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Finite element analysis of magnetomechanical coupling behaviour of perforated steel plate 多孔钢板磁-力耦合特性的有限元分析
4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1784/insi.2023.65.9.514
Fuchen Zhang, Zecheng Sun
In this paper, finite element analysis is carried out for the stress of a 45# steel specimen with a round hole and its correlation with a magnetic signal. The leakage magnetic field signals of the specimen under different loads are obtained. The results show that the greater the tensile stress is, the greater the stress is at 2 mm above the round hole, and the permeability first increases and then decreases with the increase in stress. The leakage magnetic field signal is correlated with permeability and the tangential component of the magnetic flux leakage signal has a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The phenomenon of zero crossing of the normal component of the leakage magnetic field signal appears.
本文对45#钢带圆孔试样的应力及其与磁信号的相关性进行了有限元分析。得到了试样在不同载荷作用下的漏磁场信号。结果表明:拉应力越大,圆孔上方2mm处的应力越大,渗透率随应力的增大先增大后减小;漏磁信号与磁导率相关,漏磁信号的切向分量呈先增大后减小的趋势。漏磁场信号的法向分量出现过零现象。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation into defect image segmentation algorithms for galvanised steel sheets under texture backgrounds 纹理背景下镀锌钢板缺陷图像分割算法研究
4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1784/insi.2023.65.9.492
Rui Pan, Wei Gao, Yunbo Zuo, Guoxin Wu, Yuda Chen
Image segmentation is a significant step in image analysis and computer vision. Many entropy-based approaches have been presented on this topic. Among them, Tsallis entropy is one of the best-performing methods. In this paper, the surface defect images of galvanised steel sheets were studied. A two-dimensional asymmetric Tsallis cross-entropy image segmentation algorithm based on chaotic bee colony algorithm optimisation was used to investigate the segmentation of surface defects under complex texture backgrounds. On the basis of Tsallis entropy threshold segmentation, a more concise expression form was used to define the asymmetric Tsallis cross-entropy in order to reduce the calculation complexity of the algorithm. The chaotic algorithm was combined with the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to construct the chaotic bee colony algorithm, so that the optimal threshold of Tsallis entropy could be quickly identified. The experimental results showed that compared with the maximum Shannon entropy algorithm, the calculation time of this algorithm decreased by about 58% and the threshold value increased by about (26%, 54%). Compared with the two-dimensional Tsallis cross-entropy algorithm, the calculation time of this algorithm decreased by about 35% and about 20% was improved in the g-axis direction only. Compared with the two-dimensional asymmetric Tsallis cross-entropy algorithm, the calculation time of this algorithm decreased by about 30% and the threshold values of the two algorithms were almost the same. The algorithm proposed in this paper can rapidly and effectively segment defect targets, making it a more suitable method for detecting surface defects in factories with a rapid production pace.
图像分割是图像分析和计算机视觉中的一个重要步骤。关于这个主题已经提出了许多基于熵的方法。其中,Tsallis熵是性能最好的方法之一。本文对镀锌钢板表面缺陷图像进行了研究。采用基于混沌蜂群算法优化的二维非对称Tsallis交叉熵图像分割算法,研究了复杂纹理背景下表面缺陷的分割问题。为了降低算法的计算复杂度,在Tsallis熵阈值分割的基础上,采用更简洁的表达形式来定义非对称Tsallis交叉熵。将混沌算法与人工蜂群(artificial bee colony, ABC)算法相结合,构造混沌蜂群算法,从而快速识别出Tsallis熵的最优阈值。实验结果表明,与最大香农熵算法相比,该算法的计算时间缩短了约58%,阈值提高了约(26%,54%)。与二维Tsallis交叉熵算法相比,该算法的计算时间缩短了约35%,仅在g轴方向上提高了约20%。与二维非对称Tsallis交叉熵算法相比,该算法的计算时间缩短了约30%,两种算法的阈值基本相同。本文提出的算法可以快速有效地分割缺陷目标,使其更适合于快速生产节奏工厂的表面缺陷检测方法。
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引用次数: 0
Volume integral model for algebraic image reconstruction and computed tomography 代数图像重建和计算机断层扫描的体积积分模型
4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1784/insi.2023.65.9.484
R Hanna, M Sutcliffe, D Carswell, P Charlton, S Mosey
