Stress and wellbeing are psychological conditions that are mediated by the central nervous system. In the brain, stress is mediated mainly by the hypothalamus, which will activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the secretion of cortisol, the paradigmatic stress hormone. Other brain areas as the amygdala, the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are involved in emotions such as happiness, anxiety and fear. Communication between brain areas is achieved by chemical neurotransmitters (NTs), which are secreted by presynaptic neurons to reach postsynaptic neurons, where they will cause a variation in membrane polarization and other cell signaling actions, leading to physiological responses. Amongst these NTs, catecholamines (noradrenaline and dopamine) and serotonin play an important role. On the other hand, the adverse effects of stress may be counteracted by housing the individuals under environmental enrichment conditions. This long-term situation should have an effect, not only on NTs, but also on the brain proteome. Under the hypothesis that different stress situations will lead to changes in NT composition that will be specific for crucial brain areas, we have tested the effects of transport stress, handling stress at the slaughterhouse, and the stress-susceptible genotype (Ryr1) on the amine NT concentration in amygdala, hippocampus, PFC and hypothalamus of pigs. The effects of living under environmentally enriched or control conditions on the NT concentration in several brain regions and on the hippocampus proteome has been also analyzed. In conclusion, genetic factors as well as management conditions related to housing, transport and slaughterhouse alter in different degree the catecholaminergic and the serotoninergic neurotransmission in the brain, and give clues about how different individual types are able to react to external challenges. Likewise, environmental enrichment leads to changes in the proteome especially related to protein translation in the hippocampus.
{"title":"Brain neurotransmitters and hippocampal proteome in pigs under stress and environmental enrichment","authors":"L. Arroyo, A. Bassols","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8522","url":null,"abstract":"Stress and wellbeing are psychological conditions that are mediated by the central nervous system. In the brain, stress is mediated mainly by the hypothalamus, which will activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the secretion of cortisol, the paradigmatic stress hormone. Other brain areas as the amygdala, the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are involved in emotions such as happiness, anxiety and fear. Communication between brain areas is achieved by chemical neurotransmitters (NTs), which are secreted by presynaptic neurons to reach postsynaptic neurons, where they will cause a variation in membrane polarization and other cell signaling actions, leading to physiological responses. Amongst these NTs, catecholamines (noradrenaline and dopamine) and serotonin play an important role. On the other hand, the adverse effects of stress may be counteracted by housing the individuals under environmental enrichment conditions. This long-term situation should have an effect, not only on NTs, but also on the brain proteome. Under the hypothesis that different stress situations will lead to changes in NT composition that will be specific for crucial brain areas, we have tested the effects of transport stress, handling stress at the slaughterhouse, and the stress-susceptible genotype (Ryr1) on the amine NT concentration in amygdala, hippocampus, PFC and hypothalamus of pigs. The effects of living under environmentally enriched or control conditions on the NT concentration in several brain regions and on the hippocampus proteome has been also analyzed. In conclusion, genetic factors as well as management conditions related to housing, transport and slaughterhouse alter in different degree the catecholaminergic and the serotoninergic neurotransmission in the brain, and give clues about how different individual types are able to react to external challenges. Likewise, environmental enrichment leads to changes in the proteome especially related to protein translation in the hippocampus.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74758735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honeybees are very important microlivestock, not only for the economic value of their productions but also for the crucial role they fulfill as pollinators. Recently, colony losses have been recorded throughout Europe and the reasons underpinning such phenomenon can be addressed to agro-chemicals and pathogens. Among the latter, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor is considered the principal mortality cause. Hygienic behavior (HB) in honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) involves the detection and removal of brood affected by bacterial, fungal diseases, and parasitization. This behavior is part of a series of strategies evolved by social insects known as social immunity, which confers disease resistance thanks to the persistent elimination of pathogens and parasites from the hive, limiting their multiplication and the infection of other bees. It has previously reported that physiological changes in peripheral sense tissues of insects influence the behavioral state of individuals, and it has been suggested that changes in gene expression at antennal level can contribute to shifts in the behavioral states of honeybees. Moreover, it has previously reported that antennae hold a key role in the process of recognition of abnormalities in the brood by honeybees. The aim of the work was to investigate the expression level of selected genes (Obp3, Obp4, Obp16, Obp18, Act5C, Mblk-1) through RealTime-PCR in honeybee antennae. These targets are reported as potential biomarkers of HB in previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies. Hygienic behavior has been measured in the field through optimized freeze-killed-brood method on 10 colonies, from which workers of known age (15 days old) have been collected for molecular analysis. Preliminary results show that Obp3 is the least expressed among the tested genes, but its expression pattern is linked to the HB value; in particular, highly hygienic colonies express Obp3 significantly at higher rate with respect to the lower HB group of colonies.
