Pub Date : 2020-02-11DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2776
H. Yogesh
Aim: Osteoporosis is a common disease worldwide and characterized by low bone mass and the progressive destruction of bone microstructure, resulting in an increased bone fragility and risk of fracture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-osteoporotic activity of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum seeds (EPGS) in ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis using three different doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight per day. Materials and Methods: Healthy female albino rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). The first group was sham-operated normal and the remaining groups were OVX. Group 2 was fed with equivolume of saline and served as OVX control. Groups 3–6 were orally treated with estrogen (2 mg/kg) and EPGS (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg), for 90 days, respectively. The biomechanical, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results and Discussion: Compared to the OVX control group, treatment groups showed increased femoral length, weight, volume, density (P < 0.001), and fourth lumbar hardness (P < 0.001). In addition, statistically significant changes were observed in biochemical parameters. There was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in ash, ash weight, and calcium level which was observed in the femoral bone of OVX rats. Histopathological evaluation of the femur section of EPGS treated groups showed significant restorative progress with increased ossification and mineralization. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the EPGS had a significant therapeutic activity over osteoporosis associated with estrogen deficiency.
{"title":"Evaluation of antiosteoporosis activity of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum Linn. seeds in ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis rats","authors":"H. Yogesh","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2776","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Osteoporosis is a common disease worldwide and characterized by low bone mass and the progressive destruction of bone microstructure, resulting in an increased bone fragility and risk of fracture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-osteoporotic activity of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum seeds (EPGS) in ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis using three different doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight per day. Materials and Methods: Healthy female albino rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). The first group was sham-operated normal and the remaining groups were OVX. Group 2 was fed with equivolume of saline and served as OVX control. Groups 3–6 were orally treated with estrogen (2 mg/kg) and EPGS (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg), for 90 days, respectively. The biomechanical, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results and Discussion: Compared to the OVX control group, treatment groups showed increased femoral length, weight, volume, density (P < 0.001), and fourth lumbar hardness (P < 0.001). In addition, statistically significant changes were observed in biochemical parameters. There was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in ash, ash weight, and calcium level which was observed in the femoral bone of OVX rats. Histopathological evaluation of the femur section of EPGS treated groups showed significant restorative progress with increased ossification and mineralization. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the EPGS had a significant therapeutic activity over osteoporosis associated with estrogen deficiency.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75076579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2864
O. Bodede
Background: Medicinal plants continue to play a key role in disease management and modern drug development. Bulbine natalensis is one of several South Africa’s indigenous succulent medicinal species. B. natalensis’ high medicinal profile has made it a commercially-available herb within the South African market and beyond. However, there is a limited scientific report on its bioactive metabolites. Objectives: This study’s objective was to isolate and identify bioactive compounds from B. natalensis leaves and evaluate the compounds and crude extracts for antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Fractionation and purification of B. natalensis dichloromethane extract were done using chromatographic techniques. Whole extract profiling was carried out on dichloromethane and methanol extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The isolated compounds and extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity. Results: The dichloromethane extract yielded two pentacyclic triterpenes (glutinol and taraxerol), one tetracyclic triterpene (β-sitosterol), a phytylated porphyrin pigment, pheophytin a and knipholone, and a phenyl anthraquinone. GC-MS analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) fingerprinting of the leaf extracts identified additional bioactive metabolites as α- and β-tocopherol, campesterol, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and long-chain alcohols. The antioxidant assays revealed the methanol extract to have good ferric reducing antioxidant power while dichloromethane extract displayed stronger Mo(IV) reducing power compared to α-tocopherol and isolated compounds. Conclusion: This study revealed previously unreported compounds from B. natalensis and GC-MS profiling supported by 1H NMR fingerprints provide comprehensive detail of the plant’s bioactive metabolites in addition to the isolated compounds. The antioxidant potential of B. natalensis may be partly responsible for its use in the management of some oxidative-stress induced diseases
{"title":"Bioactive metabolites of Bulbine natalensis (Baker): Isolation, characterization, and antioxidant properties","authors":"O. Bodede","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2864","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Medicinal plants continue to play a key role in disease management and modern drug development. Bulbine natalensis is one of several South Africa’s indigenous succulent medicinal species. B. natalensis’ high medicinal profile has made it a commercially-available herb within the South African market and beyond. However, there is a limited scientific report on its bioactive metabolites. Objectives: This study’s objective was to isolate and identify bioactive compounds from B. natalensis leaves and evaluate the compounds and crude extracts for antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Fractionation and purification of B. natalensis dichloromethane extract were done using chromatographic techniques. Whole extract profiling was carried out on dichloromethane and methanol extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The isolated compounds and extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity. Results: The dichloromethane extract yielded two pentacyclic triterpenes (glutinol and taraxerol), one tetracyclic triterpene (β-sitosterol), a phytylated porphyrin pigment, pheophytin a and knipholone, and a phenyl anthraquinone. GC-MS analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) fingerprinting of the leaf extracts identified additional bioactive metabolites as α- and β-tocopherol, campesterol, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and long-chain alcohols. The antioxidant assays revealed the methanol extract to have good ferric reducing antioxidant power while dichloromethane extract displayed stronger Mo(IV) reducing power compared to α-tocopherol and isolated compounds. Conclusion: This study revealed previously unreported compounds from B. natalensis and GC-MS profiling supported by 1H NMR fingerprints provide comprehensive detail of the plant’s bioactive metabolites in addition to the isolated compounds. The antioxidant potential of B. natalensis may be partly responsible for its use in the management of some oxidative-stress induced diseases","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89878372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2764
H. Sharma
Background: In Indian traditional system of medicine, goat urine is believed to have therapeutic value and is also reported its use in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). On the basis of reported traditional uses for the treatment of TB and/or leprosy, Curcuma caesia and Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes were selected. Aim: It was aimed to study the antimycobacterial activity of goat urine and extracts of the rhizome of the two plants obtained using goat urine as menstruum. Materials and Methods: The rhizomes were amassed from in and around Dibrugarh. The clean sliced rhizomes were dried at room temperature. The dried rhizomes of both the plant species were extracted using raw and photoactivated goat urine as menstruum by maceration process. In vitro antimycobacterial activity of the rhizome extracts was carried out by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion: Crude photoactivated goat urine extracts of both the plants C. caesia (paGuCc) and C. zedoaria were found to have higher antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis than that of raw goat urine extracts of both the plants C. caesia and C. zedoaria. Among all paGUCc extracts were found to exhibit highest antimycobacterial activity. Conclusion: The extracts obtained using photoactivated goat urine showed higher activity than the extracts obtained using raw goat urine. Goat urine also exhibited antimycobacterial activity, but not as much as the extracts. Thus, it is proved that the extracts and goat urine have antimycobacterial activity and extracting with goat urine and thus have improved activity.