Industrial computed tomography (CT) has seen widespread adoption as an inspection technique due to its ability to resolve small defects and perform high-resolution measurements on complex structures. The reconstruction of CT data is usually performed using filtered back-projection (FBP) methods, such as the Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) method, and are selected as they offer a good compromise between reconstruction time and quality. More recently, iterative reconstruction algorithms have seen a resurgence in research interest as computing power has increased. Iterative reconstruction algorithms, such as the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), use a reconstruction approach based on linear algebra to determine voxel attenuation coefficients based on the measured attenuation of the sample at the detector and calculation of the ray paths traversing the voxel grid. This offers a more precise model for CT reconstruction but at the cost of computational complexity and reconstruction time. Existing ART implementations are based on the 2D weighting models of the binary integral method (BIM), line integral method (LIM) and area integral method (AIM). For full 3D reconstruction, BIM and LIM only offer approximations leading to numerical inaccuracies. AIM for 2D reconstruction is mathematically exact but considers the divergent nature of a fan beam for 2D only. For a full 3D volumetric reconstruction, the X-ray cone beam is divergent in all directions and therefore AIM cannot be applied in its current form. A novel voxel weighting method for 3D volumetric image reconstruction using ART and providing a mathematically exact fractional volume weighting is introduced in this paper and referred to as the volume integral method (VIM). A set of algorithms is provided based on computer graphics techniques to determine ray/voxel intersections with volume reconstruction computed based on the divergence theorem. A set of experimental configurations is developed to provide a comparison against existing methods and conclusions are provided. Optimisation is achieved through graphic acceleration.
工业计算机断层扫描(CT)作为一种检测技术已经被广泛采用,因为它能够解决小缺陷和对复杂结构进行高分辨率测量。CT数据的重建通常使用滤波后反投影(FBP)方法,如Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK)方法,选择这些方法是因为它们在重建时间和质量之间提供了很好的折衷。最近,随着计算能力的提高,迭代重建算法的研究兴趣又重新抬头。迭代重建算法,如代数重建技术(ART),使用基于线性代数的重建方法,根据探测器处样品的测量衰减和遍历体素网格的射线路径计算来确定体素衰减系数。这为CT重建提供了一个更精确的模型,但代价是计算复杂度和重建时间。现有的ART实现基于二元积分法(BIM)、线积分法(LIM)和面积积分法(AIM)的二维加权模型。对于完整的3D重建,BIM和LIM只提供导致数值不准确的近似值。用于二维重建的AIM在数学上是精确的,但只考虑了二维扇形光束的发散性。对于完整的三维体重建,x射线锥束在各个方向上都是发散的,因此AIM不能以目前的形式应用。本文介绍了一种新的体素加权方法,用于利用ART进行三维体积图像重建,并提供数学上精确的分数体积加权,称为体积积分法(VIM)。提出了一套基于计算机图形学技术的基于散度定理计算的体重构确定射线/体素交点的算法。开发了一套实验配置,与现有方法进行了比较,并给出了结论。优化是通过图形加速实现的。
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引用次数: 0
Automatic defect detection in a steel sample using frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging 利用调频热波成像技术对钢样进行自动缺陷检测
4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1784/insi.2023.65.9.501
J Ahmad, R Mulaveesala
Non-stationary thermal wave imaging (NSTWI) techniques are primarily used to assess material properties and structural integrity without damaging a structure. Frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) is a well-known NSTWI approach that uses a low-peak power heat source to examine structures in a reasonable experimentation time. Recently, various methods, such as pulse compression, Fourier transform, principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA), have been introduced to handle the non-linearity of transient thermal signatures. However, handling non-linearity and developing a fully automatic defect detection system remains very challenging due to certain limitations of the aforementioned methods. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) for the identification of subsurface flaws in a mild steel sample investigated using the FMTWI approach. The accuracy and the performance of the proposed neural network (NN) are evaluated through a confusion matrix and region of convergence (ROC) analysis for the classification of defective and healthy pixels in an infrared image sequence. The developed NN model has achieved 99.7% accuracy in classifying the pixels correctly.
非稳态热波成像(NSTWI)技术主要用于在不损坏结构的情况下评估材料性能和结构完整性。调频热波成像(FMTWI)是一种众所周知的NSTWI方法,它使用低峰值功率热源在合理的实验时间内检查结构。近年来,脉冲压缩、傅里叶变换、主成分分析(PCA)和独立成分分析(ICA)等方法被用于处理瞬态热特征的非线性。然而,由于上述方法的某些局限性,处理非线性和开发全自动缺陷检测系统仍然是非常具有挑战性的。为了克服这些问题,本文提出了一种人工神经网络(ANN)来识别使用FMTWI方法研究的低碳钢样品的亚表面缺陷。通过混淆矩阵和收敛区域(ROC)分析对红外图像序列中的缺陷像素和健康像素进行分类,评估了所提出的神经网络(NN)的准确性和性能。所开发的神经网络模型对像素的正确分类准确率达到99.7%。
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引用次数: 0
Agile MBSE: Doing the Same Thing We Have Always Done, but in an Agile Way with Models 敏捷MBSE:做我们一直做的事情,但要用敏捷的方式与模型
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12442
Matthew Hause