蜜蜂是非常重要的微型牲畜，不仅因为它们的生产具有经济价值，而且因为它们作为传粉者发挥着至关重要的作用。最近，整个欧洲都有蜂群损失的记录，造成这种现象的原因可以归结为农用化学品和病原体。在后者中，寄生性破坏者瓦螨被认为是主要的致死原因。蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的卫生行为(HB)包括检测和清除受细菌、真菌疾病和寄生影响的幼虫。这种行为是群居昆虫进化出的一系列策略的一部分，这些策略被称为群居免疫，通过持续消除蜂巢中的病原体和寄生虫，限制它们的繁殖和对其他蜜蜂的感染，从而赋予它们抗病能力。昆虫外周感觉组织的生理变化会影响个体的行为状态，而触角水平的基因表达变化也可能导致蜜蜂行为状态的改变。此外，先前有报道称，触角在蜜蜂识别幼虫异常的过程中起着关键作用。本研究的目的是通过real - time - pcr技术研究选定基因(Obp3、Obp4、Obp16、Obp18、Act5C、Mblk-1)在蜜蜂触角中的表达水平。在以前的转录组学和蛋白质组学研究中，这些靶点被报道为HB的潜在生物标志物。采用优化的冷冻灭种法对10个蚁群的卫生行为进行了实地测量，并收集了已知年龄(15日龄)的工蚁进行分子分析。初步结果表明，Obp3基因表达量最少，但其表达模式与HB值相关;特别是，高度卫生的菌落表达Obp3的比例明显高于低HB组的菌落。
{"title":"Expression monitoring of relevant sensitivity genes in honey bee antennae and their relationship with Hygienic Behavior","authors":"E. Facchini, F. Dell'Orco, M. Mortarino, R. Rizzi","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8420","url":null,"abstract":"Honeybees are very important microlivestock, not only for the economic value of their productions but also for the crucial role they fulfill as pollinators. Recently, colony losses have been recorded throughout Europe and the reasons underpinning such phenomenon can be addressed to agro-chemicals and pathogens. Among the latter, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor is considered the principal mortality cause. Hygienic behavior (HB) in honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) involves the detection and removal of brood affected by bacterial, fungal diseases, and parasitization. This behavior is part of a series of strategies evolved by social insects known as social immunity, which confers disease resistance thanks to the persistent elimination of pathogens and parasites from the hive, limiting their multiplication and the infection of other bees. It has previously reported that physiological changes in peripheral sense tissues of insects influence the behavioral state of individuals, and it has been suggested that changes in gene expression at antennal level can contribute to shifts in the behavioral states of honeybees. Moreover, it has previously reported that antennae hold a key role in the process of recognition of abnormalities in the brood by honeybees. The aim of the work was to investigate the expression level of selected genes (Obp3, Obp4, Obp16, Obp18, Act5C, Mblk-1) through RealTime-PCR in honeybee antennae. These targets are reported as potential biomarkers of HB in previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies. Hygienic behavior has been measured in the field through optimized freeze-killed-brood method on 10 colonies, from which workers of known age (15 days old) have been collected for molecular analysis. Preliminary results show that Obp3 is the least expressed among the tested genes, but its expression pattern is linked to the HB value; in particular, highly hygienic colonies express Obp3 significantly at higher rate with respect to the lower HB group of colonies.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84995322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. E. Andreis, M. Cummaudo, U. Polito, A. M. Luciano, C. Cattaneo, M. Giancamillo, A. Giancamillo, S. Modina
Introduction: Swine bone morphology, composition and remodelling are similar to humans’, therefore they are considered good models in bone-related research. They have been used for several studies involving bone growth, bone and cartilage fractures and femoral head osteonecrosis. Nevertheless, the literature about pig normal bone features is incomplete. This work aims to fill the literature gaps on the microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of swine femoral diaphysis and distal epiphysis and tibial plateau and diaphysis. Materials and methods: Five hind limbs were collected from slaughtered 80-100 kg pigs. Microscopic analysis of cortical and cancellous bone from middle/distal femur and proximal/middle tibia was performed to determine basic histomorphometric parameters at different sites. Dual-energy X-Rays Absorptiometry was also employed to evaluate BMD. ANOVA and correlation between BMD, bone area (BA) and cortical thickness were performed. Results and discussion: Diaphyseal cortical bone was mostly plexiform both in the tibia and the femur; primary/secondary osteons without clear organization were also found. Mean values for bone area, bone perimeter, trabecular width, number and separation and BMD at different anatomical sites were defined. No significant difference was found for these values at different anatomical sites. BMD proved to be positively correlated with cortical thickness (r=0,80; p<0,01). Despite the small sample size, these results seem homogeneous. They could therefore represent reference values for normal bone parameters in pigs. Applied anatomy and regenerative medicine, in fact, demand very precise information about bone micromorphology, composition and density to provide reliable indication in bone substitutes building. Moreover, since the interpretation of bone abnormalities is based on mastering normal bone characteristics, the definition of reference parameters is mandatory to avoid misinterpretation and allow comparative evaluation. Conclusion: The results of this study, although preliminary, may be considered a dependable starting point for the definition of normal bone features in pigs.