{"title":"Green extraction using goat urine as menstruum and evaluation for in vitro antimycobacterial activity of Curcuma zedoaria and Curcuma caesia rhizomes collected from Assam","authors":"H. Sharma","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2764","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Indian traditional system of medicine, goat urine is believed to have therapeutic value and is also reported its use in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). On the basis of reported traditional uses for the treatment of TB and/or leprosy, Curcuma caesia and Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes were selected. Aim: It was aimed to study the antimycobacterial activity of goat urine and extracts of the rhizome of the two plants obtained using goat urine as menstruum. Materials and Methods: The rhizomes were amassed from in and around Dibrugarh. The clean sliced rhizomes were dried at room temperature. The dried rhizomes of both the plant species were extracted using raw and photoactivated goat urine as menstruum by maceration process. In vitro antimycobacterial activity of the rhizome extracts was carried out by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion: Crude photoactivated goat urine extracts of both the plants C. caesia (paGuCc) and C. zedoaria were found to have higher antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis than that of raw goat urine extracts of both the plants C. caesia and C. zedoaria. Among all paGUCc extracts were found to exhibit highest antimycobacterial activity. Conclusion: The extracts obtained using photoactivated goat urine showed higher activity than the extracts obtained using raw goat urine. Goat urine also exhibited antimycobacterial activity, but not as much as the extracts. Thus, it is proved that the extracts and goat urine have antimycobacterial activity and extracting with goat urine and thus have improved activity.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87648619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2767
Hamiduddin
Introduction: Safoofe kharekhasak (SK), a powder used as an aphrodisiac in Unani Medicine. Its ingredients are Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. root, Zingiber officinale Rosc. rhizome, and Tribulus terrestris Linn fruit and sugar. The present study is attempted to reduce its bulkiness by converting it into extract tablets, to make it more palatable, portable, sugar-free, and to improve patient compliance. Physiochemical and aphrodisiac activity evaluation of the formulated tablet and SK was performed to validate its action. Materials and Methods: Tablet batch was selected prepared from the authenticated ingredient and excipients on pre- and post-compression evaluation. Physicochemical evaluation with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting with quantitative estimation of diosgenin and screening of mating behavior in rats with parameters mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), mounting latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculatory latency in first series, and post-ejaculatory interval was carried out for the optimised batch of the tablet and SK. Results: Selected batch of tablet containing extract 400 mg (50%), microcrystalline cellulose, starch and lactose 124 mg (15.5%) each, SSG 8 mg (1%), Aerosil-200 16 mg (2%), and magnesium stearate 4 mg (0.5%). Hardness in Kg, friability (%), and disintegration time (in min) were 11.0 ± 0.00, 0.279 ± 0.02, and 7.906 ± 0.169, respectively. Standards for loss of weight on drying, pH, ash value, extractive values, qualitative test for various functional groups, and HPTLC fingerprinting were set in. Diosgenin content in tablet was estimated to be 63.85 μg/gm. Mating behavior study revealed significant aphrodisiac effect of the formulated tablet in the dose (140 mg/kg body weight) as per MF and EL with respect to control. Conclusions: Extract tablet was formulated with excipients in compliance with the analytical specification; its physicochemical standards were established. Mating behavior in rats showed potential aphrodisiac effect in rats at a specified dose.
{"title":"Formulation, physicochemical, and mating behavior evaluation of tablet modified from Safoofe kharekhasak: A Unani Pharmacopoeia aphrodisiac powder","authors":"Hamiduddin","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2767","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Safoofe kharekhasak (SK), a powder used as an aphrodisiac in Unani Medicine. Its ingredients are Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. root, Zingiber officinale Rosc. rhizome, and Tribulus terrestris Linn fruit and sugar. The present study is attempted to reduce its bulkiness by converting it into extract tablets, to make it more palatable, portable, sugar-free, and to improve patient compliance. Physiochemical and aphrodisiac activity evaluation of the formulated tablet and SK was performed to validate its action. Materials and Methods: Tablet batch was selected prepared from the authenticated ingredient and excipients on pre- and post-compression evaluation. Physicochemical evaluation with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting with quantitative estimation of diosgenin and screening of mating behavior in rats with parameters mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), mounting latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculatory latency in first series, and post-ejaculatory interval was carried out for the optimised batch of the tablet and SK. Results: Selected batch of tablet containing extract 400 mg (50%), microcrystalline cellulose, starch and lactose 124 mg (15.5%) each, SSG 8 mg (1%), Aerosil-200 16 mg (2%), and magnesium stearate 4 mg (0.5%). Hardness in Kg, friability (%), and disintegration time (in min) were 11.0 ± 0.00, 0.279 ± 0.02, and 7.906 ± 0.169, respectively. Standards for loss of weight on drying, pH, ash value, extractive values, qualitative test for various functional groups, and HPTLC fingerprinting were set in. Diosgenin content in tablet was estimated to be 63.85 μg/gm. Mating behavior study revealed significant aphrodisiac effect of the formulated tablet in the dose (140 mg/kg body weight) as per MF and EL with respect to control. Conclusions: Extract tablet was formulated with excipients in compliance with the analytical specification; its physicochemical standards were established. Mating behavior in rats showed potential aphrodisiac effect in rats at a specified dose.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86785066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2765
