLs, are specific to the domains relevant to the system of interest. Specifically, the methodology is intended to enable two-way communication between the domain experts and the systems engineer, with the goal of effective incorporation of a technology. This paper will use an example of the approach to bridge the “valley of death” targeted on the development of a satellite composites optical support structure that must stay in focus across the temperature range of 77-323 degrees Kelvin. In this example, the communication will use two relevant domains, materials and processes, to illustrate the methodology.

航空航天行业广泛采用技术准备水平(TRL),(NASA)描述了从研究的早期阶段到操作系统的技术成熟度。在使用TRL时,已经观察到,弥合技术研究和工程师将其纳入系统之间的差距是具有挑战性的。名义上,从TRL 4(定义为实验室环境中的组件和/或试验板验证)到TRL 7(定义为操作环境中的系统原型演示)的过渡是一个被称为“死亡谷”的程序缺口。“死亡之谷是一种分裂,其中包含新技术的组件无法满足最终的系统要求。本文的目标是提供一种方法和“语言”,使研究人员和工程师能够更有效地沟通,以跨越这一差距。该方法的基础是将既定的项目进展沟通方法与领域评估的开发和应用相结合。领域准备水平(DRL),TRL的类似物,特定于与感兴趣的系统相关的领域。具体而言,该方法旨在实现领域专家和系统工程师之间的双向沟通,目的是有效地结合一项技术。本文将使用一个桥接“死亡谷”的方法示例,该方法旨在开发卫星复合材料光学支撑结构,该结构必须在77-323开尔文的温度范围内保持聚焦。在本例中,沟通将使用两个相关领域,即材料和流程来说明方法。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Early Systems R&D Capabilities with Systems —Theoretic Process Analysis 用系统增强早期系统研发能力——理论过程分析
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12455
Adam D. Williams

Systems engineering today faces a wide array of challenges, ranging from new operational environments to disruptive technological — necessitating approaches to improve research and development (R&D) efforts. Yet, emphasizing the Aristotelian argument that the “whole is greater than the sum of its parts” seems to offer a conceptual foundation creating new R&D solutions. Invoking systems theoretic concepts of emergence and hierarchy and analytic characteristics of traceability, rigor, and comprehensiveness is potentially beneficial for guiding R&D strategy and development to bridge the gap between theoretical problem spaces and engineering-based solutions. In response, this article describes systems–theoretic process analysis (STPA) as an example of one such approach to aid in early-systems R&D discussions. STPA—a ‘top-down’ process that abstracts real complex system operations into hierarchical control structures, functional control loops, and control actions—uses control loop logic to analyze how control actions (designed for desired system behaviors) may become violated and drive the complex system toward states of higher risk. By analyzing how needed controls are not provided (or out of sequence or stopped too soon) and unneeded controls are provided (or engaged too long), STPA can help early-system R&D discussions by exploring how requirements and desired actions interact to either mitigate or potentially increase states of risk that can lead to unacceptable losses. This article will demonstrate STPA's benefit for early-system R&D strategy and development discussion by describing such diverse use cases as cyber security, nuclear fuel transportation, and US electric grid performance. Together, the traceability, rigor, and comprehensiveness of STPA serve as useful tools for improving R&D strategy and development discussions. Leveraging STPA as well as related systems engineering techniques can be helpful in early R&D planning and strategy development to better triangulate deeper theoretical meaning or evaluate empirical results to better inform systems engineering solutions.

如今,系统工程面临着一系列挑战,从新的操作环境到颠覆性的技术,这些都需要改进研发工作的方法。然而,强调亚里士多德的论点“整体大于部分的总和”似乎为创造新的R&;D解决方案。引入系统论的涌现性和层次性概念,以及可追溯性、严密性和全面性的分析特征,对指导R&;D策略和开发,以弥合理论问题空间和基于工程的解决方案之间的差距。作为回应,本文将系统理论过程分析(STPA)描述为一个这样的方法的例子,以帮助早期的系统R&;D讨论。STPA是一个“自上而下”的过程,将真实的复杂系统操作抽象为层次控制结构、功能控制回路和控制动作。STPA使用控制回路逻辑来分析控制动作(为期望的系统行为设计)如何被违反,并将复杂系统推向更高风险的状态。通过分析如何不提供所需的控制(或顺序错误或停止得太早)和提供不需要的控制(或者使用时间过长),STPA可以帮助早期系统R&;D通过探索需求和期望的行动如何相互作用来减轻或潜在地增加可能导致不可接受损失的风险状态进行讨论。本文将论证STPA对早期系统R&;D战略和发展讨论,通过描述网络安全、核燃料运输和美国电网性能等多种用例。STPA的可追溯性、严谨性和全面性共同成为改进R&;D战略和发展讨论。利用STPA以及相关的系统工程技术可以有助于早期的R&;D规划和战略发展,以更好地三角化更深层次的理论意义或评估经验结果,更好地为系统工程解决方案提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
A Bridge Blueprint to Span the Chasm Between Research and Engineering — A Framework for Systems Engineering in Early-Stage Research and Development 跨越研究与工程鸿沟的桥梁蓝图——系统工程早期研发框架
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12452
Ann Hodges, Arno Granados

