treatments which contained greater organic carbon, soil organic carbon stocks, and microbial biomass carbon, which results in a stable soil structure. The no-tillage system, which produced the maximum organic carbon and soil organic carbon stock among the tillage systems, showed the highest amounts of mean weight diameter (0.15 mm), and water-stable aggregates (92%). Our findings revealed that the high energy moisture characteristics method was highly sensitive to macroaggregate stability in water. K e y w o r d s: aggregate slaking, microbial activity, soil management, structural stability, Aridisols
处理含有更多的有机碳、土壤有机碳储量和微生物生物量碳，从而形成稳定的土壤结构。在耕作系统中，免耕系统产生的有机碳和土壤有机碳储量最大，其平均重量直径（0.15mm）和水稳性团聚体的含量最高（92%）。我们的研究结果表明，高能水分特征法对大骨料在水中的稳定性高度敏感。K e y w o r d s：骨料消化、微生物活性、土壤管理、结构稳定性、Aridisols
{"title":"Impacts of soil organic carbon and tillage systems on structural stability as quantified by the high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) method","authors":"E. Farahani, H. Emami, P. Keshavarz","doi":"10.31545/intagr/145805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/145805","url":null,"abstract":"treatments which contained greater organic carbon, soil organic carbon stocks, and microbial biomass carbon, which results in a stable soil structure. The no-tillage system, which produced the maximum organic carbon and soil organic carbon stock among the tillage systems, showed the highest amounts of mean weight diameter (0.15 mm), and water-stable aggregates (92%). Our findings revealed that the high energy moisture characteristics method was highly sensitive to macroaggregate stability in water. K e y w o r d s: aggregate slaking, microbial activity, soil management, structural stability, Aridisols","PeriodicalId":13959,"journal":{"name":"International Agrophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48031812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raúl Romero-Galindo, C. Hernández-Aguilar, A. Domínguez-Pacheco, J. Godina-Nava, Rumen Ivanov Tsonchev
*Corresponding author e-mail: clauhaj@yahoo.com A b s t r a c t. Drought stress has serious repercussions for agriculture, affecting crop growth with low yield effects concerning food production and food security. The main objective of this research is to conduct a scientific literature review of the physical methods used to generate tolerance to water stress in crops. (i) The most widely applied physical method to counteract the effects of drought stress is UV radiation, magnetic field application (18%), He-Ne and CO2 laser (18%), gamma radiation (9%) and plasma (6%). (ii) Treatments with ultraviolet light and magnetic fields have been applied mainly in cereals, vegetables, legumes, medicinal plants, and trees. Also, He-Ne, CO2 laser, and plasma in seeds in cereals and medicinal plants in the pre-sowing stage to seed level. Finally, gamma radiation has been applied to plants and seeds (grass, flowers, sugar plant). (iii) The reported physical methods can increase or decrease the biochemical variables under water stress depending on the physical method and radiation parameters applied, as well as the crop, level of drought and the environment in which the plants develop. Thus, UV radiation, magnetic fields, gamma radiation, and He-Ne and CO2 lasers are physical methods that produce seed and plant improvement effects. K e y w o r d s: physical methods, drought stress, seed conditioning, tolerance to water stress
*通讯作者e-mail: clauhaj@yahoo.com A b str A ct .干旱胁迫对农业产生严重影响，影响作物生长，造成低产效应，关系到粮食生产和粮食安全。本研究的主要目的是对用于产生作物对水分胁迫耐受性的物理方法进行科学文献综述。(i)抵消干旱胁迫影响的最广泛应用的物理方法是紫外线辐射、磁场应用(18%)、He-Ne和CO2激光(18%)、伽马辐射(9%)和等离子体(6%)。紫外线光和磁场处理主要用于谷物、蔬菜、豆类、药用植物和树木。此外，从播前到种子水平，谷物和药用植物种子中的He-Ne、CO2激光和等离子体。最后，伽马射线已经应用于植物和种子(草，花，糖植物)。报告的物理方法可以增加或减少水分胁迫下的生化变量，这取决于所采用的物理方法和辐射参数，以及作物、干旱程度和植物生长的环境。因此，紫外线辐射、磁场、伽马辐射、He-Ne和CO2激光是产生种子和植物改良效果的物理方法。主要包括:物理方法、干旱胁迫、种子调理、对水分胁迫的耐受性
