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Illuminating Systems Security Through Case Studies – Much More than Controls 通过案例研究照亮系统安全-远远超过控制
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12544
Beth Wilson

While systems security is a quality attribute (previously referred to as specialty engineering), learning systems security is essential for all systems engineers. Learning about system security can be a challenge especially when the focus is on security controls or admiring attack vectors. Case studies are a powerful way to see the real-world application of complex concepts. Reviewing cyber-attack case studies provides a captivating approach to examine security challenges and failures holistically using systems thinking, consider the technical concerns, business decisions, and human behaviors that made the attack possible, and explore systems security concepts from a systems engineering perspective.

虽然系统安全性是一个质量属性(以前称为专业工程),但学习系统安全性对所有系统工程师来说都是必不可少的。学习系统安全性可能是一项挑战,特别是当重点放在安全控制或识别攻击向量时。案例研究是了解复杂概念在现实世界中的应用的有力方法。回顾网络攻击案例研究提供了一种引人入胜的方法,可以使用系统思维全面地检查安全挑战和失败,考虑使攻击成为可能的技术关注点、业务决策和人类行为,并从系统工程的角度探索系统安全概念。
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引用次数: 0
FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 来自总编辑
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12536
William Miller
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引用次数: 0
A Model-Based Approach for Privacy Risk Mitigation Integrating Systems Engineering with System-Theoretic Process Analysis 集成系统工程与系统理论过程分析的基于模型的隐私风险缓解方法
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12542
David Hetherington

Certain commercial operations, their systems, and their employees need to operate in hostile or semi-hostile environments. The physical environment may be challenging, but often an unstable political/social environment may be a greater challenge than any temperature or weather extremes. Such an unstable political environment may present rapidly changing threats to employee security. Even if local citizens in the immediate area are supportive, transnational violent gangs may be operating nearby. How do we design overall technology and human systems that can resiliently persevere in such an unstable environment?

Some organizations will reflexively implement a walled-off, fenced, and protected environment for their employees. While this sort of physical protection will be helpful to some extent, if human relationships with the local community are poor or nonexistent, the overall security of the installation will be fragile. Some organizations will deliberately move in the opposite direction, proactively sending their employees out into the community to interact, talk to local citizens, and build human relationships – even when doing so represents a significant degree of physical and personal risk for those employees.

How do we support employees that we are deliberately thrusting into such a risky and unstable environment? For their own safety, we want those employees to communicate as much as possible with the local citizens. We want them to be aware of “chatter” in local social media. On the other hand, we want help them keep their actual personal identity details as protected as possible. Failed social interactions can have lethal consequences. Inadvertently leaked personal data about family members could result in those family members being subject to threats and intimidation in their home location.

In this article, we examine the design of a digital personal communications device designed to achieve these goals and demonstrate the use of System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) in the analysis of a proposed design. Along the way, we will also demonstrate a model-based approach to the design work which represents the recently released standard SAE J3307 “System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) Standard for All Industries” (J3307_202503, 2025) which specifies an auditable workflow for the STPA methodology originally described in the STPA Handbook.

某些商业操作、它们的系统和它们的雇员需要在敌对或半敌对的环境中操作。自然环境可能具有挑战性,但通常不稳定的政治/社会环境可能比任何温度或极端天气都更具挑战性。这种不稳定的政治环境可能会给员工的安全带来快速变化的威胁。即使邻近地区的当地居民表示支持,跨国暴力团伙也可能在附近活动。我们如何设计整体技术和人类系统,使其能够在如此不稳定的环境中保持弹性?一些组织会条件反射性地为他们的员工实现一个隔离、围栏和受保护的环境。虽然这种物理保护在某种程度上是有帮助的,但如果与当地社区的人际关系很差或根本不存在,那么装置的整体安全性将是脆弱的。有些组织会故意采取相反的做法,主动派遣员工到社区去互动,与当地居民交谈,建立人际关系——即使这样做对这些员工来说意味着很大程度的身体和个人风险。我们如何支持那些被我们故意推入如此危险和不稳定环境的员工?为了他们自身的安全,我们希望这些员工尽可能多地与当地居民沟通。我们希望他们能注意到当地社交媒体上的“闲谈”。另一方面,我们希望帮助他们尽可能地保护他们实际的个人身份信息。失败的社交互动会带来致命的后果。无意中泄露的家庭成员的个人信息可能导致这些家庭成员在其家乡受到威胁和恐吓。在本文中,我们研究了一种旨在实现这些目标的数字个人通信设备的设计,并演示了系统理论过程分析(STPA)在分析建议设计中的使用。在此过程中,我们还将展示一种基于模型的设计工作方法,该方法代表了最近发布的SAE J3307标准“所有行业的系统理论过程分析(STPA)标准”(J3307_202503, 2025),该标准规定了最初在STPA手册中描述的STPA方法的可审计工作流程。
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引用次数: 0
FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 来自总编辑
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12533
William Miller
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引用次数: 0
The State of the Systems Engineering Discipline: A Longitudinal Analysis of INCOSE International Symposium Contributions (2012–2025) 系统工程学科的现状:对INCOSE国际研讨会贡献的纵向分析(2012-2025)
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12534
Christian Sprague PhD