{"title":"Swine cortical and cancellous bone: histomorphometric and densitometric characterisation","authors":"M. E. Andreis, M. Cummaudo, U. Polito, A. M. Luciano, C. Cattaneo, M. Giancamillo, A. Giancamillo, S. Modina","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8395","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Swine bone morphology, composition and remodelling are similar to humans’, therefore they are considered good models in bone-related research. They have been used for several studies involving bone growth, bone and cartilage fractures and femoral head osteonecrosis. Nevertheless, the literature about pig normal bone features is incomplete. This work aims to fill the literature gaps on the microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of swine femoral diaphysis and distal epiphysis and tibial plateau and diaphysis. Materials and methods: Five hind limbs were collected from slaughtered 80-100 kg pigs. Microscopic analysis of cortical and cancellous bone from middle/distal femur and proximal/middle tibia was performed to determine basic histomorphometric parameters at different sites. Dual-energy X-Rays Absorptiometry was also employed to evaluate BMD. ANOVA and correlation between BMD, bone area (BA) and cortical thickness were performed. Results and discussion: Diaphyseal cortical bone was mostly plexiform both in the tibia and the femur; primary/secondary osteons without clear organization were also found. Mean values for bone area, bone perimeter, trabecular width, number and separation and BMD at different anatomical sites were defined. No significant difference was found for these values at different anatomical sites. BMD proved to be positively correlated with cortical thickness (r=0,80; p<0,01). Despite the small sample size, these results seem homogeneous. They could therefore represent reference values for normal bone parameters in pigs. Applied anatomy and regenerative medicine, in fact, demand very precise information about bone micromorphology, composition and density to provide reliable indication in bone substitutes building. Moreover, since the interpretation of bone abnormalities is based on mastering normal bone characteristics, the definition of reference parameters is mandatory to avoid misinterpretation and allow comparative evaluation. Conclusion: The results of this study, although preliminary, may be considered a dependable starting point for the definition of normal bone features in pigs.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90752647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Polito, Elena Dell'Era, I. Tessaro, G. Peretti, A. Giancamillo
Menisci are fibro-cartilaginous structures interposed between femoral condyle and tibial plateau, which have multiple functions in the stifle joint: act as shock absorbers, bear loaders and allow joint stability, congruity and lubrication (Sweigart et al ., 2004; Proffen et al ., 2012). It is well known that meniscal injuries lead to osteoarthritis and for these reasons, menisci are considered important target of investigation. Their important role in the knee wellness is only equalled by their deficiency in proper self-repairing. Nowadays, the gold standard technique is not just to remove the damaged meniscus, but to rebuild it or to replace it. For these reasons, studies are necessary to increase the knowledge about these small but essential structures (Streuli, 1999; Deponti et al ., 2013). Composition and morphology are basic fundamental information for the development of engineered meniscal substitutes (Di Giancamillo et al . , 2014). The analysis of the morphological, structural and biochemical changes, which occur during growth of the normal menisci, represent the goal of the present study. For this purpose, menisci from adult (7-month old), young (1-month old), and neonates (stillbirths) pigs were collected. Cellularity and glycosamiglycans (GAGs) deposition were evaluated by ELISA, while Collagen-1 and Collagen-2 were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Cellularity (P<0.01, all comparisons) and Collagen-1 (P<0.05, neonatal-young vs adult) decreased from neonatal to adult stage while GAGs (P<0.01 neonatal vs young-adult) and Collagen-2 (P<0.01 neonatal-young vs adult) showed the opposite trend. Immunohistochemistry revealed similar changes occurring during animal growth thus revealing that cellular phenotype, cellularity and protein expression, as well as fibers aggregation in the matrix, are dissimilar in the three ages analysed categories. These changes reflect the progressive menisci maturation and hyper-specialisation. We observed the correlation between biochemical and phenotype properties of swine menisci follow age-dependent changes during growth: starting with an immature cellular and fiber pattern to the mature organised and differentiated adult menisci. Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the “Finanziamento Piano Sviluppo Ateneo - Linea 2A”
