Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2599
Husam Hamza Salman
Objective: The aim of this work includes the synthesis of nitrone compounds derived from glyoxal by a condensation reaction with substituted arylhydroxylamines and evaluation of their antimicrobial efficacy. Materials and Methods: The present work concerned the synthesis of arylhydroxylamine derivatives and subsequently reacted with glyoxal (40%) to synthesize the nitrone compounds. Results: The synthesized nitrones in our study, their structures identified with Fourier-transform infrared and 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies in addition to elemental analysis (C.H.N.). The results support the structures of nitrone compounds. Conclusion: Synthesized nitrones obtained in high purity and an excellent yield. The synthesized nitrones investigated for evaluation of their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922) bacteria and fungus (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus). The study proved that the synthesized nitrones exhibited significant antimicrobial activity.
{"title":"Antimicrobial evaluation of some new nitrone compounds derived from glyoxal","authors":"Husam Hamza Salman","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2599","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of this work includes the synthesis of nitrone compounds derived from glyoxal by a condensation reaction with substituted arylhydroxylamines and evaluation of their antimicrobial efficacy. Materials and Methods: The present work concerned the synthesis of arylhydroxylamine derivatives and subsequently reacted with glyoxal (40%) to synthesize the nitrone compounds. Results: The synthesized nitrones in our study, their structures identified with Fourier-transform infrared and 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies in addition to elemental analysis (C.H.N.). The results support the structures of nitrone compounds. Conclusion: Synthesized nitrones obtained in high purity and an excellent yield. The synthesized nitrones investigated for evaluation of their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922) bacteria and fungus (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus). The study proved that the synthesized nitrones exhibited significant antimicrobial activity.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89029592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2600
Hussein A. Alyahyaoy
Context: In this manuscript, evaluation of the individual antibacterial effect of new synthesized 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives against certain types of bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). Methods: Synthesize of some new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and characterization of synthesized derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental microanalysis (CHNS). The antibacterial effect of the synthesized derivatives was assessed by determining their inhibitory concentration whereby calculate their inhibition zone versus certain types of standard antibiotics, concentration ranging from 0.250, 0.500, and 1 mg/1 ml. Results: Most synthesized compound showed inhibition zone against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria, compound (TRN4) showed moderate inhibition against resistant Pseudomonas aerogenosa, while standard reference drug (cefepime) did not show activity. Conclusion: These results indicate that the introduction of triazole -3-thiol moiety may produce antibacterial activity against certain types of bacteria and according to side chain group (beside thiol).
{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of new 1,2,4- triazole-3-thiol derivatives","authors":"Hussein A. Alyahyaoy","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2600","url":null,"abstract":"Context: In this manuscript, evaluation of the individual antibacterial effect of new synthesized 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives against certain types of bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). Methods: Synthesize of some new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and characterization of synthesized derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental microanalysis (CHNS). The antibacterial effect of the synthesized derivatives was assessed by determining their inhibitory concentration whereby calculate their inhibition zone versus certain types of standard antibiotics, concentration ranging from 0.250, 0.500, and 1 mg/1 ml. Results: Most synthesized compound showed inhibition zone against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria, compound (TRN4) showed moderate inhibition against resistant Pseudomonas aerogenosa, while standard reference drug (cefepime) did not show activity. Conclusion: These results indicate that the introduction of triazole -3-thiol moiety may produce antibacterial activity against certain types of bacteria and according to side chain group (beside thiol).","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90885628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2588
Prathibha Devi Cherku
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects a large population around the world, as declared by the World Health Organization. There is a need for discovery of natural, non-toxic agents with minimum side effects such as medicinal plants. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) has been used as an antidiabetic medicine in Ayurveda and traditional folk medicine. The present study is an integrative approach of plant sciences, medicinal chemistry, and screening assays for the development of treatment for diabetes. It investigates the analysis and antidiabetic efficiency of the leaf extract of T. cordifolia and its alkaloidal component magnoflorine. Materials and Methods: Initially, the active fraction of T. cordifolia (AFTC) of methanolic leaf extract was analyzed through fractionation to isolate the active molecules through the column and thin-layer chromatography. The primary compounds were characterized through high-performance liquid chromatography and their chromatographic profiles established using appropriate standards. Subsequently, the plant extract of T. cordifolia and one of its alkaloidal components, magnoflorine was tested on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for their antidiabetic property by assessing the inhibition of aldose reductase. Results: Four active molecules (alkaloids) were isolated from the plant extract of T. cordifolia through Column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography studies confirmed their identity as magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, and berberine. Antidiabetic potential of plant extract and its component alkaloid, magnoflorine was tested on STZ-induced diabetic rats. Treatment with plant extract or magnoflorine decreased the serum glucose to normal level similar to that of the standard drug metformin and also remarkably prevented their weight loss to almost the same extent as those treated with metformin. Significant inhibition of aldose reductase activity was also observed by the plant extract or magnoflorine. Discussion: The study indicated that the extract of T. cordifolia and magnoflorine help in the maintenance of body weights and blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats and also demonstrated a significant aldose reductase inhibition activity similar to that of Metformin (the standard antidiabetic drug). Hence, the plant extract and magnoflorine have immense antidiabetic potential. Conclusion: The plant extract and magnoflorine have an immense antidiabetic property, and magnoflorine can be developed into a potent antidiabetic drug after further trials. The pure form of magnoflorine is scarcely available, and the development of a purification process may be beneficial.
{"title":"Inhibitory activity of leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia and magnoflorine on aldose reductase for control of diabetes","authors":"Prathibha Devi Cherku","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2588","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects a large population around the world, as declared by the World Health Organization. There is a need for discovery of natural, non-toxic agents with minimum side effects such as medicinal plants. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) has been used as an antidiabetic medicine in Ayurveda and traditional folk medicine. The present study is an integrative approach of plant sciences, medicinal chemistry, and screening assays for the development of treatment for diabetes. It investigates the analysis and antidiabetic efficiency of the leaf extract of T. cordifolia and its alkaloidal component magnoflorine. Materials and Methods: Initially, the active fraction of T. cordifolia (AFTC) of methanolic leaf extract was analyzed through fractionation to isolate the active molecules through the column and thin-layer chromatography. The primary compounds were characterized through high-performance liquid chromatography and their chromatographic profiles established using appropriate standards. Subsequently, the plant extract of T. cordifolia and one of its alkaloidal components, magnoflorine was tested on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for their antidiabetic property by assessing the inhibition of aldose reductase. Results: Four active molecules (alkaloids) were isolated from the plant extract of T. cordifolia through Column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography studies confirmed their identity as magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, and berberine. Antidiabetic potential of plant extract and its component alkaloid, magnoflorine was tested on STZ-induced diabetic rats. Treatment with plant extract or magnoflorine decreased the serum glucose to normal level similar to that of the standard drug metformin and also remarkably prevented their weight loss to almost the same extent as those treated with metformin. Significant inhibition of aldose reductase activity was also observed by the plant extract or magnoflorine. Discussion: The study indicated that the extract of T. cordifolia and magnoflorine help in the maintenance of body weights and blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats and also demonstrated a significant aldose reductase inhibition activity similar to that of Metformin (the standard antidiabetic drug). Hence, the plant extract and magnoflorine have immense antidiabetic potential. Conclusion: The plant extract and magnoflorine have an immense antidiabetic property, and magnoflorine can be developed into a potent antidiabetic drug after further trials. The pure form of magnoflorine is scarcely available, and the development of a purification process may be beneficial.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80460203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2590
Varsha Saxena
Background and Aim: The anorectal diseases have been known from thousands of years. In Ayurveda, Acharya Sushruta has described Gudabhramsa (rectal prolapse) under the heading of Kshudra roga. Kshara sutra (medicated thread) has been proved to be a big revolution in the treatment of Anorectal diseases. Encircling of anal canal by Kshara sutra therapy is Kshara sutra therapy used in a rectal prolapse. Materials and Methods: A total of 33 patients of both genders of prolapse rectum have been selected randomly after taking written consent and treated with three different types of Kshara sutra followed in the “Anorectal clinic” of S. S. Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. Results: Udumber Kshara sutra (81.8%) was significantly equally effective in terms of pain reduction as compared to Guggulu Kshara sutra (81.8%), but Snuhi Kshara sutra (63.6%) was less effective. Udumber Kshara sutra (81.8%) is more effective in terms of discharge reduction as compared to Snuhi Kshara sutra (72.7%) and Guggulu Kshara sutra (72.7%) which was equally significant. Udumber Kshara sutra (90.9%) was significantly more effective in terms of tenderness reduction as compared to Guggulu Kshara sutra and Snuhi Kshara sutra. Discussion and Conclusion: Pain and tenderness were comparatively lower in group treated with Udumber Kshara sutra as compared to Guggulu Kshara sutra and Snuhi Kshara sutra. Udumber Kshara sutra is equally effective in terms of reduction in discharge observed during the treatment as Guggulu Kshara sutra and least by Snuhi Kshara sutra. Udumber Kshara sutra is equally effective as Guggulu Kshara sutra in terms of wound healing.