R. Laoufi
Background: Urtica dioica, belongs to the family of Urticaceae, is widely spread in the world. It is known as one of the most famous medical plants and the more useful. The aim of this research is to quantify the polyphenolic aqueous extract of parts of the U. dioica in the region of Boumerdes and evaluate the antioxidant activity and antilithiasis activity. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of the leaves extract was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ’s method. The antilithiasis activity followed by an observation on electronic microscope to be scanned. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical screening revealed worth parts in secondary metabolites (polyphenols). The extraction yield of polyphenols is from 2.8% for 20 g of vegetal powder, with a concentration of 126.28 mg EAG/g powders for all the parts. By coincidence, the obtained results show that the aqueous polyphenolic extract has an important antioxidant power, and of an antilithiasic effect, in particular, the crystallization of calcium oxalate in the urine. In fact, the observation in scanning electron microscope found that the augmentation of the extract concentration favored the reduction in the size of the crystals from 17 μm to 5 μm. Conclusion: These results indicate that aqueous extract from the leaves of U. dioica L. possesses significant antioxidant and antilithiasic potential, deserves to be valued by its integration into therapeutic applications.
{"title":"Beneficial effect of the Urtica dioica aqueous extract on the crystallization of calcium oxalate in urine","authors":"R. Laoufi","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2765","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urtica dioica, belongs to the family of Urticaceae, is widely spread in the world. It is known as one of the most famous medical plants and the more useful. The aim of this research is to quantify the polyphenolic aqueous extract of parts of the U. dioica in the region of Boumerdes and evaluate the antioxidant activity and antilithiasis activity. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of the leaves extract was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ’s method. The antilithiasis activity followed by an observation on electronic microscope to be scanned. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical screening revealed worth parts in secondary metabolites (polyphenols). The extraction yield of polyphenols is from 2.8% for 20 g of vegetal powder, with a concentration of 126.28 mg EAG/g powders for all the parts. By coincidence, the obtained results show that the aqueous polyphenolic extract has an important antioxidant power, and of an antilithiasic effect, in particular, the crystallization of calcium oxalate in the urine. In fact, the observation in scanning electron microscope found that the augmentation of the extract concentration favored the reduction in the size of the crystals from 17 μm to 5 μm. Conclusion: These results indicate that aqueous extract from the leaves of U. dioica L. possesses significant antioxidant and antilithiasic potential, deserves to be valued by its integration into therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84415995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2770
L. Ravi
Aim: Punica granatum is a very important plant with commercial interest and is known for its antioxidant potential. The pericarp is a leftover unwanted part of the fruit that has been reported to have several medicinal uses in traditional medicine. This study focuses on analyzing the antibacterial potential of the pericarp extracts and predicts its mechanism of action by in silico studies. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity of P. granatum extracts was analyzed using agar-well-diffusion assay. The phytochemicals reported from pericarp of P. granatum were analyzed for ADMET properties using SwissADME tool. The molecules were subjected to protein-ligand docking study using AutoDock-4. Results: Polar extracts of the pericarp demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), i.e., acetone extract showed highest activity with 18 mm zone of inhibition against MRSA and ethanol extract showed 16 mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus. The non-polar extract had no significant antibacterial activity. All ten molecules were predicted to be suitable drug-like molecules, with biocompatible physiochemical parameters. Among the analyzed ten phytochemical molecules, flavogallol and ursolic acid demonstrated significant enzyme inhibition potential against dihydrofolate reductase and topoisomerase-IV with a free binding energy of −11.0 kcal/mol and −10.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: This suggests that the phytochemicals in the polar extracts of P. granatum pericarp exhibit a synergistic antagonism against Gram-positive bacteria. Further purification of individual molecules and investigation of their antagonistic activity are currently IN progress.