半月板是介于股骨髁和胫骨平台之间的纤维软骨结构，在膝关节中具有多种功能:作为减震器，承受载荷，并使关节稳定、一致和润滑(Sweigart等，2004;普罗芬等人，2012)。众所周知，半月板损伤会导致骨关节炎，因此，半月板被认为是研究的重要目标。它们在膝关节健康中的重要作用只能与它们在适当的自我修复方面的缺陷相提并论。现在，黄金标准技术不仅仅是切除受损的半月板，而是重建或替换它。由于这些原因，有必要进行研究，以增加对这些小而重要的结构的了解(Streuli, 1999;Deponti et al .， 2013)。组成和形态是开发工程半月板替代品的基本信息(Di Giancamillo等)。, 2014)。分析正常半月板生长过程中形态学、结构和生化变化是本研究的目的。为此，收集了成年猪(7个月大)、幼猪(1个月大)和新生猪(死胎)的半月板。ELISA法检测细胞结构和糖三聚糖(GAGs)沉积，免疫组化和Western blot法检测胶原-1和胶原-2。细胞质量(P<0.01，所有比较)和胶原-1 (P<0.05，新生期与成人期相比)从新生儿期到成人期呈下降趋势，而GAGs (P<0.01，新生期与成人期相比)和胶原-2 (P<0.01，新生期与成人期相比)呈相反趋势。免疫组织化学揭示了动物生长过程中发生的类似变化，从而揭示了细胞表型、细胞结构和蛋白质表达以及基质中的纤维聚集在三种年龄分析类别中是不同的。这些变化反映了半月板的逐渐成熟和高度特化。我们观察到猪半月板的生化和表型特性之间的相关性遵循生长过程中的年龄依赖性变化:从未成熟的细胞和纤维模式到成熟的有组织和分化的成年半月板。致谢:本作品由“Finanziamento Piano Sviluppo Ateneo - line 2A”资助。
{"title":"Meniscus matrix morphological composition: age-dependent evaluation in a swine model","authors":"U. Polito, Elena Dell'Era, I. Tessaro, G. Peretti, A. Giancamillo","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8352","url":null,"abstract":"Menisci are fibro-cartilaginous structures interposed between femoral condyle and tibial plateau, which have multiple functions in the stifle joint: act as shock absorbers, bear loaders and allow joint stability, congruity and lubrication (Sweigart et al ., 2004; Proffen et al ., 2012). It is well known that meniscal injuries lead to osteoarthritis and for these reasons, menisci are considered important target of investigation. Their important role in the knee wellness is only equalled by their deficiency in proper self-repairing. Nowadays, the gold standard technique is not just to remove the damaged meniscus, but to rebuild it or to replace it. For these reasons, studies are necessary to increase the knowledge about these small but essential structures (Streuli, 1999; Deponti et al ., 2013). Composition and morphology are basic fundamental information for the development of engineered meniscal substitutes (Di Giancamillo et al . , 2014). The analysis of the morphological, structural and biochemical changes, which occur during growth of the normal menisci, represent the goal of the present study. For this purpose, menisci from adult (7-month old), young (1-month old), and neonates (stillbirths) pigs were collected. Cellularity and glycosamiglycans (GAGs) deposition were evaluated by ELISA, while Collagen-1 and Collagen-2 were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Cellularity (P<0.01, all comparisons) and Collagen-1 (P<0.05, neonatal-young vs adult) decreased from neonatal to adult stage while GAGs (P<0.01 neonatal vs young-adult) and Collagen-2 (P<0.01 neonatal-young vs adult) showed the opposite trend. Immunohistochemistry revealed similar changes occurring during animal growth thus revealing that cellular phenotype, cellularity and protein expression, as well as fibers aggregation in the matrix, are dissimilar in the three ages analysed categories. These changes reflect the progressive menisci maturation and hyper-specialisation. We observed the correlation between biochemical and phenotype properties of swine menisci follow age-dependent changes during growth: starting with an immature cellular and fiber pattern to the mature organised and differentiated adult menisci. Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the “Finanziamento Piano Sviluppo Ateneo - Linea 2A”","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72723183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite effective therapies for controlling its clinical manifestations, human asthma remains an incurable disease. It is now recognized that inflammation induced structural changes (remodeling) of the airways are responsible for the progressive loss of lung function in asthmatic patients. However, the peripheral airways, where most of the remodeling occurs in severe asthmatic patients, cannot be safely sampled in humans, and therefore, little is known of the effects of current therapies at reversing the established asthmatic remodeling, especially those occurring in the peripheral airways. Animal models have been studied to unravel etiological, immunopathological, and genetic attributes leading to asthma. However, experiments in which the disease is artificially induced have been shown to have limited translational potential for humans. To the contrary, horses naturally suffer from an asthma-like condition which shares marked similarities with human asthma making this model unique to investigate the kinetics, reversibility, as well as the physiological consequences of tissue remodeling (Bullone and Lavoie 2015). We reported an increased deposition of smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibers in the peripheral airways of affected horses, which was correlated with the lung function (Herszberg et al., 2006; Setlakwe et al., 2014). The airway subepithelial collagen depositions were almost completely reversed with 6 to 12 months of treatment with either antigen avoidance or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) administration, and there was a modest (30% on average) decrease in airway smooth muscle (Leclere et al., 2011). A recent study also found that ICS combined with long-acting s2-agonists drugs (LABA) and ICS monotherapy similarly induced a 30% decrease of the airway smooth muscle mass at 3 months (Buollone, 2017). However, only ICS/LABA and antigen avoidance decreased airway luminal neutrophilia. The findings indicate the enhance therapeutic effect of ICS/LABA over ICS monotherapy at controlling asthma exacerbations in humans may be due to their anti-remodeling and anti-inflammatory effects. However, airway smooth muscle remodeling is only partially reversible with current anti-asthma medications.