This first-of-its-kind meta-analysis provides unprecedented insights into systems engineering's evolution through a comprehensive examination of fourteen years of INCOSE International Symposium contributions. By analyzing over 4,000 submissions from nearly 5,000 authors, this study delivers unique value through three interconnected analyses: The Authors Analysis reveals a distinctive “hourglass network” where 10% of contributors generate 43% of intellectual output, alongside a critical 94% first-year attrition rate. This social architecture illuminates both resilience mechanisms and vulnerability points within the knowledge ecosystem, offering stakeholders targeted intervention opportunities for community development. The Topics Analysis documents the discipline's methodological transformation, quantifying the shift toward model-based systems engineering (MBSE) growing from 30% to 40% while revealing persistent knowledge gaps in theoretical foundations and empirical validation. The detailed taxonomic classification exposes high-value research frontiers at disciplinary intersections previously unidentified. The Acceptance Analysis uncovers systematic patterns in knowledge validation, demonstrating how acceptance rates have tightened year-over-year (90% to 40%) while certain submission characteristics significantly impact outcomes. This evidence-based filter mechanism provides contributors with strategic insights for knowledge dissemination. Through synthesizing these analyses, this research provides a cohesive portrait of a discipline at an inflection point—transitioning from practice-driven origins toward greater formalization. For INCOSE leadership, educators, and practitioners, these integrated insights enable data-driven strategies to strengthen community resilience, address knowledge gaps, and enhance systems engineering's capacity to tackle the increasingly complex sociotechnical challenges of the 21st century.

这一首创的荟萃分析通过对十四年INCOSE国际研讨会贡献的全面检查,为系统工程的演变提供了前所未有的见解。通过分析来自近5000名作者的4000多份投稿,这项研究通过三个相互关联的分析提供了独特的价值:作者分析揭示了一个独特的“沙漏网络”,其中10%的贡献者创造了43%的智力产出,而第一年的流失率则达到了94%。这种社会架构阐明了知识生态系统中的弹性机制和脆弱性点,为利益相关者提供了有针对性的社区发展干预机会。主题分析记录了该学科的方法论转变,量化了向基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)的转变,从30%增长到40%,同时揭示了理论基础和经验验证中持续存在的知识差距。详细的分类学分类揭示了以前未确定的学科交叉领域的高价值研究前沿。验收分析揭示了知识验证的系统模式,展示了验收率如何逐年收紧(90%到40%),而某些提交特征显著影响结果。这种基于证据的过滤机制为贡献者提供了知识传播的战略见解。通过综合这些分析,本研究提供了一个学科在一个拐点的有凝聚力的肖像——从实践驱动的起源到更大的形式化。对于INCOSE的领导、教育工作者和从业者来说,这些综合的见解使数据驱动的战略能够加强社区的弹性,解决知识差距,并增强系统工程的能力,以应对21世纪日益复杂的社会技术挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Early Systems R&D Capabilities with Systems —Theoretic Process Analysis 用系统理论过程分析增强早期系统研发能力
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12531
Adam D. Williams

Systems engineering today faces a wide array of challenges, ranging from new operational environments to disruptive technological — necessitating approaches to improve research and development (R&D) efforts. Yet, emphasizing the Aristotelian argument that the “whole is greater than the sum of its parts” seems to offer a conceptual foundation creating new R&D solutions. Invoking systems theoretic concepts of emergence and hierarchy and analytic characteristics of traceability, rigor, and comprehensiveness is potentially beneficial for guiding R&D strategy and development to bridge the gap between theoretical problem spaces and engineering-based solutions. In response, this article describes systems–theoretic process analysis (STPA) as an example of one such approach to aid in early-systems R&D discussions. STPA—a ‘top-down’ process that abstracts real complex system operations into hierarchical control structures, functional control loops, and control actions—uses control loop logic to analyze how control actions (designed for desired system behaviors) may become violated and drive the complex system toward states of higher risk. By analyzing how needed controls are not provided (or out of sequence or stopped too soon) and unneeded controls are provided (or engaged too long), STPA can help early-system R&D discussions by exploring how requirements and desired actions interact to either mitigate or potentially increase states of risk that can lead to unacceptable losses. This article will demonstrate STPA's benefit for early-system R&D strategy and development discussion by describing such diverse use cases as cyber security, nuclear fuel transportation, and US electric grid performance. Together, the traceability, rigor, and comprehensiveness of STPA serve as useful tools for improving R&D strategy and development discussions. Leveraging STPA as well as related systems engineering techniques can be helpful in early R&D planning and strategy development to better triangulate deeper theoretical meaning or evaluate empirical results to better inform systems engineering solutions.