{"title":"Biophysical methods used to generate tolerance to drought stress in seeds and plants: a review","authors":"Raúl Romero-Galindo, C. Hernández-Aguilar, A. Domínguez-Pacheco, J. Godina-Nava, Rumen Ivanov Tsonchev","doi":"10.31545/intagr/144951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/144951","url":null,"abstract":"*Corresponding author e-mail: clauhaj@yahoo.com A b s t r a c t. Drought stress has serious repercussions for agriculture, affecting crop growth with low yield effects concerning food production and food security. The main objective of this research is to conduct a scientific literature review of the physical methods used to generate tolerance to water stress in crops. (i) The most widely applied physical method to counteract the effects of drought stress is UV radiation, magnetic field application (18%), He-Ne and CO2 laser (18%), gamma radiation (9%) and plasma (6%). (ii) Treatments with ultraviolet light and magnetic fields have been applied mainly in cereals, vegetables, legumes, medicinal plants, and trees. Also, He-Ne, CO2 laser, and plasma in seeds in cereals and medicinal plants in the pre-sowing stage to seed level. Finally, gamma radiation has been applied to plants and seeds (grass, flowers, sugar plant). (iii) The reported physical methods can increase or decrease the biochemical variables under water stress depending on the physical method and radiation parameters applied, as well as the crop, level of drought and the environment in which the plants develop. Thus, UV radiation, magnetic fields, gamma radiation, and He-Ne and CO2 lasers are physical methods that produce seed and plant improvement effects. K e y w o r d s: physical methods, drought stress, seed conditioning, tolerance to water stress","PeriodicalId":13959,"journal":{"name":"International Agrophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47444523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
*Corresponding author e-mail: maciej.combrzynski@up.lublin.pl A b s t r a c t. Based on a literature review, the development and importance of foamed bioplastics in the context of conventional materials has been discussed in the paper. Raw materials, technological aspects, types of products (including a new generation of bioplastics), their advantages and disadvantages as well as user expectations are presented. Despite considerable progress, especially in the formulation of new raw material compositions, there is still a need to continue research work on the application of different techniques in the production of biodegradable porous packaging materials. It still remains the current primary goal – to produce products with physical characteristics that are comparable with those of petroleum based plastic. K e y w o r d s: physical properties, foams, porous materials, bioplastics, starch-based packaging materials
*通讯作者e-mail: maciej.combrzynski@up.lublin.pl A b st r A c t。本文在综述文献的基础上，讨论了发泡生物塑料在常规材料背景下的发展及其重要性。介绍了原材料、技术方面、产品类型(包括新一代生物塑料)、它们的优缺点以及用户期望。尽管取得了相当大的进展，特别是在新原料成分的配方方面，但仍需要继续研究不同技术在生物可降解多孔包装材料生产中的应用。它仍然是目前的主要目标-生产具有可与石油基塑料相媲美的物理特性的产品。主要研究方向:物理性能、泡沫、多孔材料、生物塑料、淀粉基包装材料
{"title":"Foamed bioplastics: a review","authors":"M. Combrzyński, Ö. Özmen","doi":"10.31545/intagr/145289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/145289","url":null,"abstract":"*Corresponding author e-mail: maciej.combrzynski@up.lublin.pl A b s t r a c t. Based on a literature review, the development and importance of foamed bioplastics in the context of conventional materials has been discussed in the paper. Raw materials, technological aspects, types of products (including a new generation of bioplastics), their advantages and disadvantages as well as user expectations are presented. Despite considerable progress, especially in the formulation of new raw material compositions, there is still a need to continue research work on the application of different techniques in the production of biodegradable porous packaging materials. It still remains the current primary goal – to produce products with physical characteristics that are comparable with those of petroleum based plastic. K e y w o r d s: physical properties, foams, porous materials, bioplastics, starch-based packaging materials","PeriodicalId":13959,"journal":{"name":"International Agrophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44533757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