尽管有有效的治疗方法控制其临床表现，但人类哮喘仍然是一种无法治愈的疾病。现在已经认识到，炎症引起的气道结构改变(重塑)是哮喘患者肺功能进行性丧失的原因。然而，在严重哮喘患者中发生大多数重塑的外周气道，不能安全地在人类中取样，因此，目前的治疗方法在逆转已建立的哮喘重塑方面的效果知之甚少，特别是那些发生在外周气道中的重塑。已经研究了动物模型来揭示导致哮喘的病因学、免疫病理学和遗传属性。然而，人工诱发该病的实验已证明对人类的转化潜力有限。相反，马天生患有类似哮喘的疾病，与人类哮喘有明显的相似之处，这使得该模型在研究组织重塑的动力学、可逆性以及生理后果方面是独一无二的(Bullone和Lavoie 2015)。我们报道了受影响马的周围气道中平滑肌、胶原蛋白和弹性纤维的沉积增加，这与肺功能相关(Herszberg等人，2006;Setlakwe et al.， 2014)。通过抗原避免或吸入皮质类固醇(ICS)治疗6至12个月后，气道上皮下胶原沉积几乎完全逆转，气道平滑肌略有减少(平均30%)(Leclere等，2011)。最近的一项研究还发现，ICS联合长效s2激动剂(LABA)和ICS单药治疗在3个月时同样会导致气道平滑肌质量减少30% (Buollone, 2017)。然而，只有ICS/LABA和抗原避免降低了气道内中性粒细胞。研究结果表明，ICS/LABA在控制人类哮喘加重方面优于ICS单一疗法的治疗效果可能是由于其抗重塑和抗炎作用。然而，目前的抗哮喘药物只能部分逆转气道平滑肌重塑。
{"title":"Airway remodeling and its reversibility in equine asthma","authors":"J. Lavoie","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8523","url":null,"abstract":"Despite effective therapies for controlling its clinical manifestations, human asthma remains an incurable disease. It is now recognized that inflammation induced structural changes (remodeling) of the airways are responsible for the progressive loss of lung function in asthmatic patients. However, the peripheral airways, where most of the remodeling occurs in severe asthmatic patients, cannot be safely sampled in humans, and therefore, little is known of the effects of current therapies at reversing the established asthmatic remodeling, especially those occurring in the peripheral airways. Animal models have been studied to unravel etiological, immunopathological, and genetic attributes leading to asthma. However, experiments in which the disease is artificially induced have been shown to have limited translational potential for humans. To the contrary, horses naturally suffer from an asthma-like condition which shares marked similarities with human asthma making this model unique to investigate the kinetics, reversibility, as well as the physiological consequences of tissue remodeling (Bullone and Lavoie 2015). We reported an increased deposition of smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibers in the peripheral airways of affected horses, which was correlated with the lung function (Herszberg et al., 2006; Setlakwe et al., 2014). The airway subepithelial collagen depositions were almost completely reversed with 6 to 12 months of treatment with either antigen avoidance or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) administration, and there was a modest (30% on average) decrease in airway smooth muscle (Leclere et al., 2011). A recent study also found that ICS combined with long-acting s2-agonists drugs (LABA) and ICS monotherapy similarly induced a 30% decrease of the airway smooth muscle mass at 3 months (Buollone, 2017). However, only ICS/LABA and antigen avoidance decreased airway luminal neutrophilia. The findings indicate the enhance therapeutic effect of ICS/LABA over ICS monotherapy at controlling asthma exacerbations in humans may be due to their anti-remodeling and anti-inflammatory effects. However, airway smooth muscle remodeling is only partially reversible with current anti-asthma medications.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89370381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Filipe, G. Curone, E. Trevisi, M. Amadori, L. Turin, P. Moroni, D. Vigo, M. F. Addis, F. Riva
The selective pressure for increased milk production brought about great difficulties in the adaptation of cows to their environment. However, not much is known about the biological mechanisms behind the relationship between genetic selection and higher risk of metabolic and infectious diseases (Oltenacu, P.A., and Broom, D.M., 2010). It is well known that during the calving period, high-yielding dairy cattle are more susceptible to common environmental stressors, affecting disease occurrence and milk production levels (Bach, A., 2011). In this study we compared innate immune response of 6 Holstein Friesian (HF) and 4 Rendena (R) cows reared in the same farm and under the same management conditions. Milk and blood samples were collected at dry-off (T1), 1 day after calving (T2), 7-10 days after calving (T3), and 30 days after calving (T4). Milk samples were subjected to measurement of the inflammation marker cathelicidin and assessment of different innate immune-related mediators; blood samples were used for the analysis of plasma metabolites indicators of systemic inflammation. HF cows showed a more severe systemic inflammatory response at T2 and T3 in comparison with R cows (fig.1). Concerning the milk protein abundance profile, higher levels in R cows were observed in the colostrum (T2). Moreover, at all time points HF showed higher levels of the inflammation marker cathelicidin in milk (fig.2). In addition, the expression of innate immune related genes were different in HF compared with R (fig.3). Our results suggest that HF cows develop a systemic and local mammary inflammatory response that confirms their higher susceptibility to disease compared with R cows. Our findings reveal that fundamental effector activities of innate immunity in the mammary gland could be included in the breeding programs of HF cows and suggest the spread of autochthonous cow farming in order to maintain the biodiversity, reduce the antibiotic consumption and production of high quality dairy products.