{"title":"Antibiotic potential of phytochemicals in Punica granatum pericarp and their proposed mechanism of action by in silico studies","authors":"L. Ravi","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2770","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Punica granatum is a very important plant with commercial interest and is known for its antioxidant potential. The pericarp is a leftover unwanted part of the fruit that has been reported to have several medicinal uses in traditional medicine. This study focuses on analyzing the antibacterial potential of the pericarp extracts and predicts its mechanism of action by in silico studies. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity of P. granatum extracts was analyzed using agar-well-diffusion assay. The phytochemicals reported from pericarp of P. granatum were analyzed for ADMET properties using SwissADME tool. The molecules were subjected to protein-ligand docking study using AutoDock-4. Results: Polar extracts of the pericarp demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), i.e., acetone extract showed highest activity with 18 mm zone of inhibition against MRSA and ethanol extract showed 16 mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus. The non-polar extract had no significant antibacterial activity. All ten molecules were predicted to be suitable drug-like molecules, with biocompatible physiochemical parameters. Among the analyzed ten phytochemical molecules, flavogallol and ursolic acid demonstrated significant enzyme inhibition potential against dihydrofolate reductase and topoisomerase-IV with a free binding energy of −11.0 kcal/mol and −10.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: This suggests that the phytochemicals in the polar extracts of P. granatum pericarp exhibit a synergistic antagonism against Gram-positive bacteria. Further purification of individual molecules and investigation of their antagonistic activity are currently IN progress.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89474315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2769
S. Sriram
Background: Scientific studies on fodder crops have been few and far between to document. The present work is an attempt to study the pharmacognostic features of a fodder plant Stylosanthes fruticosa. Materials and Methods: Botanical characterization and histochemical localization of the stem and leaves of S. fruticosa were characterized by standard methods as prescribed in the Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India. Results: The transverse section (TS) of stem revealed the presence of epidermis, subepidermis, chlorenchyma, cortex, vascular bundles, and pith region and the TS of leaf revealed the presence of dorsiventral nature of leaf. Histochemical localization showed the presence of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, and lignin in stem and presence of alkaloids both in the stem and leaf. Conclusion: This study is a detailed account of the distinct pharmacognostic features of the stem and leaf of S. fruticosa.
{"title":"Pharmacognostic characterization of stem and leaf of Stylosanthes fruticosa – A fodder plant","authors":"S. Sriram","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2769","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Scientific studies on fodder crops have been few and far between to document. The present work is an attempt to study the pharmacognostic features of a fodder plant Stylosanthes fruticosa. Materials and Methods: Botanical characterization and histochemical localization of the stem and leaves of S. fruticosa were characterized by standard methods as prescribed in the Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India. Results: The transverse section (TS) of stem revealed the presence of epidermis, subepidermis, chlorenchyma, cortex, vascular bundles, and pith region and the TS of leaf revealed the presence of dorsiventral nature of leaf. Histochemical localization showed the presence of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, and lignin in stem and presence of alkaloids both in the stem and leaf. Conclusion: This study is a detailed account of the distinct pharmacognostic features of the stem and leaf of S. fruticosa.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89686752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2766
R. Acharya
Introduction: Atundi or Kara kukundi (Combretum decandrum Jacq.) is an ethnobotanical plant traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments and Stem bark, is used as a substitute of betel nut for chewing. Review of literature revealed that the plant has been recently explored on pharmacognostical and analytical aspects focusing on its root, stem, and leaf, but stem bark remains unexplored. In present study, pharmacognostical, analytical, and in vitro antimicrobial activity of stem bark have been explored. Materials and Methods: All studies were carried out by the following standard protocols and statistics was applied using Microsoft Excel worksheet. Results and Discussion: Stem bark is brownish in color while inner surface is brown in color with splintery fibrous facture. Diagrammatic T.S. of stem bark shows cork, several layers of cortex often embedded with cluster and rosette crystal with uniseriate medullary rays. Water extractive value is 20.52 ± 2.67. Qualitative test revealed presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, and tannin in aqueous and methanol extracts. High performance thin layer chromatography study revealed 5 peaks and 4 peaks at short and long ultraviolet respectively. The antimicrobial activity of C. decandrum stem bark (CDSt.Br.) aqueous extract reveals that there is considerable increase in zone of inhibition with increase in concentration. Conclusion: The macroscopic key identification character of CDSt.Br. is that inner surface is brown in color with splintery fibers and microscopy character is the presence of abundant cluster and rosette crystals. The antimicrobial activity of CDSt.Br. aqueous extract reveals that maximum zone of inhibition is observed at 200 mg/ml.
