Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i3.3147
Arshvir Kaur
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that leads to synovial inflammation, destruction of articular cartilage, bone erosion, deformities, accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness, most commonly in limbs. The pathophysiology elaborates on the role of T-helper (Th1) cells secreted in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and 12, thus producing pro-inflammatory ILs whereas Th2 cells activated by IL-4 secretes anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, 5, 10 and 13). A neutralization of endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokines mainly IL-10 by the production of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibodies, results in the downregulation of antiinflammatory cytokines which lead to more severe collagen-induced arthritis. Conventional treatment for RA includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, non-biologics, and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, a conjugate of the humanized monoclonal antibody, dendritic cells, etc. Although, conventional therapy and newer treatments are effective but suffer from several limitations like serious adverse effects, high cost, and invasive intervention. The information regarding disease, pathophysiology, treatment, and novel interventions was collected through vigorous literature search from authentic search engines, books and journals using relevant keywords. Novel herbal therapies using phytochemicals of Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Withania somnifera, Tripterygium wilfordii, Boswellia serrata, Camellia sinensis, Tanacetum parthenium, Commiphora wightii, Mukul, Plumbago zeylanica through their promising novel drug delivery systems like microspheres, transdermal patches, ethosomes, liposomes, and phytosomes. have shown promising response and efficacy via well-defined immune mechanism along with their easy accessibility, mild or negligible adverse effects, thus gaining the edge over conventional and invasive therapies for RA. This review indicates that there is a need to study these novel formulations, extensively on preclinical and clinical levels and develop these herbal therapies as a promising alternative to conventional therapies for the treatment of RA.
{"title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: Pathophysiology, treatment and improved efficacy of targeted treatment using novel herbal therapeutics formulations","authors":"Arshvir Kaur","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i3.3147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i3.3147","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that leads to synovial inflammation, destruction of articular cartilage, bone erosion, deformities, accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness, most commonly in limbs. The pathophysiology elaborates on the role of T-helper (Th1) cells secreted in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and 12, thus producing pro-inflammatory ILs whereas Th2 cells activated by IL-4 secretes anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, 5, 10 and 13). A neutralization of endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokines mainly IL-10 by the production of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibodies, results in the downregulation of antiinflammatory cytokines which lead to more severe collagen-induced arthritis. Conventional treatment for RA includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, non-biologics, and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, a conjugate of the humanized monoclonal antibody, dendritic cells, etc. Although, conventional therapy and newer treatments are effective but suffer from several limitations like serious adverse effects, high cost, and invasive intervention. The information regarding disease, pathophysiology, treatment, and novel interventions was collected through vigorous literature search from authentic search engines, books and journals using relevant keywords. Novel herbal therapies using phytochemicals of Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Withania somnifera, Tripterygium wilfordii, Boswellia serrata, Camellia sinensis, Tanacetum parthenium, Commiphora wightii, Mukul, Plumbago zeylanica through their promising novel drug delivery systems like microspheres, transdermal patches, ethosomes, liposomes, and phytosomes. have shown promising response and efficacy via well-defined immune mechanism along with their easy accessibility, mild or negligible adverse effects, thus gaining the edge over conventional and invasive therapies for RA. This review indicates that there is a need to study these novel formulations, extensively on preclinical and clinical levels and develop these herbal therapies as a promising alternative to conventional therapies for the treatment of RA.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"129 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91451477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i3.3162
G. Andhuvan
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, genetically inherited autosomal recessive disorder that manifests as bone marrow failure syndrome. Defects in genes with 16 complementation groups alter the stability of the DNA which is characterized by congenital malformations and progressive pancytopenia. This, in turn, can predispose to acute myeloid leukemia and other solid tumors. The most common diagnostic methods used in the detection of FA includes bone marrow biopsy and chromosome breakage test. We report a case of a 6-year-old Asian female child who presented with major complaints of lower abdominal pain, difficulty in swallowing, generalized tiredness, and gum bleeding. Her physical features were manifested as short stature, partial ptosis, hypopigmented spots on both hands, and thumb hypoplasia. Her bone marrow aspiration and biopsy showed markedly hypocellular bone marrow with reduced trilineage hematopoiesis which was suggestive of FA.