*Corresponding author e-mail: marian.wiwart@uwm.edu.pl **This work was financially supported by Minister of Education and Science in the range of the program entitled “Regional Initiative of Excellence” for the years 2019-2022, Project No. 010/ RID/2018/19, amount of funding 12.000.000 PLN. A b s t r a c t. The nutrient content and the morphological and anatomical features of kernels were compared for 11 breeding lines of tritordeum and three Triticum durum cultivars. The kernel shape descriptors were examined using digital image analysis, and the contents of four basic nutrients were determined. Tritordeum grain had a significantly higher content of protein, fat, ash and fibre than durum wheat grain. In turn, the values of one kernel weight, kernel thickness and hardness were significantly lower in tritordeum. Tritordeum kernels are elongated, relatively small, with a deep crease and a small cross-sectional area. All lines differed considerably with regard to the examined phenotypic attributes. Tritordeum lines and the reference cultivars were most effectively distinguished based on fibre content, spike length, spikelet number per spike, and kernel number and weight per spike. One kernel weight, whole kernel area, crease depth, and the distance from the bottom of the crease to the kernel edge were the least distinguishing traits. The results indicate that tritordeum grain can accumulate more than 19% protein and 43% more fibre than durum wheat in Central Europe. The examined tritordeum lines are highly promising despite the fact that their yield potential is twice lower compared to modern T. durum cultivars. K e y w o r d s: tritordeum, basic nutrients, cross section, grain, shape analysis INTRODUCTION
{"title":"Tritordeum – the content of basic nutrients in grain and the morphological and anatomical features of kernels","authors":"E. Suchowilska, W. Radawiec, M. Wiwart","doi":"10.31545/intagr/144592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/144592","url":null,"abstract":"*Corresponding author e-mail: marian.wiwart@uwm.edu.pl **This work was financially supported by Minister of Education and Science in the range of the program entitled “Regional Initiative of Excellence” for the years 2019-2022, Project No. 010/ RID/2018/19, amount of funding 12.000.000 PLN. A b s t r a c t. The nutrient content and the morphological and anatomical features of kernels were compared for 11 breeding lines of tritordeum and three Triticum durum cultivars. The kernel shape descriptors were examined using digital image analysis, and the contents of four basic nutrients were determined. Tritordeum grain had a significantly higher content of protein, fat, ash and fibre than durum wheat grain. In turn, the values of one kernel weight, kernel thickness and hardness were significantly lower in tritordeum. Tritordeum kernels are elongated, relatively small, with a deep crease and a small cross-sectional area. All lines differed considerably with regard to the examined phenotypic attributes. Tritordeum lines and the reference cultivars were most effectively distinguished based on fibre content, spike length, spikelet number per spike, and kernel number and weight per spike. One kernel weight, whole kernel area, crease depth, and the distance from the bottom of the crease to the kernel edge were the least distinguishing traits. The results indicate that tritordeum grain can accumulate more than 19% protein and 43% more fibre than durum wheat in Central Europe. The examined tritordeum lines are highly promising despite the fact that their yield potential is twice lower compared to modern T. durum cultivars. K e y w o r d s: tritordeum, basic nutrients, cross section, grain, shape analysis INTRODUCTION","PeriodicalId":13959,"journal":{"name":"International Agrophysics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41780350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jamiołkowska, B. Skwaryło-Bednarz, A. H. Thanoon, Weronika Kursa