{"title":"Phytopharmacognostical, genetic barcoding, and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation on stem bark of Combretum decandrum Jacq.","authors":"R. Acharya","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2766","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Atundi or Kara kukundi (Combretum decandrum Jacq.) is an ethnobotanical plant traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments and Stem bark, is used as a substitute of betel nut for chewing. Review of literature revealed that the plant has been recently explored on pharmacognostical and analytical aspects focusing on its root, stem, and leaf, but stem bark remains unexplored. In present study, pharmacognostical, analytical, and in vitro antimicrobial activity of stem bark have been explored. Materials and Methods: All studies were carried out by the following standard protocols and statistics was applied using Microsoft Excel worksheet. Results and Discussion: Stem bark is brownish in color while inner surface is brown in color with splintery fibrous facture. Diagrammatic T.S. of stem bark shows cork, several layers of cortex often embedded with cluster and rosette crystal with uniseriate medullary rays. Water extractive value is 20.52 ± 2.67. Qualitative test revealed presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, and tannin in aqueous and methanol extracts. High performance thin layer chromatography study revealed 5 peaks and 4 peaks at short and long ultraviolet respectively. The antimicrobial activity of C. decandrum stem bark (CDSt.Br.) aqueous extract reveals that there is considerable increase in zone of inhibition with increase in concentration. Conclusion: The macroscopic key identification character of CDSt.Br. is that inner surface is brown in color with splintery fibers and microscopy character is the presence of abundant cluster and rosette crystals. The antimicrobial activity of CDSt.Br. aqueous extract reveals that maximum zone of inhibition is observed at 200 mg/ml.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88319001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2771
S. Mandal
Introduction: Vitex negundo (Linn.) is commonly used in folk medicines and widely distributed in India, especially in moist places. However, all parts of V. negundo are used to treat different pathophysiology, but leaves are strongly effective for medicinal uses. The aim of this study is to compare the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanolic extract and essential oil of V. negundo leaves. A comparative study of the bioactive compounds that were obtained from the methanolic extract and essential oil of V. negundo leaves was accomplished. Materials and Methods: First, the methanolic extract and essential oil were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities employing the RAW 264.7 cells. Subsequently, the identification and quantification of the β-sitosterol of methanolic extract and essential oil of leaves were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The quantitative evaluations of polyphenolics were executed using HPLC. Results: The dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract and essential oil were validated. Moreover, it was observed that the 50 μg/ml dose was found to be significant (P < 0.001) against the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. In case of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10, the 50 μg/ml dose was found to produce significant effects where the statistical significance was P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 for the methanolic extract and essential oil, respectively. Adequate amounts of β-sitosterol and polyphenols were found out in the methanolic extract and essential oil of leaves of V. negundo. Conclusion: The research findings suggest the significant anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract and essential oil, but the methanolic extract showed a stronger effect. Furthermore, the essential oil of V. negundo could be used for the development of an ideal pharmaceutical formulation for effective delivery to people. Here, results justify its traditional use, which develops a future substantial value of this plant into the scientific discipline.