{"title":"A comparison study of the inflammatory response in Holstein Friesian versus a local cattle breed (Rendena)","authors":"J. Filipe, G. Curone, E. Trevisi, M. Amadori, L. Turin, P. Moroni, D. Vigo, M. F. Addis, F. Riva","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8348","url":null,"abstract":"The selective pressure for increased milk production brought about great difficulties in the adaptation of cows to their environment. However, not much is known about the biological mechanisms behind the relationship between genetic selection and higher risk of metabolic and infectious diseases (Oltenacu, P.A., and Broom, D.M., 2010). It is well known that during the calving period, high-yielding dairy cattle are more susceptible to common environmental stressors, affecting disease occurrence and milk production levels (Bach, A., 2011). In this study we compared innate immune response of 6 Holstein Friesian (HF) and 4 Rendena (R) cows reared in the same farm and under the same management conditions. Milk and blood samples were collected at dry-off (T1), 1 day after calving (T2), 7-10 days after calving (T3), and 30 days after calving (T4). Milk samples were subjected to measurement of the inflammation marker cathelicidin and assessment of different innate immune-related mediators; blood samples were used for the analysis of plasma metabolites indicators of systemic inflammation. HF cows showed a more severe systemic inflammatory response at T2 and T3 in comparison with R cows (fig.1). Concerning the milk protein abundance profile, higher levels in R cows were observed in the colostrum (T2). Moreover, at all time points HF showed higher levels of the inflammation marker cathelicidin in milk (fig.2). In addition, the expression of innate immune related genes were different in HF compared with R (fig.3). Our results suggest that HF cows develop a systemic and local mammary inflammatory response that confirms their higher susceptibility to disease compared with R cows. Our findings reveal that fundamental effector activities of innate immunity in the mammary gland could be included in the breeding programs of HF cows and suggest the spread of autochthonous cow farming in order to maintain the biodiversity, reduce the antibiotic consumption and production of high quality dairy products.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77761891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Mariani, N. Rizzi, G. Invernizzi, A. Agazzi, A. Maggi, G. Savoini
To counteract oxidative stress cells developed several mechanisms, including the transcription factor Nuclear Factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The aim of the study was to evaluate the activation of Nrf2 in transgenic mice fed saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids and the anti-inflammatory effect of estrogens on organism. Forty-eight ARE CRE OMO reporter mice were divided into 3 groups, consisting of 16 animals, based on presence/absence of estrogens (ovariectomized or sham female, OVX - SH; male, MA). Each group was further split in 4 subgroups of 4 animals each and fed different diets (7.5% lard, 7.5% tuna oil, 20.0 % lard and 20.0% tuna oil). Two times a week animals were anaesthetized and injected i.p. with 100µL luciferin 15 min before the imaging session. Using the Living Image Software, photon emission was mapped for selected body areas. On day 70, animals were sacrificed after a challenge with Sodium Arsenite. Specific organs were dissected and immediately subjected to ex vivo imaging session. MIXED and GLM procedures of SAS software were used for statistical analysis. Dietary treatments did not affect body weight and feed intake as well as Nrf2 expression in both pre- and post-challenge phases, with the exception of the abdominal region (P=0.031 pre-challenge); in this area, during the pre-challenge phase, OVX showed lower Nrf2 activation (P<0.001). Ex vivo results outlined a significant effect of the challenge on all the considered organs (P<0.001), while OVX subjects had higher Nrf2 expression on urinary bladder and kidney (P<0.05) and high fat diet increased Nrf2 in urinary bladder (P<0.05). The present trial shows how saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in the diet do not exert significant effects on oxidative stress in mice, but confirms the protective role of estrogens under physiological condition.
{"title":"Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2’s activation in transgenic mice fed with dosage of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids using in vivo bioluminescent imaging","authors":"E. Mariani, N. Rizzi, G. Invernizzi, A. Agazzi, A. Maggi, G. Savoini","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8384","url":null,"abstract":"To counteract oxidative stress cells developed several mechanisms, including the transcription factor Nuclear Factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The aim of the study was to evaluate the activation of Nrf2 in transgenic mice fed saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids and the anti-inflammatory effect of estrogens on organism. Forty-eight ARE CRE OMO reporter mice were divided into 3 groups, consisting of 16 animals, based on presence/absence of estrogens (ovariectomized or sham female, OVX - SH; male, MA). Each group was further split in 4 subgroups of 4 animals each and fed different diets (7.5% lard, 7.5% tuna oil, 20.0 % lard and 20.0% tuna oil). Two times a week animals were anaesthetized and injected i.p. with 100µL luciferin 15 min before the imaging session. Using the Living Image Software, photon emission was mapped for selected body areas. On day 70, animals were sacrificed after a challenge with Sodium Arsenite. Specific organs were dissected and immediately subjected to ex vivo imaging session. MIXED and GLM procedures of SAS software were used for statistical analysis. Dietary treatments did not affect body weight and feed intake as well as Nrf2 expression in both pre- and post-challenge phases, with the exception of the abdominal region (P=0.031 pre-challenge); in this area, during the pre-challenge phase, OVX showed lower Nrf2 activation (P<0.001). Ex vivo results outlined a significant effect of the challenge on all the considered organs (P<0.001), while OVX subjects had higher Nrf2 expression on urinary bladder and kidney (P<0.05) and high fat diet increased Nrf2 in urinary bladder (P<0.05). The present trial shows how saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in the diet do not exert significant effects on oxidative stress in mice, but confirms the protective role of estrogens under physiological condition.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91128714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ghiringhelli, S. Brizzola, F. Consolo, A. Giancamillo, M. Trovatelli, P. Martino, Camilla Mocchi, A. Stranieri, T. Vitiello, E. Fusi, V. Bontempo, F. Acocella
Abstract Liver transplantation is an ultimate procedure in patients suffering end-stage liver diseases. In these last years the donation after cardiac death (DCD) has increased the pool of potential liver donors. Different studies and procedures are involved in the prevention of the main ischemic problems during the reconditioning and resuscitation of the marginal livers. Normothermic extracorporeal liver perfusion (NELP) avoids prolonged cold storage damage that is the main cause of steatosis and biliary tract ischemia in transplanted patiens. Different porcine models have been studied and developed to understand the ischemia mechanism and to select the better technique for NELP. We conducted our study using a DCD pig liver model collected from slaughterhouse. Using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 2000 ml of total fluid containing autologous blood, lidocaine, heparin, antibiotics, glucose 10 % solution and flunixin, the NELP was achieved. The liver was perfused over 7 hours after 48 hours of cold storage (4C°), using Eurocollins solution. During the liver withdrawal in the slaughterhouse 20 minutes were waited to simulate the warm ischemia (WI) time. Histological samples, swab for bacterial grow, blood sample, temperature and pulse oximetry saturation were collected to assess the liver viability and function. These analyses revealed stable metabolism throughout perfusion identifying a cycles 2 hours length, coinciding with recovery of oxygen uptake rates to fresh liver, as described in literature. In summary the preliminary established model of isolated hemoperfused slatherhouse liver reveals the important role of the relation between cold storage and normothermic perfusion. Moreover this preliminary study justifies further investigation of the optimization of the treatment protocols and perfusion media.
