Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650065
M. Kent, M. Corbett, M. Glavin
Recycling is the most appropriate final step in the electronics life cycle. Certain materials contained in electronics can be environmental and occupational health concerns. More information is needed to properly assess occupational health risks presented by recycling operations. A quantitative airborne metal exposure survey was conducted on workers shredding printed circuit boards. Aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, selenium, sodium and zinc were all well below permissible exposure levels (PEL). Airborne silver exposures were above the PEL 11.0 percent of the time. Attempts to correlate air sample results with concurrently collected bulk sample metal concentrations were not successful. The Untha shear shredder equipped with ventilation, as is typical in the industry, represents a minimal inhalation hazard regarding silver and no inhalation hazard to the operators for all other metals studied
{"title":"Characterization and Analysis of Airborne Metal Exposures Among Electronic Scrap Valuation Workers- Shredding","authors":"M. Kent, M. Corbett, M. Glavin","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650065","url":null,"abstract":"Recycling is the most appropriate final step in the electronics life cycle. Certain materials contained in electronics can be environmental and occupational health concerns. More information is needed to properly assess occupational health risks presented by recycling operations. A quantitative airborne metal exposure survey was conducted on workers shredding printed circuit boards. Aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, selenium, sodium and zinc were all well below permissible exposure levels (PEL). Airborne silver exposures were above the PEL 11.0 percent of the time. Attempts to correlate air sample results with concurrently collected bulk sample metal concentrations were not successful. The Untha shear shredder equipped with ventilation, as is typical in the industry, represents a minimal inhalation hazard regarding silver and no inhalation hazard to the operators for all other metals studied","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129091349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650038
E. Sambuis
A worldwide concern for future access to affordable, sustainable energy is driving the development of more efficient solar power generation. In any photovoltaic (PV)-based system, the inverter is a critical component responsible for current control between the PV module, battery, loads and power grid. Inverters, which convert direct to alternating current, can be designed to be used with different voltage ranges and topologies for varying applications, and they can also be designed with or without transformers. Besides DC/AC conversion, inverters provide additional functions such as maximizing power, battery charging and protecting the circuit. All of these functions require optimized intelligent control that can occur in real time or near-real time; and the wide variations in application and operational requirements mean that the system control has to be highly flexible. Digital signal processor (DSP)-based controllers, such as the Texas Instruments TMS320C2000 family of controllers, provide the high level of computational performance and programming flexibility needed for the real-time signal processing in solar power inverters. Highly integrated digital signal controllers help inverter manufacturers create more efficient, more cost-effective products that can support the growing demand for solar energy in upcoming years
{"title":"Digital Signal Controllers Improve Efficiency for Solar Power Inverters","authors":"E. Sambuis","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650038","url":null,"abstract":"A worldwide concern for future access to affordable, sustainable energy is driving the development of more efficient solar power generation. In any photovoltaic (PV)-based system, the inverter is a critical component responsible for current control between the PV module, battery, loads and power grid. Inverters, which convert direct to alternating current, can be designed to be used with different voltage ranges and topologies for varying applications, and they can also be designed with or without transformers. Besides DC/AC conversion, inverters provide additional functions such as maximizing power, battery charging and protecting the circuit. All of these functions require optimized intelligent control that can occur in real time or near-real time; and the wide variations in application and operational requirements mean that the system control has to be highly flexible. Digital signal processor (DSP)-based controllers, such as the Texas Instruments TMS320C2000 family of controllers, provide the high level of computational performance and programming flexibility needed for the real-time signal processing in solar power inverters. Highly integrated digital signal controllers help inverter manufacturers create more efficient, more cost-effective products that can support the growing demand for solar energy in upcoming years","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128890330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650097
S. Nukala, S.M. Gupta
Economic incentives, government regulations and customer perspective on environmental consciousness (EC) are driving more and more companies into the product recovery business, which forms a reverse supply chain. The combination of traditional/forward supply chain and reverse supply chain is called a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). A supply chain involves three stages of planning, viz., strategic, tactical and operational. Strategic planning primarily deals with the design (what products should be processed/produced in what facilities etc) of the supply chain that is typically a long-range planning performed every few years when a supply chain needs to expand its capabilities (Pochampally and Gupta, 2005). Tactical planning involves the optimization of flow of goods and services across the supply chain and is typically a medium-range planning performed on a monthly basis. Finally, Operational planning is a short-range planning that deals with the day-to-day production planning and inventory issues on the factory floor. In this paper, we formulate a single-phase linear physical programming model in designing a closed-loop supply chain. This model when solved addresses simultaneously the critical issues, mentioned above, in the strategic and tactical planning of a CLSC