{"title":"In-vitro-Scientific evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of leaf extracts from Vitex negundo: as a promising future drug candidate","authors":"S. Mandal","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2771","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Vitex negundo (Linn.) is commonly used in folk medicines and widely distributed in India, especially in moist places. However, all parts of V. negundo are used to treat different pathophysiology, but leaves are strongly effective for medicinal uses. The aim of this study is to compare the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanolic extract and essential oil of V. negundo leaves. A comparative study of the bioactive compounds that were obtained from the methanolic extract and essential oil of V. negundo leaves was accomplished. Materials and Methods: First, the methanolic extract and essential oil were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities employing the RAW 264.7 cells. Subsequently, the identification and quantification of the β-sitosterol of methanolic extract and essential oil of leaves were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The quantitative evaluations of polyphenolics were executed using HPLC. Results: The dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract and essential oil were validated. Moreover, it was observed that the 50 μg/ml dose was found to be significant (P < 0.001) against the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. In case of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10, the 50 μg/ml dose was found to produce significant effects where the statistical significance was P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 for the methanolic extract and essential oil, respectively. Adequate amounts of β-sitosterol and polyphenols were found out in the methanolic extract and essential oil of leaves of V. negundo. Conclusion: The research findings suggest the significant anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract and essential oil, but the methanolic extract showed a stronger effect. Furthermore, the essential oil of V. negundo could be used for the development of an ideal pharmaceutical formulation for effective delivery to people. Here, results justify its traditional use, which develops a future substantial value of this plant into the scientific discipline.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"226 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80141295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-30DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2768
Mantasha binth Siraj
Introduction: Saussurea lappa, traditionally known as Qust (Costus), is a perennial effective root, globally distributed across Himalayan region and has been extensively used for treating a variety of ailments for its antiulcer, anticonvulsant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiarthritic, and antiviral activities. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, physicochemical, phytochemical analysis, and chromatography of S. lappa are done as per the WHO guidelines for standardization of the herbal drug. Results: This research resulted the physiochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash value as 7.46 ± 0.63, 6.33 ± 0.44 (total ash value), 2.33 ± 0.33 (acid insoluble), and 4 ± 0.28 (water soluble), respectively. Water extract contains the highest value (17.68%) of successive extraction. The extract shows four spots of different color in thin-layer chromatography. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of preliminary phytochemistry profile of S. lappa (Qust) are actually useful in validating and determining the purity of the drug for the identification and documentation, which may be useful to pharmaceutical industries for the quality control of the commercial samples and also these characters will aid future investigators in their pharmacological analysis of this drug to develop them as a medicine.
{"title":"Quality control and phytochemical validation of Saussurea lappa (Costus/Qust)","authors":"Mantasha binth Siraj","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.2768","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Saussurea lappa, traditionally known as Qust (Costus), is a perennial effective root, globally distributed across Himalayan region and has been extensively used for treating a variety of ailments for its antiulcer, anticonvulsant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiarthritic, and antiviral activities. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, physicochemical, phytochemical analysis, and chromatography of S. lappa are done as per the WHO guidelines for standardization of the herbal drug. Results: This research resulted the physiochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash value as 7.46 ± 0.63, 6.33 ± 0.44 (total ash value), 2.33 ± 0.33 (acid insoluble), and 4 ± 0.28 (water soluble), respectively. Water extract contains the highest value (17.68%) of successive extraction. The extract shows four spots of different color in thin-layer chromatography. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of preliminary phytochemistry profile of S. lappa (Qust) are actually useful in validating and determining the purity of the drug for the identification and documentation, which may be useful to pharmaceutical industries for the quality control of the commercial samples and also these characters will aid future investigators in their pharmacological analysis of this drug to develop them as a medicine.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75821928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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