{"title":"Evaluation of encircling anal canal by Kshara sutra therapy in rectal prolapse (Gudabhramsa)","authors":"Varsha Saxena","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2590","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: The anorectal diseases have been known from thousands of years. In Ayurveda, Acharya Sushruta has described Gudabhramsa (rectal prolapse) under the heading of Kshudra roga. Kshara sutra (medicated thread) has been proved to be a big revolution in the treatment of Anorectal diseases. Encircling of anal canal by Kshara sutra therapy is Kshara sutra therapy used in a rectal prolapse. Materials and Methods: A total of 33 patients of both genders of prolapse rectum have been selected randomly after taking written consent and treated with three different types of Kshara sutra followed in the “Anorectal clinic” of S. S. Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. Results: Udumber Kshara sutra (81.8%) was significantly equally effective in terms of pain reduction as compared to Guggulu Kshara sutra (81.8%), but Snuhi Kshara sutra (63.6%) was less effective. Udumber Kshara sutra (81.8%) is more effective in terms of discharge reduction as compared to Snuhi Kshara sutra (72.7%) and Guggulu Kshara sutra (72.7%) which was equally significant. Udumber Kshara sutra (90.9%) was significantly more effective in terms of tenderness reduction as compared to Guggulu Kshara sutra and Snuhi Kshara sutra. Discussion and Conclusion: Pain and tenderness were comparatively lower in group treated with Udumber Kshara sutra as compared to Guggulu Kshara sutra and Snuhi Kshara sutra. Udumber Kshara sutra is equally effective in terms of reduction in discharge observed during the treatment as Guggulu Kshara sutra and least by Snuhi Kshara sutra. Udumber Kshara sutra is equally effective as Guggulu Kshara sutra in terms of wound healing.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78176270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2592
K. Reddy
Aim: Fluoride at higher concentrations affects various soft tissues, including brain, heart, kidney, and other tissues in addition to dental and skeletal systems. Particularly, in brain it induces various complications such as oxidative stress, alters in the levels of neurotransmitters, and histological changes. The aim of the present study is to report the protective effects of Abelmoschus moschatus seed extract against sodium fluoride-induced neurohistological changes with particular emphasis on myelin degeneration, cell shape, size, and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as aspartate alterations. In addition, antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]), spatial navigation, and learning ability were observed. Materials and Methods: The pregnancy confirmed Wistar rats were segregated into six groups, five subjects for each and doses started from 1st day of pregnancy. Control group received normal tap water, fluoride group fed on 20 ppm fluoridated water, 3rd group treated with NaF (20 ppm) + A. moschatus aqueous extract (AMAE) (300 mg/kg b. wt.), 4th group received NaF (20 ppm) + A. moschatus ethanolic extract (AMEE) (300 mg/kg b. wt.), and 5th and 6th groups treated with AMAE and AMEE alone. Treatment continued for 51 days (21 gestational and 30 postnatal days [PND]).On PND 1, 7, 14, 21, and 30 rat pups were sacrificed, dissected out the brain and used to assess antioxidants, GABA, aspartate and also used for histological studies. Days 21 and 30, rats were used to behavioral studies before they sacrificed. Results and Discussion: The decreased learning ability is observed in NaF exposed rats compared to control and protective groups of rats. GSH-Px activity is increased and SOD activity is decreased in fluoride received rats. Moreover, GABA and aspartate levels are increased (P < 0.001). The GABA, aspartate, and myelin have a crucial role in the maturation of brain. Decreased neural connections, networks, dendritic branches, and degenerating myelin sheath are observed in NaF intoxicated rats through H and E stain and luxol fast blue stain. These all are reverted on the administration of AMAE and AMEE toward NaF toxicity. AMEE showed good results over AMAE. Conclusion: It is concluded that the seed extract of A. moschatus possesses neuroprotective effects against fluoride toxicity.