Agile systems engineering is not new. Work has progressed on this for many years to the point that criteria has been established regarding best practice as well as a means of quantifying adherence. The future of systems engineering (FuSE) initiative is reexamining how agile systems engineering fits into the FuSE (Willette et al. 2021). As model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is also a FuSE theme, it is only proper to look at how agile systems engineering and MBSE complement and enable each other. This article examines some of the aspects of MBSE–specifically the Systems Modeling Language® (SysML) – and show at how an agile approach to MBSE can help with the concepts of stakeholder engagement, continual integration, and dynamic learning and evolution. For reasons of space, the article will only provide minimal definitions and explanations of the basics of MBSE, agile, and SysML and as these are well known concepts.

敏捷系统工程并不是什么新鲜事。多年来,这方面的工作取得了进展,已经制定了关于最佳实践的标准以及量化遵守情况的方法。系统工程(FuSE)倡议的未来正在重新审视敏捷系统工程如何融入FuSE(Willette等人,2021)。由于基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)也是FuSE的一个主题,因此只需要看看敏捷系统工程和MBSE是如何相互补充和启用的。本文研究了MBSE的一些方面,特别是系统建模语言®(SysML),并展示了MBSE敏捷方法如何帮助实现利益相关者参与、持续集成以及动态学习和进化的概念。由于篇幅的原因,本文将只提供MBSE、敏捷和SysML的基本概念的最低定义和解释,因为这些都是众所周知的概念。
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引用次数: 0
How Large Scale Agile Can Operate Systems Engineering in the Future 大规模敏捷如何在未来操作系统工程
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12440
Laurent Alt, Mikaël Le Mouëlli

The significant shift happening today towards more connected, more automated, and more autonomous systems is bringing software inside all systems, and at the same time agile practices. Our experience of large-scale agile deployments in companies building or operating complex systems in automotive and aerospace shows that, whereas both approaches can easily coexist in isolated teams within the same company, major problems arise when coordinating them at the leadership level, where they are perceived as antagonist, and create misalignments, friction and quality issues. In this article, we propose to describe why it is important to make agile and systems engineering work together, how to do it, and how this impacts how we see value, systems, digital twins, and leadership. The following concepts of the FuSE agile roadmaps are addressed:

  • ▪ Agility with long lead time components and dependencies
  • ▪ Agility across organizations boundaries
  • ▪ Orchestrating agile operations.
今天发生的向更互联、更自动化、更自主的系统的重大转变是将软件引入所有系统,同时实现敏捷实践。我们在构建或操作汽车和航空航天复杂系统的公司中进行大规模敏捷部署的经验表明,尽管这两种方法可以很容易地在同一公司内的孤立团队中共存,但在领导层协调时会出现重大问题,因为他们被视为对手,并造成错位、摩擦和质量问题。在这篇文章中,我们建议描述为什么让敏捷和系统工程协同工作很重要,如何做到这一点,以及这如何影响我们看待价值、系统、数字双胞胎和领导力。FuSE敏捷路线图涉及以下概念:▪ 具有长交付周期组件和依赖性的灵活性▪ 跨组织边界的灵活性▪ 协调敏捷操作。
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引用次数: 0
Applying Agility for Sustainable Security 应用敏捷实现可持续安全
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12445
Larri Ann Rosser

Systems engineering faces ongoing challenges due to the pace of change in technology and needs as well as the complexity, resilience, and adaptability demanded of solutions. System security needs and challenges are a prominent factor in the increasing demands placed on solutions and the systems engineers who design and develop them. The adoption of program level agile execution is one strategy for addressing these escalating challenges. In this article we describe how the broadly adopted technical processes from the ISO/IEEE/IEC 15288:2015 standard can be executed using agile methods to realize a large complex solution. In addition, we provide specific recommendations for executing these processes in a manner that enables systems to be sustainably secure – that is, to retain the desired level of security throughout the life cycle.