{"title":"Fanconi anemia with neutropenic colitis: An unusual case report","authors":"G. Andhuvan","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i3.3162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i3.3162","url":null,"abstract":"Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, genetically inherited autosomal recessive disorder that manifests as bone marrow failure syndrome. Defects in genes with 16 complementation groups alter the stability of the DNA which is characterized by congenital malformations and progressive pancytopenia. This, in turn, can predispose to acute myeloid leukemia and other solid tumors. The most common diagnostic methods used in the detection of FA includes bone marrow biopsy and chromosome breakage test. We report a case of a 6-year-old Asian female child who presented with major complaints of lower abdominal pain, difficulty in swallowing, generalized tiredness, and gum bleeding. Her physical features were manifested as short stature, partial ptosis, hypopigmented spots on both hands, and thumb hypoplasia. Her bone marrow aspiration and biopsy showed markedly hypocellular bone marrow with reduced trilineage hematopoiesis which was suggestive of FA.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82566796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3089
A. Panwar
Due to poor solubility, many drugs are not able to produce the desired effect those drugs are categorized into Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II drugs. For the enhancement of their solubility, cosolvent technology and development of double-layer tablet technology play a very important role. For enhancement of dissolution, the various methods can be used by which we can increase the solubility, by which we can increase the surface area or the methods such as lipid emulsion and microemulsion can be used. The most promising method for developing sustained-release and controlled-release combination formulations is two-layer tablet technology. In this study, different polymer methods can be used for a typical antipsychotics drug for formulation.
{"title":"A review on solubility enhancement of Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II drugs using bilayer tablet technology","authors":"A. Panwar","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3089","url":null,"abstract":"Due to poor solubility, many drugs are not able to produce the desired effect those drugs are categorized into Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II drugs. For the enhancement of their solubility, cosolvent technology and development of double-layer tablet technology play a very important role. For enhancement of dissolution, the various methods can be used by which we can increase the solubility, by which we can increase the surface area or the methods such as lipid emulsion and microemulsion can be used. The most promising method for developing sustained-release and controlled-release combination formulations is two-layer tablet technology. In this study, different polymer methods can be used for a typical antipsychotics drug for formulation.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81827410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3096
G. Kiranmayi
Aim: Plant-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials has been rapidly gaining popularity due to its eco-friendly design and cost-effectiveness. In the present research, we synthesized silver (Ag) nanoparticles using ethanolic extracts of fresh leaves of Annona squamosa (family Annonaceae) medicinal plant as bioreducing agents. Materials and Methods: This method allowed the synthesis of nanoparticles, which was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy. UV-vis spectra and visual observation showed that the color of the fresh leaf extract of A. squamosa turned into grayish brown and brownish yellow, respectively, after treatment with Ag precursors. Moreover, ethanolic leaf extract of A. squamosa silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was separately tested for their In vitro antioxidant, anti-arthritic, and thrombolytic activity. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated using the in vitro clot lysis model. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to evaluate the antiarthritic potential. Results: Nitric oxide generation radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and Phosphomolybdenum assay of the synthesized AgNPs increased in a dose-dependent manner as compared to ascorbic acid the standard reference used. The maximum percentage inhibition by BSA method was observed as 71.4% at 200 μg/mL concentration for antiarthritic activity. During assay for thrombolytic activity, it revealed that 85.620 ± 2.6% lysis of clot, while standard streptokinase and water used as positive and negative controls, demonstrated 72.835 ± 1.702% and 2.725 ± 0.983% lysis of clot, respectively. Conclusion: This result confirmed that A. squamosa is a potential biomaterial for synthesizing AgNPs which can be exploited for its antioxidant activity, anti-arthritic, and thrombolytic activity.