Researchers and funding organizations often do not understand the value of systems engineering in early-stage projects (technology readiness levels TRL 1-5), during which systems engineering may be viewed as an unnecessary cost, and as a process heavy effort applicable only for mature technologies. This may result in a relative lack of engineering rigor and lack of understanding of innovation context which often contributes to failures in the “valley of death” between fundamental research and applied development.

We argue there is more than one pathway for crossing the valley of death, and that relevant application of systems engineering implemented at an appropriate level of rigor provides a foundation for transition and use of technical innovation. This article discusses the principles and foundational elements necessary for development and use of a framework for systems engineering applicable in early-stage research and development (ESR&D), including tailoring considerations associated with TRL and stakeholder roles. Associated framework metrics are suggested to enable evaluation and practical implementation of the framework for systems engineering innovation management at this phase of technology development.

研究人员和资助组织通常不了解系统工程在早期项目中的价值(技术准备水平TRL 1-5),在早期项目期间,系统工程可能被视为不必要的成本,并且是一项仅适用于成熟技术的过程繁重的工作。这可能导致相对缺乏工程严谨性和对创新背景的理解,这往往导致基础研究和应用开发之间的“死亡谷”失败。我们认为,跨越死亡之谷的途径不止一条,以适当的严谨程度实施的系统工程的相关应用为技术创新的过渡和使用提供了基础。本文讨论了开发和使用适用于早期研发(ESR&D)的系统工程框架所需的原则和基本要素,包括与TRL和利益相关者角色相关的定制考虑因素。提出了相关的框架指标,以便在技术开发的这一阶段对系统工程创新管理框架进行评估和实际实施。
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引用次数: 0
A digital radiography study of the detectability of simulated cracks in 301 stainless steel 301不锈钢模拟裂纹可探测性的数字射线照相研究
4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1784/insi.2023.65.9.508
P M Adams, S Kenderian, A Gregorian
A series of simulated cracks in 301 stainless steel (SS), consisting of slits with depths from 12.8% to 40% of the plate thickness, is fabricated in this study. The examination includes a microfocus X-ray tube and a digital detector array (DDA) with 0.075 mm pixels at three angles of incidence (0°, 5° and 10°). The basis of the methodology for the minimum detectable slit width stems from the noise statistics in the images and a minimum detectable contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 3. These minimum detectable widths range from 0.019 mm to 0.003 mm for 12.8%-deep and 40.0%-deep slits, respectively, for the 0° incidence condition. As the incident angle increases to 10°, the size of the minimum detectable slit width also increases, up to a factor of two for the shallower slits. It is noted that these simulated cracks, which have straight parallel sides and flat bottoms, do not accurately represent natural cracks that have irregular paths and taper at depth. Therefore, the results in this study represent the best scenario for detection, establishing some bounds of crack width detectability.
本研究在301不锈钢(SS)中制造了一系列由深度为板厚12.8% ~ 40%的裂缝组成的模拟裂纹。检查包括一个微聚焦x射线管和一个0.075 mm像素的数字探测器阵列(DDA),三个入射角(0°,5°和10°)。最小可检测狭缝宽度方法的基础源于图像中的噪声统计和最小可检测的噪比(CNR)为3。在0°入射条件下,当狭缝深度分别为12.8%和40.0%时,最小可检测宽度范围为0.019 mm至0.003 mm。当入射角增加到10°时,最小可探测狭缝宽度的大小也会增加,对于较浅的狭缝,可以增加两倍。值得注意的是,这些模拟裂缝具有直的平行边和平坦的底部,不能准确地代表具有不规则路径和深度锥度的自然裂缝。因此,本研究的结果代表了检测的最佳方案,建立了一些裂缝宽度可检测性的界限。
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引用次数: 0
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