目的:高浓度氟化物会影响各种软组织，除了牙齿和骨骼系统外，还包括大脑、心脏、肾脏和其他组织。特别是在大脑中，它会引起各种并发症，如氧化应激、神经递质水平的改变和组织学改变。本研究的目的是报道沙鼠种子提取物对氟化钠诱导的神经组织学改变的保护作用，特别强调髓鞘变性、细胞形状、大小和γ -氨基丁酸(GABA)以及天冬氨酸的改变。此外，还观察了抗氧化剂(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶[GSH-Px]和超氧化物歧化酶[SOD])、空间导航能力和学习能力。材料与方法:将确认妊娠的Wistar大鼠分为6组，每组5只，从妊娠第1天开始给药。对照组为普通自来水，氟组为20 ppm氟化水，第三组为NaF (20 ppm) + A. moschatus水提取物(AMAE) (300 mg/kg b. wt.)，第四组为NaF (20 ppm) + A. moschatus乙醇提取物(AMEE) (300 mg/kg b. wt.)，第五组和第六组分别为AMAE和AMEE。治疗持续51天(妊娠期21天，产后30天)。在PND 1、7、14、21和30只大鼠幼崽被处死，解剖出大脑，用于评估抗氧化剂、GABA、天冬氨酸和组织学研究。第21天和第30天，大鼠在牺牲前进行行为学研究。结果与讨论:与对照组和保护组相比，NaF暴露大鼠的学习能力下降。氟中毒大鼠GSH-Px活性升高，SOD活性降低。GABA和天冬氨酸水平升高(P < 0.001)。GABA、天冬氨酸和髓磷脂在脑成熟过程中起着至关重要的作用。H、E染色和luxol耐晒蓝染色观察到NaF中毒大鼠神经连接、网络、树突分支减少，髓鞘退化。这些都是在使用AMAE和AMEE对NaF毒性的影响下恢复的。AMEE效果优于AMAE。结论:沙蚕种子提取物具有抗氟毒性的神经保护作用。
{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of Abelmoschus moschatus seed extract on fluoride-induced myelin degeneration in developing brain of rats","authors":"K. Reddy","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2592","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Fluoride at higher concentrations affects various soft tissues, including brain, heart, kidney, and other tissues in addition to dental and skeletal systems. Particularly, in brain it induces various complications such as oxidative stress, alters in the levels of neurotransmitters, and histological changes. The aim of the present study is to report the protective effects of Abelmoschus moschatus seed extract against sodium fluoride-induced neurohistological changes with particular emphasis on myelin degeneration, cell shape, size, and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as aspartate alterations. In addition, antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]), spatial navigation, and learning ability were observed. Materials and Methods: The pregnancy confirmed Wistar rats were segregated into six groups, five subjects for each and doses started from 1st day of pregnancy. Control group received normal tap water, fluoride group fed on 20 ppm fluoridated water, 3rd group treated with NaF (20 ppm) + A. moschatus aqueous extract (AMAE) (300 mg/kg b. wt.), 4th group received NaF (20 ppm) + A. moschatus ethanolic extract (AMEE) (300 mg/kg b. wt.), and 5th and 6th groups treated with AMAE and AMEE alone. Treatment continued for 51 days (21 gestational and 30 postnatal days [PND]).On PND 1, 7, 14, 21, and 30 rat pups were sacrificed, dissected out the brain and used to assess antioxidants, GABA, aspartate and also used for histological studies. Days 21 and 30, rats were used to behavioral studies before they sacrificed. Results and Discussion: The decreased learning ability is observed in NaF exposed rats compared to control and protective groups of rats. GSH-Px activity is increased and SOD activity is decreased in fluoride received rats. Moreover, GABA and aspartate levels are increased (P < 0.001). The GABA, aspartate, and myelin have a crucial role in the maturation of brain. Decreased neural connections, networks, dendritic branches, and degenerating myelin sheath are observed in NaF intoxicated rats through H and E stain and luxol fast blue stain. These all are reverted on the administration of AMAE and AMEE toward NaF toxicity. AMEE showed good results over AMAE. Conclusion: It is concluded that the seed extract of A. moschatus possesses neuroprotective effects against fluoride toxicity.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83487309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2595
V. Satyanarayana
Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disorder which involves the activation of immune system against the self-tissues. The main targets of this disease are the joints. Being systemic, the development of this disease involves different mechanisms, and thus, the exact cause of this disease remains unknown. Although different drugs have been developed, none has been found to be the cure for this disease. The present study was commenced to evaluate the in vivo anti-arthritic effect of polyherbal formulation of selected plants Polygonum glabrum, Canthium dicoccum, Ochna obtusata, and Argyreia nervosa. Materials and Methods: In vivo anti-arthritic activity of the ethanolic extract of different portions capsule formulation F4 investigated orally was assessed using complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis. Results: In complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis models, the polyherbal extract formulations significantly (P < 0.001) reduced joint and paw swelling and markedly improved body weight, hematology profile, and parameters in complete Freund’s adjuvant model. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of two different formulations holds anti-arthritic potential, supporting its traditional use in the treatment of RA.
{"title":"Evaluation of in vivo rheumatoid arthritis activity of formulated capsule with different portions polyherbal ethanolic extract from selected potential Indian herbs","authors":"V. Satyanarayana","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2595","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disorder which involves the activation of immune system against the self-tissues. The main targets of this disease are the joints. Being systemic, the development of this disease involves different mechanisms, and thus, the exact cause of this disease remains unknown. Although different drugs have been developed, none has been found to be the cure for this disease. The present study was commenced to evaluate the in vivo anti-arthritic effect of polyherbal formulation of selected plants Polygonum glabrum, Canthium dicoccum, Ochna obtusata, and Argyreia nervosa. Materials and Methods: In vivo anti-arthritic activity of the ethanolic extract of different portions capsule formulation F4 investigated orally was assessed using complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis. Results: In complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis models, the polyherbal extract formulations significantly (P < 0.001) reduced joint and paw swelling and markedly improved body weight, hematology profile, and parameters in complete Freund’s adjuvant model. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of two different formulations holds anti-arthritic potential, supporting its traditional use in the treatment of RA.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88884347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2596
K. Kaur
Background: Currently, available therapy for the treatment of memory impairment is far from satisfactory. Therefore, the agents of natural origin may serve as potential therapies. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the memory-enhancing effect of Juniperus recurva extract. Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of J. recurva was prepared by Soxhlet extraction and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was corroborated by diphenyl picryl hydrazine scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, metal chelating, and reducing power activity. Memory impairment was induced by the administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p) on 3 consecutive days to mice and assessment of memory acquisition and memory retention was done using Morris water maze test, passive avoidance test, elevated plus maze test, and light and dark box test, motor coordination was evaluated using the rotarod test and inclined plane test; and depression was evaluated by forced swim test. Serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was quantified by Ellman’s method. Results: The HPLC analysis of J. recurva extract revealed gallic acid as a prominent peak. The extract was found to have an excellent antioxidant effect in all the tests employed. The in vivo studies revealed memory enhancing and improved motor coordination activity of the extract in mice. Serum AChE activity was decreased on the administration of the extract. Conclusion: The inhibition of the AChE enzyme contributes to the memory-enhancing activity of J. recurva extract.