*Corresponding author e-mail: barbara.skwarylo@up.lublin.pl A b s t r a c t. The aim of the paper is to discuss, on the basis of the recent scientific literature, the potential of mycorrhizae as an important biological factor supporting crop production. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a multifunctional phenomenon, therefore it should play an important role in sustainable and organic agriculture, but it is still underused. The article focuses on the influence of mycorrhizae on nutrient uptake by plants, as well as exploring the importance of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting plant growth and improving yield quality. Mycorrhizal fungi are factors which limit plant stresses, thereby indirectly contributing to a reduction in the consumption of agrochemicals. The results of many studies show that mycorrhizal symbiosis plays an important role in essential ecosystem processes by regulating the microbiological relationships in the soil, thereby creating a permanent soil structure and protecting it from air and water erosion. The detailed functioning and regulation of these mycorrhizosphere processes and their significance for plants are widely described in the scientific literature, however, the use of mycorrhizae in agriculture is still insufficient. Particular attention should be paid to the potential benefits of mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture, as well as for ecological and safe plant production. K e y w o r d s: sustainable agriculture, mycorrhiza, ecology plant diseases, plant toxicity
*通讯作者电子邮件：barbara.skwarylo@up.lublin.plA b s t r A c t。本文的目的是在最近的科学文献的基础上，讨论菌根作为支持作物生产的重要生物因子的潜力。菌根共生是一种多功能现象，因此它应该在可持续有机农业中发挥重要作用，但它仍然没有得到充分利用。本文重点研究了菌根对植物吸收养分的影响，并探讨了菌根真菌在促进植物生长和提高产量质量方面的重要性。菌根真菌是限制植物胁迫的因素，从而间接减少农用化学品的消耗。许多研究的结果表明，菌根共生通过调节土壤中的微生物关系，从而形成永久的土壤结构，保护其免受空气和水的侵蚀，在重要的生态系统过程中发挥着重要作用。科学文献中广泛描述了这些菌根过程的详细功能和调节及其对植物的意义，然而，菌根在农业中的应用仍然不足。应特别注意菌根在可持续农业以及生态和安全植物生产方面的潜在效益。K e y w o r d s：可持续农业、菌根、生态植物病害、植物毒性
{"title":"Contribution of mycorrhizae to sustainable and ecological agriculture: a review","authors":"A. Jamiołkowska, B. Skwaryło-Bednarz, A. H. Thanoon, Weronika Kursa","doi":"10.31545/intagr/144249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/144249","url":null,"abstract":"*Corresponding author e-mail: barbara.skwarylo@up.lublin.pl A b s t r a c t. The aim of the paper is to discuss, on the basis of the recent scientific literature, the potential of mycorrhizae as an important biological factor supporting crop production. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a multifunctional phenomenon, therefore it should play an important role in sustainable and organic agriculture, but it is still underused. The article focuses on the influence of mycorrhizae on nutrient uptake by plants, as well as exploring the importance of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting plant growth and improving yield quality. Mycorrhizal fungi are factors which limit plant stresses, thereby indirectly contributing to a reduction in the consumption of agrochemicals. The results of many studies show that mycorrhizal symbiosis plays an important role in essential ecosystem processes by regulating the microbiological relationships in the soil, thereby creating a permanent soil structure and protecting it from air and water erosion. The detailed functioning and regulation of these mycorrhizosphere processes and their significance for plants are widely described in the scientific literature, however, the use of mycorrhizae in agriculture is still insufficient. Particular attention should be paid to the potential benefits of mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture, as well as for ecological and safe plant production. K e y w o r d s: sustainable agriculture, mycorrhiza, ecology plant diseases, plant toxicity","PeriodicalId":13959,"journal":{"name":"International Agrophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49272458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