今天的系统工程面临着各种各样的挑战,从新的操作环境到颠覆性的技术——需要改进研究和开发(R&;D)工作的方法。然而,强调亚里士多德的论点“整体大于其部分的总和”似乎提供了一个创造新的研发解决方案的概念基础。调用涌现和层次的系统理论概念,以及可追溯性、严谨性和全面性的分析特征,对于指导研发战略和开发,以弥合理论问题空间和基于工程的解决方案之间的差距,具有潜在的益处。作为回应,本文描述了系统理论过程分析(STPA)作为这种方法的一个例子,以帮助早期系统研发讨论。stp是一种“自上而下”的过程,它将真实的复杂系统操作抽象为分层控制结构、功能控制回路和控制动作。它使用控制回路逻辑来分析控制动作(为期望的系统行为而设计的)是如何被违反的,并将复杂系统推向更高的风险状态。通过分析没有提供所需的控制(或顺序混乱或过早停止)以及提供不需要的控制(或进行得太久),STPA可以通过探索需求和期望的操作如何相互作用来减轻或潜在地增加可能导致不可接受损失的风险状态,从而帮助早期的系统研发讨论。本文将通过描述网络安全、核燃料运输和美国电网性能等不同用例,展示STPA对早期系统研发战略和开发讨论的好处。总之,STPA的可追溯性、严谨性和全面性作为改进研发战略和开发讨论的有用工具。利用STPA以及相关的系统工程技术可以帮助早期的研发计划和战略发展,以更好地三角化更深层次的理论意义或评估经验结果,以更好地为系统工程解决方案提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Engineering a Cyber Resilient Product Line 设计具有网络弹性的产品线
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12527
Patrice Williams, Paula Moss, Susan Bataller, Suzanne Hassell
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引用次数: 0
Effective and Efficient Preparation for the Unforeseeable 有效和高效地为不可预见的事情做准备
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12523
S. W. Hinsley, M. J. Henshaw, C. E. Siemieniuch

This paper hypothesizes that a system-of-systems (SoS) that is not fit for purpose is so because it cannot implement the correct, timely, and complete transfers of material, energy, and information (MEI) between its constituents and with its external environment that are necessary to achieve a particular result. This research addresses the problem of maintaining a SoS fit for purpose after unpredictable changes in operation, composition, or external factors by creating a method, implemented as an engineering process, and supported by an analysis technique to enhance the affordance {“Features that provide the potential for interaction by affording the ability to do something” (Norman 1999)} of SoS constituents for MEI transfer and reveal potential undesirable transfers.

本文假设一个系统的系统(system-of-systems, SoS)之所以不适合目的,是因为它无法在其组成部分之间以及与外部环境之间实现正确、及时和完整的物质、能量和信息(MEI)传递,而这些传递是实现特定结果所必需的。本研究通过创建一种方法来解决在操作、组成或外部因素发生不可预测的变化后维持SoS适合目的的问题,该方法作为工程过程实施,并由分析技术支持,以增强SoS成分的功能(“通过提供做某事的能力提供交互潜力的特征”(Norman 1999)),以进行MEI转移并揭示潜在的不良转移。
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引用次数: 0
FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 来自总编辑
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12519
William Miller
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引用次数: 0
Systematic Identification and Analysis of Hazards for Automated Systems 自动化系统危险的系统识别与分析
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12530
Lina Putze, Eckard Böde

The introduction of automation into technical systems promises many benefits, including performance increase, improved resource economy, and fewer harmful accidents. In particular, in the automotive sector, automated driving is seen as one key element in Vision Zero by eliminating common accident causes such as driving under the influence, reckless behavior, or distracted drivers. However, this is contrasted by new failure modes and hazards from the latest technologies. In this article, we address the problems of finding common sources of criticality for specific application classes and identifying and quantitatively assessing new sources of harm within particular automated driving systems.

在技术系统中引入自动化技术有许多好处,包括提高性能、改善资源经济性和减少有害事故。特别是在汽车领域,自动驾驶被视为 "零事故愿景 "的一个关键因素,它消除了常见的事故原因,如酒后驾驶、鲁莽行为或驾驶员分心。然而,与此形成鲜明对比的是最新技术带来的新故障模式和危害。在本文中,我们将探讨如何为特定应用类别找到共同的关键源,以及如何识别和定量评估特定自动驾驶系统中新的危害源。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Insight
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