{"title":"Isolated slaughterhouse liver as model for normothermic perfusion after warm and cold ischemia: single case report","authors":"M. Ghiringhelli, S. Brizzola, F. Consolo, A. Giancamillo, M. Trovatelli, P. Martino, Camilla Mocchi, A. Stranieri, T. Vitiello, E. Fusi, V. Bontempo, F. Acocella","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8407","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Liver transplantation is an ultimate procedure in patients suffering end-stage liver diseases. In these last years the donation after cardiac death (DCD) has increased the pool of potential liver donors. Different studies and procedures are involved in the prevention of the main ischemic problems during the reconditioning and resuscitation of the marginal livers. Normothermic extracorporeal liver perfusion (NELP) avoids prolonged cold storage damage that is the main cause of steatosis and biliary tract ischemia in transplanted patiens. Different porcine models have been studied and developed to understand the ischemia mechanism and to select the better technique for NELP. We conducted our study using a DCD pig liver model collected from slaughterhouse. Using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 2000 ml of total fluid containing autologous blood, lidocaine, heparin, antibiotics, glucose 10 % solution and flunixin, the NELP was achieved. The liver was perfused over 7 hours after 48 hours of cold storage (4C°), using Eurocollins solution. During the liver withdrawal in the slaughterhouse 20 minutes were waited to simulate the warm ischemia (WI) time. Histological samples, swab for bacterial grow, blood sample, temperature and pulse oximetry saturation were collected to assess the liver viability and function. These analyses revealed stable metabolism throughout perfusion identifying a cycles 2 hours length, coinciding with recovery of oxygen uptake rates to fresh liver, as described in literature. In summary the preliminary established model of isolated hemoperfused slatherhouse liver reveals the important role of the relation between cold storage and normothermic perfusion. Moreover this preliminary study justifies further investigation of the optimization of the treatment protocols and perfusion media.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89277161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) evolved social immunity mechanisms based on coordinated behavioral mechanisms for reducing the spread of pathogens and parasites. In particular, Hygienic Behavior (HB) is an actively participation of family defense by uncapping and removal of dead, diseased or parasitized brood. Currently, HB evaluation is performed only by in-field empirical assays, and suitable molecular markers that could allow the discrimination between families with High and Non-High HB score are not yet available. The research activity was characterized by a transversal approach: from in-field phenotypic characterization, to expression profiling of selected coding genes in honeybee brains. The expression analysis was performed on pools of 15 days-old honeybees collected in spring 2017 from 10 different colonies (5 with high HB and 5 with low HB scores). The brains were dissected and total RNA was purified. After quantitation and quality evaluation, the extracted RNAs were reverse transcribed to cDNAs and Real Time PCR was performed on different target genes (Act5C, Mblk-1, Obp3, Obp4, Obp16 and Obp18) previously showed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies to be involved in HB. The comparative analysis of RT-PCR threshold cycles (Ct) showed that Mblk-1 was the least expressed gene among the analyzed targets. Most importantly, statistical analysis of expression data validated (p<0.05) the delta-Ct between Obp4 and Act5C as a predictive index of high vs low HB score. These results confirmed the findings obtained through a preliminary experiment performed in spring 2016.
蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)进化出基于协调行为机制的社会免疫机制，以减少病原体和寄生虫的传播。特别是，卫生行为(HB)是一种积极参与家庭防御，通过打开和移除死亡，患病或被寄生的幼虫。目前，HB评估仅通过现场经验分析进行，并且还没有合适的分子标记可以区分HB评分高和非高的家庭。研究活动的特点是采用横向方法:从田间表型表征到蜜蜂大脑中选定编码基因的表达谱。对2017年春季从10个不同的蜂群(5个高HB评分和5个低HB评分)收集的15日龄蜜蜂进行了表达分析。解剖脑组织，纯化总RNA。在定量和质量评估后，将提取的rna逆转录为cdna，并对转录组学和蛋白质组学研究中发现的与HB相关的不同靶基因(Act5C、Mblk-1、Obp3、Obp4、Obp16和Obp18)进行Real Time PCR。RT-PCR阈值周期(Ct)对比分析显示，Mblk-1是分析靶标中表达最少的基因。最重要的是，表达数据的统计分析验证了(p<0.05) Obp4和Act5C之间的δ - ct作为HB评分高低的预测指标。这些结果证实了2016年春季进行的初步实验得出的结论。
{"title":"Obp4 and Act5C gene expression is related to Hygienic behavior in honeybee families","authors":"F. Dell'Orco, E. Facchini, R. Rizzi, M. Mortarino","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8419","url":null,"abstract":"Honeybees (Apis mellifera) evolved social immunity mechanisms based on coordinated behavioral mechanisms for reducing the spread of pathogens and parasites. In particular, Hygienic Behavior (HB) is an actively participation of family defense by uncapping and removal of dead, diseased or parasitized brood. Currently, HB evaluation is performed only by in-field empirical assays, and suitable molecular markers that could allow the discrimination between families with High and Non-High HB score are not yet available. The research activity was characterized by a transversal approach: from in-field phenotypic characterization, to expression profiling of selected coding genes in honeybee brains. The expression analysis was performed on pools of 15 days-old honeybees collected in spring 2017 from 10 different colonies (5 with high HB and 5 with low HB scores). The brains were dissected and total RNA was purified. After quantitation and quality evaluation, the extracted RNAs were reverse transcribed to cDNAs and Real Time PCR was performed on different target genes (Act5C, Mblk-1, Obp3, Obp4, Obp16 and Obp18) previously showed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies to be involved in HB. The comparative analysis of RT-PCR threshold cycles (Ct) showed that Mblk-1 was the least expressed gene among the analyzed targets. Most importantly, statistical analysis of expression data validated (p<0.05) the delta-Ct between Obp4 and Act5C as a predictive index of high vs low HB score. These results confirmed the findings obtained through a preliminary experiment performed in spring 2016.