*Corresponding author e-mail: leonjosip.telak@gmail.com **This work was supported by the Croatian Science Foundation through the project "Soil erosion and degradation in Croatia" (UIP-2017-05-7834) (SEDCRO) (2018-2023). A b s t r a c t. Intensive soil management in vineyards makes them vulnerable to the degradation of physical characteristics and soil erosion. Sustainable management practices in young vineyards should be adopted to ensure soil longevity and ecosystem stability. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of grass-covering and straw-mulching on the mitigation of soil degradation through the reduction of chemical and physical soil degradation and initial soil erosion. The soil sampling and rainfall simulations were performed in an immature vineyard, which was established in Stagnosol, in a semi-humid climate in order to study the intrinsic relationships between soil properties and soil degradation/erosion. The grass-covering treatment significantly increased the values of soil organic matter, mean weight diameter, water-stable aggregates, ponding and runoff times, and significantly reduced the values of water runoff, sediment concentration, sediment loss, carbon loss, phosphorous loss and as a consequence, increased the available phosphorous, and soil water content. The opposite result was observed for the tilled treatment. Straw-mulching did not affect soil properties, however it decreased water, soil, and nutrient losses. Grass-covering is highlighted as the most sustainable soil management strategy as it mitigates water, sediment and nutrient losses in young vineyards. K e y w o r d s: Croatia, soil erosion, rainfall simulation, grasscovering, straw-mulching
*通讯作者电子邮件：leonjosip.telak@gmail.com**这项工作得到了克罗地亚科学基金会通过“克罗地亚的土壤侵蚀和退化”项目（UIP-2017-05-7834）（SEDCRO）（2018-2023）的支持。A b s t r A c t。葡萄园的密集土壤管理使其容易受到物理特性退化和土壤侵蚀的影响。应在年轻葡萄园采取可持续管理做法，以确保土壤寿命和生态系统稳定。本研究的目的是比较覆草和秸秆覆盖通过减少化学和物理土壤退化以及初始土壤侵蚀来缓解土壤退化的效果。为了研究土壤特性与土壤退化/侵蚀之间的内在关系，在半湿润气候下，在斯塔诺索尔建立的一个未成熟葡萄园中进行了土壤采样和降雨模拟。覆草处理显著增加了土壤有机质、平均粒径、水稳性团聚体、积水和径流次数，显著降低了水径流量、含沙量、泥沙损失、碳损失、磷损失，从而增加了有效磷和土壤含水量。耕作处理的结果相反。秸秆覆盖不会影响土壤特性，但会减少水分、土壤和养分的损失。覆草被强调为最可持续的土壤管理策略，因为它可以减少年轻葡萄园的水、沉积物和养分损失。K e y w o r d s：克罗地亚，土壤侵蚀，降雨模拟，植草，秸秆覆盖
{"title":"Soil degradation mitigation in continental climate in young vineyards planted in Stagnosols","authors":"Leon Josip Telak, P. Pereira, Igor Bogunović","doi":"10.31545/intagr/143268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/143268","url":null,"abstract":"*Corresponding author e-mail: leonjosip.telak@gmail.com **This work was supported by the Croatian Science Foundation through the project \"Soil erosion and degradation in Croatia\" (UIP-2017-05-7834) (SEDCRO) (2018-2023). A b s t r a c t. Intensive soil management in vineyards makes them vulnerable to the degradation of physical characteristics and soil erosion. Sustainable management practices in young vineyards should be adopted to ensure soil longevity and ecosystem stability. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of grass-covering and straw-mulching on the mitigation of soil degradation through the reduction of chemical and physical soil degradation and initial soil erosion. The soil sampling and rainfall simulations were performed in an immature vineyard, which was established in Stagnosol, in a semi-humid climate in order to study the intrinsic relationships between soil properties and soil degradation/erosion. The grass-covering treatment significantly increased the values of soil organic matter, mean weight diameter, water-stable aggregates, ponding and runoff times, and significantly reduced the values of water runoff, sediment concentration, sediment loss, carbon loss, phosphorous loss and as a consequence, increased the available phosphorous, and soil water content. The opposite result was observed for the tilled treatment. Straw-mulching did not affect soil properties, however it decreased water, soil, and nutrient losses. Grass-covering is highlighted as the most sustainable soil management strategy as it mitigates water, sediment and nutrient losses in young vineyards. K e y w o r d s: Croatia, soil erosion, rainfall simulation, grasscovering, straw-mulching","PeriodicalId":13959,"journal":{"name":"International Agrophysics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49281657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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