{"title":"Exploring the nootropic effect of Juniperus recurva extract: Possible involvement of acetylcholinesterase inhibition","authors":"K. Kaur","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2596","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Currently, available therapy for the treatment of memory impairment is far from satisfactory. Therefore, the agents of natural origin may serve as potential therapies. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the memory-enhancing effect of Juniperus recurva extract. Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of J. recurva was prepared by Soxhlet extraction and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was corroborated by diphenyl picryl hydrazine scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, metal chelating, and reducing power activity. Memory impairment was induced by the administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p) on 3 consecutive days to mice and assessment of memory acquisition and memory retention was done using Morris water maze test, passive avoidance test, elevated plus maze test, and light and dark box test, motor coordination was evaluated using the rotarod test and inclined plane test; and depression was evaluated by forced swim test. Serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was quantified by Ellman’s method. Results: The HPLC analysis of J. recurva extract revealed gallic acid as a prominent peak. The extract was found to have an excellent antioxidant effect in all the tests employed. The in vivo studies revealed memory enhancing and improved motor coordination activity of the extract in mice. Serum AChE activity was decreased on the administration of the extract. Conclusion: The inhibition of the AChE enzyme contributes to the memory-enhancing activity of J. recurva extract.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84322879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2598
G. Venkateswarlu
Aim: The present work was performed to assess the hepatoprotective activity of Limnophila repens against paracetamol toxicity in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Hepatoprotective properties of the methanol extract of the whole plant had been examined on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity was evoked in albino Wistar rats by the administration of paracetamol (2 g/kg), p.o. for 7 days. The methanol extract of L. repens was administered at the doses 100–200 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 7 days. Serum analysis was performed to estimate the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, total bilirubin, cholesterol, and proteins. Histopathology studies were worked on the catalase liver samples. Results: The noxious effects of paracetamol had been considerably controlled in the extract treated groups that were demonstrated by the restoration of serum biochemical parameters to near normal levels. Conclusions: From the research, it had been figured that L. repens have significant hepatoprotective properties.
{"title":"Hepatoprotective activity of Limnophila repens against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","authors":"G. Venkateswarlu","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2598","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The present work was performed to assess the hepatoprotective activity of Limnophila repens against paracetamol toxicity in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Hepatoprotective properties of the methanol extract of the whole plant had been examined on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity was evoked in albino Wistar rats by the administration of paracetamol (2 g/kg), p.o. for 7 days. The methanol extract of L. repens was administered at the doses 100–200 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 7 days. Serum analysis was performed to estimate the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, total bilirubin, cholesterol, and proteins. Histopathology studies were worked on the catalase liver samples. Results: The noxious effects of paracetamol had been considerably controlled in the extract treated groups that were demonstrated by the restoration of serum biochemical parameters to near normal levels. Conclusions: From the research, it had been figured that L. repens have significant hepatoprotective properties.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79804448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2591
M. Vani
Aim: The aim of the study was to carry out total phenolic content determination followed by in vitro thrombolytic studies of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Cassia siamea L., extracts and pyrogallol. Materials and Methods: The plant leaf aqueous and alcoholic extractive values, preliminary phytochemical screening followed by total phenolic content was determined. Further, the plant extracts and one of the plant active constituents’ pyrogallol were studied for in vitro thrombolytic activity using streptokinase (SK) as standard in human venous blood. Results and Discussion: The extractive values were found to be 15.0 and 13.2 w/w for aqueous and alcoholic extracts. The plant extracts showed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The total phenolic components present in aqueous and alcoholic extracts were found to be 3 mg/g and 0.3 mg/g equivalent of pyrogallol. The aqueous extract contains more amount of phenolic substances than alcoholic extract. The percentage clot lysis was found to be 2.25% in standard SK, 14.50% in aqueous extract, 18% in the ethanolic extract, and 17.75% in pyrogallol, respectively. The ethanolic extract exhibited better thrombolytic activity than aqueous extract. Pyrogallol also exhibited equivalent thrombolytic activity compared to standard. Conclusion: The results indicate that ethanolic extract exhibited thrombolytic activity which may be due to hydrolysable tannin pyrogallol. Further studies are required to isolate the responsible component from the ethanolic extract and pyrogallol can be studied for mechanism of action studies