{"title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa fresh leaves and investigation of antioxidant, anti-arthritic, and thrombolytic activities","authors":"G. Kiranmayi","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3096","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Plant-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials has been rapidly gaining popularity due to its eco-friendly design and cost-effectiveness. In the present research, we synthesized silver (Ag) nanoparticles using ethanolic extracts of fresh leaves of Annona squamosa (family Annonaceae) medicinal plant as bioreducing agents. Materials and Methods: This method allowed the synthesis of nanoparticles, which was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy. UV-vis spectra and visual observation showed that the color of the fresh leaf extract of A. squamosa turned into grayish brown and brownish yellow, respectively, after treatment with Ag precursors. Moreover, ethanolic leaf extract of A. squamosa silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was separately tested for their In vitro antioxidant, anti-arthritic, and thrombolytic activity. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated using the in vitro clot lysis model. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to evaluate the antiarthritic potential. Results: Nitric oxide generation radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and Phosphomolybdenum assay of the synthesized AgNPs increased in a dose-dependent manner as compared to ascorbic acid the standard reference used. The maximum percentage inhibition by BSA method was observed as 71.4% at 200 μg/mL concentration for antiarthritic activity. During assay for thrombolytic activity, it revealed that 85.620 ± 2.6% lysis of clot, while standard streptokinase and water used as positive and negative controls, demonstrated 72.835 ± 1.702% and 2.725 ± 0.983% lysis of clot, respectively. Conclusion: This result confirmed that A. squamosa is a potential biomaterial for synthesizing AgNPs which can be exploited for its antioxidant activity, anti-arthritic, and thrombolytic activity.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81666630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3094
Saroj Kothari
Objective: Anxiety and depression are common psychiatric conditions that cause changes in the lifestyle of humans and impose huge costs for the treatment to the patients. The present study was carried out to find antianxiety and antidepressant activity of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (AECD) in mice. Methods: AECD was prepared by maceration method. The yield was 5% w/w. The AECD was screened for antianxiety activity by elevated plus maze (EPM) and light and dark box and for antidepressant activity by forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. For each model, animals were divided in four groups of six animals. Group I served as control and received gum acacia aqueous suspension 10 ml/kg. Groups II and III served as test group and received AECD 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Group IV served as standard group and received diazepam 1 mg/kg for antianxiety activity and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) for antidepressant activity. All drugs were administered by gavage. Results: AECD 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant (P 0.05) with that of fluoxetine in both the models. Conclusion: Results of our study su
目的:焦虑和抑郁是引起人类生活方式改变的常见精神疾病，给患者带来巨大的治疗费用。本研究旨在研究短爪蟹水提物(AECD)对小鼠的抗焦虑和抗抑郁作用。方法:采用浸渍法制备AECD。产量为5% w/w。采用升高+迷宫法(EPM)和明暗箱法(light and dark box)筛选AECD抗焦虑活性，采用小鼠强迫游泳试验(FST)和悬尾试验(TST)筛选AECD抗抑郁活性。对于每个模型，动物被分成四组，每组6只。ⅰ组为对照组，给予金合欢胶水混悬液10 ml/kg。II组、III组为试验组，分别给予AECD 200、400 mg/kg。IV组为标准组，给予安定1 mg/kg抗焦虑作用和氟西汀20 mg/kg抗抑郁作用。所有药物均采用灌胃给药。结果:AECD 200、400 mg/kg与氟西汀在两种模型中的差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:我们的研究结果是可靠的
{"title":"Evaluation of antianxiety and antidepressant activity of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (Doob grass) in Swiss albino mice","authors":"Saroj Kothari","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3094","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Anxiety and depression are common psychiatric conditions that cause changes in the lifestyle of humans and impose huge costs for the treatment to the patients. The present study was carried out to find antianxiety and antidepressant activity of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (AECD) in mice. Methods: AECD was prepared by maceration method. The yield was 5% w/w. The AECD was screened for antianxiety activity by elevated plus maze (EPM) and light and dark box and for antidepressant activity by forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. For each model, animals were divided in four groups of six animals. Group I served as control and received gum acacia aqueous suspension 10 ml/kg. Groups II and III served as test group and received AECD 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Group IV served as standard group and received diazepam 1 mg/kg for antianxiety activity and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) for antidepressant activity. All drugs were administered by gavage. Results: AECD 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant (P 0.05) with that of fluoxetine in both the models. Conclusion: Results of our study su","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89511198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3092
N. Sharma