由于技术和需求的变化速度以及解决方案所需的复杂性、弹性和适应性,系统工程面临着持续的挑战。系统安全需求和挑战是对解决方案以及设计和开发解决方案的系统工程师提出越来越高要求的一个突出因素。采用程序级敏捷执行是应对这些不断升级的挑战的一种策略。在本文中,我们描述了如何使用敏捷方法执行ISO/IEEE/IEC 15288:2015标准中广泛采用的技术流程,以实现大型复杂解决方案。此外,我们还提供了具体建议,以使系统能够持续安全的方式执行这些流程,即在整个生命周期中保持所需的安全级别。
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引用次数: 0
Systems Engineering Agility in a Nutshell Nutshell中的系统工程敏捷性
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12438
Rick Dove, Kerry Lunney, Michael Orosz, Mike Yokell

Systems engineering must necessarily have the agility to anticipate and effectively respond to an increasingly dynamic and uncertain environment. Agile systems engineering, agile software engineering, and agile any-kind-of engineering share common goals and leverage common agility-enabling strategies. This article succinctly describes eight strategic aspects with application discussions at the systems engineering level.

系统工程必须具有预测和有效应对日益动态和不确定环境的灵活性。敏捷系统工程、敏捷软件工程和敏捷任何类型的工程都有共同的目标,并利用共同的敏捷性实现策略。本文简要描述了系统工程级别应用程序讨论的八个战略方面。
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引用次数: 0
Model-Based Systems Engineering as an Enabler of Agility 基于模型的系统工程作为敏捷的推动者
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12441
Sophie Plazanet, Juan Navas

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) with agility can help systems engineering programs which deal with both increasing complexity and frequent changes in environment and usages, shorter time-to-market, uncertainty of the needs, and more sophisticated industrial schemes. Agile approaches originated in software engineering can be extended and tailored to a certain extent to complex systems engineering and particularly to MBSE. Main benefits of agility are provision of a minimum viable product as early as possible in the schedule, early capture of changes of needs, enabling to deliver a system answering to the real needs, and securing of the value proposal. It includes also potential reduction in rework of the final system through regular customer feedback throughout development (left shift for the defect correction with early exposure), and efficiency of the use of resources. Concerning MBSE, the use of models as a single source of truth for completeness and consistency is useful to share and secure the design by improving communication within engineering teams and the building and support of the development strategy, and to help to automate some tasks such as model exchange and synchronization. In addition to the benefits of each approach, combining them may help to:

  • Organize and synchronize the development and validation effort of one or multiple engineering teams.
  • Faster impact analysis including trade-off studies/options and hence a faster reaction to evolutions in expectations and constraints, that is, the agility of systems.
  • Show regularly “end to end” value to the customer and other stakeholders.
具有灵活性的基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)可以帮助系统工程程序处理日益复杂和频繁的环境和用途变化、更短的上市时间、需求的不确定性和更复杂的工业方案。起源于软件工程的敏捷方法可以在一定程度上扩展和定制到复杂的系统工程,尤其是MBSE。敏捷性的主要好处是在计划中尽早提供最低可行的产品,尽早捕捉需求变化,能够提供满足真实需求的系统,并确保价值提案的安全。它还包括在整个开发过程中通过定期客户反馈减少最终系统返工的可能性(早期曝光的缺陷纠正左移),以及资源使用效率。关于MBSE,使用模型作为完整性和一致性的单一真相来源,有助于通过改善工程团队内部的沟通以及开发战略的构建和支持来共享和保护设计,并有助于自动化一些任务,如模型交换和同步。除了每种方法的好处外,将它们结合起来可能有助于:▪ 组织和同步一个或多个工程团队的开发和验证工作。▪ 更快的影响分析,包括权衡研究/选项,从而对期望和约束的演变做出更快的反应,即系统的灵活性。▪ 定期向客户和其他利益相关者展示“端到端”的价值。
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引用次数: 0
FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 来自编辑
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/inst.12436
William Miller
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引用次数: 0
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