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83267482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction . Tumor microenvironment (TME) is defined as the non-tumoral part of tumors. It is composed of different cell populations and structures (such as tumor-associated vasculature, immune-inflammatory cells, fibroblasts…) (Hanahan and Coussens, 2012). TME could either promote or antagonize tumor growth and has a great potential as target for novel therapeutic strategies. Along with several methods (i.e. molecular assays), morphological techniques allow to evaluate the components of TME in the setting of their action. The aim of this work was to set up and define valuable morphological approaches useful in the investigation of the TME. Materials and methods. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques, along with digital image analysis, were tested on experimental mouse models (both xenograft and genetically engineered mice) of four different human tumors (ovarian cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), colon adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma). Results. Concerning the vascular compartment, CD31 immunostaining and double-immunofluorescence with CD31 and a-SMA (pericytes marker) allowed to respectively quantify vessels and evaluate their maturation degree. Immunohistochemical detection of previously administrated Pimonidazole, revealed variable extended areas of hypoxia within tumoral masses in a consistent pattern between frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Concerning the stromal component, anti-human MHC I and specie-specific markers for Vimentin demonstrated the host-derivation of stroma in xenotumors, while Sirius Red histochemical staining allowed the quantification of desmoplasia in models of PDAC. Concerning immune-inflammatory cells, an immunohistochemical panel with CD3 (T lymphocytes), B220 (B lymphocytes), MPO (neutrophils) and Iba-1 (macrophages), showed high reliability in characterizing the tumoral infiltrate. Moreover, the application of markers specific for different macrophage subsets confirmed the higher prevalence of M2 (Arginase I positive) on M1 (iNOS positive) macrophages. YM1 demonstrated a low performance in detecting the M2 population (Fig. 1). Discussion and conclusions. Due to the microenvironmental heterogeneity which influence tumor development and biological behavior, a sole quantification is unreliable for characterizing the TME. Considering that, morphological techniques proved to be a valuable approach, allowing the evaluation of the spatial distribution and mutual interaction between the different elements. Additional studies are needed for further investigate the biological significance of spatial distribution of the components of the TME.
{"title":"Tumor Microenvironment In Experimental Models Of Human Cancer: Morphological Investigational Approaches","authors":"L. Minoli, E. Scanziani","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/8399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/8399","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction . Tumor microenvironment (TME) is defined as the non-tumoral part of tumors. It is composed of different cell populations and structures (such as tumor-associated vasculature, immune-inflammatory cells, fibroblasts…) (Hanahan and Coussens, 2012). TME could either promote or antagonize tumor growth and has a great potential as target for novel therapeutic strategies. Along with several methods (i.e. molecular assays), morphological techniques allow to evaluate the components of TME in the setting of their action. The aim of this work was to set up and define valuable morphological approaches useful in the investigation of the TME. Materials and methods. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques, along with digital image analysis, were tested on experimental mouse models (both xenograft and genetically engineered mice) of four different human tumors (ovarian cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), colon adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma). Results. Concerning the vascular compartment, CD31 immunostaining and double-immunofluorescence with CD31 and a-SMA (pericytes marker) allowed to respectively quantify vessels and evaluate their maturation degree. Immunohistochemical detection of previously administrated Pimonidazole, revealed variable extended areas of hypoxia within tumoral masses in a consistent pattern between frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Concerning the stromal component, anti-human MHC I and specie-specific markers for Vimentin demonstrated the host-derivation of stroma in xenotumors, while Sirius Red histochemical staining allowed the quantification of desmoplasia in models of PDAC. Concerning immune-inflammatory cells, an immunohistochemical panel with CD3 (T lymphocytes), B220 (B lymphocytes), MPO (neutrophils) and Iba-1 (macrophages), showed high reliability in characterizing the tumoral infiltrate. Moreover, the application of markers specific for different macrophage subsets confirmed the higher prevalence of M2 (Arginase I positive) on M1 (iNOS positive) macrophages. YM1 demonstrated a low performance in detecting the M2 population (Fig. 1). Discussion and conclusions. Due to the microenvironmental heterogeneity which influence tumor development and biological behavior, a sole quantification is unreliable for characterizing the TME. Considering that, morphological techniques proved to be a valuable approach, allowing the evaluation of the spatial distribution and mutual interaction between the different elements. Additional studies are needed for further investigate the biological significance of spatial distribution of the components of the TME.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75772866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：