Introduction: It is imperative to ascertain and validate the importance of medicinal plants (MPs) as one of the significant pointers of socio-economic development. Value chains (VCs) and effective supply chain management system are essential tools for establishing a network of farm produce until it is end-use as a value-added processed product. This necessarily requires throughput policy initiatives for bridging raw produce until grass-root innovative practices are attained as value addition. This hierarchical platform in Indian context is being catered to by National MPs Board under Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy. Key step lies in connecting socio-ecological, ethnopharmacological, and socio-economic factors and deciphering all the probable pathways leading to revenue generation by involving all stakeholders in a VC. Methods: Through extensive literature search encompassing 90 articles and book chapters, 8 web links, 3 conference proceedings, and 5 reports released by the World Health Organization, USAID, and Food and Agriculture Organization respectively on VC analysis of MPs in Indian context, we prepared metadata. Results: This metadata comprehensively led to our understanding of identifiable gaps in ethnopharmacological studies and a need to re-route the VC involving institutional settings and NGOs in particular. This also led to our understanding of further exploratory studies aimed at the establishment of pharmacovigilance centers, DNA barcoding for unknown species, and best conservation practices. Discussion: Essentially, VCs act as a conglomerate of agriculture/horticulture, technical interventions leading to innovations, sustainable and viable business models with utmost profit to main stakeholder – The farmer. Need of an hour is to stringently monitor and establish an equilibrium between demand versus supply. This can be facilitated by a convergence of all stakeholders, including farmers, scientists, industrialists, innovators, policymakers, and traditional healers. Conclusion: Different policy initiatives have been envisaged and executed by Government support systems to establish a cohesive approach between producers and consumers with an impetus to innovative technology development followed by its transfer to industrial counterparts. This integrative concept would not only lead to value proposition in MPs sector but would also have a way for the establishment of special-purpose vehicles leading to financial sustenance hence promoting a probabilistic gateway to circular economy.
{"title":"Ethno-pharmacological Interventions and Value Chain (VC) of Medicinal Plants (MPs): A Cohesive Approach for Sustained Livelihood","authors":"N. Sharma","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3092","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: It is imperative to ascertain and validate the importance of medicinal plants (MPs) as one of the significant pointers of socio-economic development. Value chains (VCs) and effective supply chain management system are essential tools for establishing a network of farm produce until it is end-use as a value-added processed product. This necessarily requires throughput policy initiatives for bridging raw produce until grass-root innovative practices are attained as value addition. This hierarchical platform in Indian context is being catered to by National MPs Board under Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy. Key step lies in connecting socio-ecological, ethnopharmacological, and socio-economic factors and deciphering all the probable pathways leading to revenue generation by involving all stakeholders in a VC. Methods: Through extensive literature search encompassing 90 articles and book chapters, 8 web links, 3 conference proceedings, and 5 reports released by the World Health Organization, USAID, and Food and Agriculture Organization respectively on VC analysis of MPs in Indian context, we prepared metadata. Results: This metadata comprehensively led to our understanding of identifiable gaps in ethnopharmacological studies and a need to re-route the VC involving institutional settings and NGOs in particular. This also led to our understanding of further exploratory studies aimed at the establishment of pharmacovigilance centers, DNA barcoding for unknown species, and best conservation practices. Discussion: Essentially, VCs act as a conglomerate of agriculture/horticulture, technical interventions leading to innovations, sustainable and viable business models with utmost profit to main stakeholder – The farmer. Need of an hour is to stringently monitor and establish an equilibrium between demand versus supply. This can be facilitated by a convergence of all stakeholders, including farmers, scientists, industrialists, innovators, policymakers, and traditional healers. Conclusion: Different policy initiatives have been envisaged and executed by Government support systems to establish a cohesive approach between producers and consumers with an impetus to innovative technology development followed by its transfer to industrial counterparts. This integrative concept would not only lead to value proposition in MPs sector but would also have a way for the establishment of special-purpose vehicles leading to financial sustenance hence promoting a probabilistic gateway to circular economy.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85553535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3091
A. Jain
Objective: Aim of the present study was to investigate preliminary evaluation of hydrogel formulation of methanol fraction of Martynia annua for anti-inflammatory activity using different types of animal models. Materials and Methods: Five different hydrogel formulations containing extract and one control without extract were prepared according to standard method using different proportions of Carbopol 940 and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Prepared hydrogel was characterized for optimization and screened for anti-inflammatory activity using Xylene induced ear edema and Croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. Effect was observed by measurement of percent inhibition of ear edema and biochemical parameters, for example, nitric oxide level and myeloperoxidase (MPO) level. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that petroleum ether extract of M. annua showed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, and fatty oils while ethanol extract of showed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and amino acids. Results of all other evaluation parameters, for example, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and consistency were found suitable in optimized formulation as 1.5 g of Carbopol 940 and 1% of Sodium CMC for best drug release profile. Effect of MAMFH was observed greater percentage of edema inhibition (66.67%) and was comparable to standard group of treatment (65.59%). Results showed that MPO level of inflamed ears (inflamed control and treated only with gel base) was significantly higher in comparison with the non-inflamed control (P < 0.01), and with hydrogel formulations. The results showing the ability of croton oil to induce neutrophil influx into mice ear tissue. This may be reduced by treatment with extract hydrogels, as well as Voltaren Emulgel, reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the MPO levels in mice ears. Conclusion: Methanol fraction of M. annua was capable of inhibiting ear edema induced by xylene. It may be due to the ability of extract to either inhibit the synthesis, release or action of xylene involved in the inflammation. Methanol extracts was exhibits its anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the synthesis, release or action of histamine. Significant activity may be due to presence of flavonoids in methanol extract fraction of M. annua leaves.
{"title":"Preliminary screening of hydrogel containing Martynia annua extract for anti-inflammatory activity","authors":"A. Jain","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3091","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Aim of the present study was to investigate preliminary evaluation of hydrogel formulation of methanol fraction of Martynia annua for anti-inflammatory activity using different types of animal models. Materials and Methods: Five different hydrogel formulations containing extract and one control without extract were prepared according to standard method using different proportions of Carbopol 940 and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Prepared hydrogel was characterized for optimization and screened for anti-inflammatory activity using Xylene induced ear edema and Croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. Effect was observed by measurement of percent inhibition of ear edema and biochemical parameters, for example, nitric oxide level and myeloperoxidase (MPO) level. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that petroleum ether extract of M. annua showed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, and fatty oils while ethanol extract of showed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and amino acids. Results of all other evaluation parameters, for example, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and consistency were found suitable in optimized formulation as 1.5 g of Carbopol 940 and 1% of Sodium CMC for best drug release profile. Effect of MAMFH was observed greater percentage of edema inhibition (66.67%) and was comparable to standard group of treatment (65.59%). Results showed that MPO level of inflamed ears (inflamed control and treated only with gel base) was significantly higher in comparison with the non-inflamed control (P < 0.01), and with hydrogel formulations. The results showing the ability of croton oil to induce neutrophil influx into mice ear tissue. This may be reduced by treatment with extract hydrogels, as well as Voltaren Emulgel, reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the MPO levels in mice ears. Conclusion: Methanol fraction of M. annua was capable of inhibiting ear edema induced by xylene. It may be due to the ability of extract to either inhibit the synthesis, release or action of xylene involved in the inflammation. Methanol extracts was exhibits its anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the synthesis, release or action of histamine. Significant activity may be due to presence of flavonoids in methanol extract fraction of M. annua leaves.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"17 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72574240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3090
A. Kawahara
Introduction: Pharmacists’ role had been changed to be focused more as an expert on medication therapy such as collaborative drug therapy management in the US and supplemental prescriber and independent prescriber in the UK. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan published a notice, “Enhancing the team approach in health care system by the cooperation of heath care provider,” that stated outlines about pharmacists’ role as an expert on medication therapy. In this manuscript, we compare the regulations among the US, the UK, and Japan and discuss how Japanese pharmacists should conduct their expected role. Materials and Methods: Databases used to identify laws and regulations on the new pharmacists’ role in the three countries are as follows; WestLaw® for the US, the legistration.gov.uk for the UK, and “Database services of acts and regulations on health, labor and welfare” at the MHLW website for Japan. Results: Comparison on the laws and regulations shows each regulatory authority established each way to regulate the new pharmacists’ role even though the role in each country is quite similar. In Japan, pharmacists have limited prescription rights by sharing the rights with the physician under the protocol within the Japanese team approach model, but the regulations are minimum. Discussion and Conclusions: The laws and regulations for the new pharmacists’ role are broken away from sameness or identify among the three countries. In Japan, an individual pharmacist must build up strong credibility with the team members and the patient and must show his/her capability to them when playing the new pharmacists’ role.