{"title":"Phytochemical and in vitro thrombolytic activity evaluation of Cassia siamea L., Leguminosae leaf extracts, and pyrogallol","authors":"M. Vani","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2591","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the study was to carry out total phenolic content determination followed by in vitro thrombolytic studies of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Cassia siamea L., extracts and pyrogallol. Materials and Methods: The plant leaf aqueous and alcoholic extractive values, preliminary phytochemical screening followed by total phenolic content was determined. Further, the plant extracts and one of the plant active constituents’ pyrogallol were studied for in vitro thrombolytic activity using streptokinase (SK) as standard in human venous blood. Results and Discussion: The extractive values were found to be 15.0 and 13.2 w/w for aqueous and alcoholic extracts. The plant extracts showed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The total phenolic components present in aqueous and alcoholic extracts were found to be 3 mg/g and 0.3 mg/g equivalent of pyrogallol. The aqueous extract contains more amount of phenolic substances than alcoholic extract. The percentage clot lysis was found to be 2.25% in standard SK, 14.50% in aqueous extract, 18% in the ethanolic extract, and 17.75% in pyrogallol, respectively. The ethanolic extract exhibited better thrombolytic activity than aqueous extract. Pyrogallol also exhibited equivalent thrombolytic activity compared to standard. Conclusion: The results indicate that ethanolic extract exhibited thrombolytic activity which may be due to hydrolysable tannin pyrogallol. Further studies are required to isolate the responsible component from the ethanolic extract and pyrogallol can be studied for mechanism of action studies","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"120 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91403521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-20DOI: 10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2594
M. Shalavadi
Aim: The present study aim was to analyze the gallic acid and kaempferol in chloroform and ethanol extract of Cassia hirsuta seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Materials and Methods: In this study, the HPLC analysis of gallic acid and kaempferol was done by selected HPLC methods and these were validated for linearity, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, repeatability, and reproducibility. The corresponding concentration of gallic acid and kaempferol against respective peak area values was determined using the gallic acid and kaempferol calibration curves, respectively. Results: In results, it was found that the linearity was good with regression equation y=36934x−10162 and y=61050x−9395.5 for gallic acid and kaempferol, respectively, and the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9982 and 0.9992, respectively. Percentage relative standard deviation of 1.6% and 0.71% for gallic acid and kaempferol, respectively, indicates the high precision. Ethanol extract of C. hirsuta shows high content of both gallic acid and kaempferol as compared to chloroform extract of C. hirsuta. Conclusion: In the present study, gallic acid and kaempferol content were determined in ethanol and chloroform extract of C. hirsuta. The developed HPLC methods have enabled rapid, linear, accurate, and reproducible analysis in these two extracts of C. hirsuta.
{"title":"High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of gallic acid and kaempferol in chloroform and ethanol extract of Cassia hirsuta seeds","authors":"M. Shalavadi","doi":"10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/IJGP.V13I3.2594","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The present study aim was to analyze the gallic acid and kaempferol in chloroform and ethanol extract of Cassia hirsuta seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Materials and Methods: In this study, the HPLC analysis of gallic acid and kaempferol was done by selected HPLC methods and these were validated for linearity, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, repeatability, and reproducibility. The corresponding concentration of gallic acid and kaempferol against respective peak area values was determined using the gallic acid and kaempferol calibration curves, respectively. Results: In results, it was found that the linearity was good with regression equation y=36934x−10162 and y=61050x−9395.5 for gallic acid and kaempferol, respectively, and the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9982 and 0.9992, respectively. Percentage relative standard deviation of 1.6% and 0.71% for gallic acid and kaempferol, respectively, indicates the high precision. Ethanol extract of C. hirsuta shows high content of both gallic acid and kaempferol as compared to chloroform extract of C. hirsuta. Conclusion: In the present study, gallic acid and kaempferol content were determined in ethanol and chloroform extract of C. hirsuta. The developed HPLC methods have enabled rapid, linear, accurate, and reproducible analysis in these two extracts of C. hirsuta.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85476488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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