{"title":"Comparison of new expanded functions of pharmacists among Japan, the US, and the UK","authors":"A. Kawahara","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3090","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pharmacists’ role had been changed to be focused more as an expert on medication therapy such as collaborative drug therapy management in the US and supplemental prescriber and independent prescriber in the UK. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan published a notice, “Enhancing the team approach in health care system by the cooperation of heath care provider,” that stated outlines about pharmacists’ role as an expert on medication therapy. In this manuscript, we compare the regulations among the US, the UK, and Japan and discuss how Japanese pharmacists should conduct their expected role. Materials and Methods: Databases used to identify laws and regulations on the new pharmacists’ role in the three countries are as follows; WestLaw® for the US, the legistration.gov.uk for the UK, and “Database services of acts and regulations on health, labor and welfare” at the MHLW website for Japan. Results: Comparison on the laws and regulations shows each regulatory authority established each way to regulate the new pharmacists’ role even though the role in each country is quite similar. In Japan, pharmacists have limited prescription rights by sharing the rights with the physician under the protocol within the Japanese team approach model, but the regulations are minimum. Discussion and Conclusions: The laws and regulations for the new pharmacists’ role are broken away from sameness or identify among the three countries. In Japan, an individual pharmacist must build up strong credibility with the team members and the patient and must show his/her capability to them when playing the new pharmacists’ role.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78585307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3095
Sarvesh Kumar Jatav
Aim: Effect of methanolic extract of Corchorus trilocularis Linn. in diabetic nephropathy (DN) with special reference to anti-oxidant activity. Materials and Methods: C. trilocularis Linn. were collected from local medicinal garden of college campus and authentified by botanist. Dried leaves of selected plant were successively extracted using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and finally water. In the previous study, methanolic extract showed potent activity so we have further selected methanolic extract for the other model. Animals were fasted for overnight then a single intra peritoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (50 mg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer pH 4.5) was injected and Nephropathy was induced by Ligation of the left renal artery. Blood was collected on 0, 14, and 28 day by retro-orbital on 28 days from eye for the estimation of biochemical parameters. The withdrawn blood was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min by using centrifuge and plasma was collected and different biochemical parameters were determined by auto analyzer. Some antioxidant parameters, that is, Malondialdehyde, glutathione, Catalase, and superoxide dismutase were also determined. Results: Here body weight of rat is decreased in DN group in comparison to normal control group while increased significantly in extract treated group at 28th day in comparison to DN group. Here blood glucose level of DN group was increased in comparison to normal control group while decreased significantly in extract treated group at 14th, 21st, and 28th days in comparison to DN group. Conclusion: The overall results of this study have clearly indicated that extract treated in a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg ameliorate the renal ischemia reperfusion induced nephropathy in diabetic rats. The action of methanolic extract contributed by renoprotective, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties of C. trilocularis Linn.
{"title":"Effect of methanolic extract of Corchorus trilocularis Linn. (Tiliaceae) in diabetic nephropathy with special reference to antioxidant activity","authors":"Sarvesh Kumar Jatav","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3095","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Effect of methanolic extract of Corchorus trilocularis Linn. in diabetic nephropathy (DN) with special reference to anti-oxidant activity. Materials and Methods: C. trilocularis Linn. were collected from local medicinal garden of college campus and authentified by botanist. Dried leaves of selected plant were successively extracted using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and finally water. In the previous study, methanolic extract showed potent activity so we have further selected methanolic extract for the other model. Animals were fasted for overnight then a single intra peritoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (50 mg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer pH 4.5) was injected and Nephropathy was induced by Ligation of the left renal artery. Blood was collected on 0, 14, and 28 day by retro-orbital on 28 days from eye for the estimation of biochemical parameters. The withdrawn blood was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min by using centrifuge and plasma was collected and different biochemical parameters were determined by auto analyzer. Some antioxidant parameters, that is, Malondialdehyde, glutathione, Catalase, and superoxide dismutase were also determined. Results: Here body weight of rat is decreased in DN group in comparison to normal control group while increased significantly in extract treated group at 28th day in comparison to DN group. Here blood glucose level of DN group was increased in comparison to normal control group while decreased significantly in extract treated group at 14th, 21st, and 28th days in comparison to DN group. Conclusion: The overall results of this study have clearly indicated that extract treated in a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg ameliorate the renal ischemia reperfusion induced nephropathy in diabetic rats. The action of methanolic extract contributed by renoprotective, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties of C. trilocularis Linn.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91527571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-14DOI: 10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3093
A. Jain
Aim: Aim of the present study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect of Ocimum sanctum leaves in the formulation of hydrogel using different types of animal models. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of O. sanctum leaves was fractionated with methanol to get methanolic fraction. Methanolic fraction (1% vw/w) was used for hydrogel formulation with different combination of Carbopol 940 and Sodium CMC. Prepared hydrogel was characterized for optimum physical characters, pH, spreadability, homogeneity, viscosity, release profile, and irritation effect. Optimized hydrogel was evaluated for anti-inflammatory effect using xylene-induced, croton oilinduced ear edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model in animals. Effect was monitored by measurement of percent inhibition, nitric oxide (NO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in mice ears after acute inflammation induced by croton oil. Results and Discussion: Physical evaluation confirmed the color of the prepared hydrogels was brownish and appearance was homogeneous and smooth on application. All other evaluation parameters, for example, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and consistency were found suitable in F3 hydrogel formulation combination. Hence, the optimize composition of F3 formulation was observed as 1.5 g of Carbopol 940 and 1% of Sodium CMC. Percent inhibition of edema in xylene induced ear edema in mice was found comparable to standard group of treatment (65.59%). In the present study, result indicates that prepared hydrogel hydrogel of methanol fraction of O. sanctum possesses inhibitory effects against acute inflammation. The results showing the ability of croton oil to induce neutrophil influx into mice ear tissue. This may be reduced by treatment with extract hydrogels, as well as Voltaren Emulgel, reduced significantly (P<0.01) the MPO levels and NO levels in mice ears. Conclusion: The methanol extracts was exhibits its anti-inflammatory action significantly may be due to the presence of flavonoids in O. sanctum leaves.
{"title":"Preparation And Evaluation of Hydrogel Formulation Containing Ocimum Sanctum Leaves Extract for Anti-Inflammatory Activity","authors":"A. Jain","doi":"10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v15i2.3093","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Aim of the present study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect of Ocimum sanctum leaves in the formulation of hydrogel using different types of animal models. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of O. sanctum leaves was fractionated with methanol to get methanolic fraction. Methanolic fraction (1% vw/w) was used for hydrogel formulation with different combination of Carbopol 940 and Sodium CMC. Prepared hydrogel was characterized for optimum physical characters, pH, spreadability, homogeneity, viscosity, release profile, and irritation effect. Optimized hydrogel was evaluated for anti-inflammatory effect using xylene-induced, croton oilinduced ear edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model in animals. Effect was monitored by measurement of percent inhibition, nitric oxide (NO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in mice ears after acute inflammation induced by croton oil. Results and Discussion: Physical evaluation confirmed the color of the prepared hydrogels was brownish and appearance was homogeneous and smooth on application. All other evaluation parameters, for example, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and consistency were found suitable in F3 hydrogel formulation combination. Hence, the optimize composition of F3 formulation was observed as 1.5 g of Carbopol 940 and 1% of Sodium CMC. Percent inhibition of edema in xylene induced ear edema in mice was found comparable to standard group of treatment (65.59%). In the present study, result indicates that prepared hydrogel hydrogel of methanol fraction of O. sanctum possesses inhibitory effects against acute inflammation. The results showing the ability of croton oil to induce neutrophil influx into mice ear tissue. This may be reduced by treatment with extract hydrogels, as well as Voltaren Emulgel, reduced significantly (P<0.01) the MPO levels and NO levels in mice ears. Conclusion: The methanol extracts was exhibits its anti-inflammatory action significantly may be due to the presence of flavonoids in O. sanctum leaves.","PeriodicalId":14055,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Green Pharmacy","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85612881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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