{"title":"Planning an efficient closed-loop supply chain network: a unified single-phase approach","authors":"S. Nukala, S.M. Gupta","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650097","url":null,"abstract":"Economic incentives, government regulations and customer perspective on environmental consciousness (EC) are driving more and more companies into the product recovery business, which forms a reverse supply chain. The combination of traditional/forward supply chain and reverse supply chain is called a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). A supply chain involves three stages of planning, viz., strategic, tactical and operational. Strategic planning primarily deals with the design (what products should be processed/produced in what facilities etc) of the supply chain that is typically a long-range planning performed every few years when a supply chain needs to expand its capabilities (Pochampally and Gupta, 2005). Tactical planning involves the optimization of flow of goods and services across the supply chain and is typically a medium-range planning performed on a monthly basis. Finally, Operational planning is a short-range planning that deals with the day-to-day production planning and inventory issues on the factory floor. In this paper, we formulate a single-phase linear physical programming model in designing a closed-loop supply chain. This model when solved addresses simultaneously the critical issues, mentioned above, in the strategic and tactical planning of a CLSC","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132863884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650024
B. Bakshi, N. U. Ukidwe
Some of the outstanding challenges faced by traditional LCA include the following. LCA is mainly an "output side" method due to its focus on emissions and their impact, but such data are often difficult to find, particularly for emerging technologies. Furthermore, although an important goal of LCA is to evaluate the environmental sustainability of technological alternatives, the very ecosystem goods and services that sustain all economic activities are usually ignored. This paper describes how thermodynamics can complement and enhance LCA by addressing these challenges. Ecosystem goods and services may be represented as the cumulative exergy consumed in ecological processes necessary for producing them. This may be calculated via methods in systems ecology and combined with engineering thermodynamics for joint analysis of industrial and ecological systems. A thermodynamic input-output model of the US economy is developed based on this approach, and is used for hybrid LCA. Accounting for ecosystem goods and services is likely to provide a reasonable proxy to life cycle impact even without knowing details about emissions and their impact. This is because as per the second law, exergy is not conserved, but is lost in each transformation step. The exergy lost to the surroundings creates disorder in the environment, which should be related to the impact of emissions. This implies that among alternatives with similar utility, the process with a higher life cycle thermodynamic efficiency should have a smaller life cycle environmental impact. This talk will present some examples as preliminary support of this hypothesis and describe challenges and on-going work for obtaining a more rigorous statistical validation.
{"title":"The role of thermodynamics in life cycle assessment of existing and emerging technologies","authors":"B. Bakshi, N. U. Ukidwe","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650024","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the outstanding challenges faced by traditional LCA include the following. LCA is mainly an \"output side\" method due to its focus on emissions and their impact, but such data are often difficult to find, particularly for emerging technologies. Furthermore, although an important goal of LCA is to evaluate the environmental sustainability of technological alternatives, the very ecosystem goods and services that sustain all economic activities are usually ignored. This paper describes how thermodynamics can complement and enhance LCA by addressing these challenges. Ecosystem goods and services may be represented as the cumulative exergy consumed in ecological processes necessary for producing them. This may be calculated via methods in systems ecology and combined with engineering thermodynamics for joint analysis of industrial and ecological systems. A thermodynamic input-output model of the US economy is developed based on this approach, and is used for hybrid LCA. Accounting for ecosystem goods and services is likely to provide a reasonable proxy to life cycle impact even without knowing details about emissions and their impact. This is because as per the second law, exergy is not conserved, but is lost in each transformation step. The exergy lost to the surroundings creates disorder in the environment, which should be related to the impact of emissions. This implies that among alternatives with similar utility, the process with a higher life cycle thermodynamic efficiency should have a smaller life cycle environmental impact. This talk will present some examples as preliminary support of this hypothesis and describe challenges and on-going work for obtaining a more rigorous statistical validation.","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130803147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650051
J. Linnell, W. Alcorn, T. Linger, S. Smith
This paper explores the data and methodology for improved identification of orphan products that are collected in electronics recycling programs, and reviews and recommends options for better identification and incorporation of products from "white box" manufacturers covered by various existing and proposed electronics recycling systems
{"title":"Understanding and Examining the Impacts of Orphan Products and ~White Box~ Products on Emerging Electronics Recycling Systems","authors":"J. Linnell, W. Alcorn, T. Linger, S. Smith","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650051","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the data and methodology for improved identification of orphan products that are collected in electronics recycling programs, and reviews and recommends options for better identification and incorporation of products from \"white box\" manufacturers covered by various existing and proposed electronics recycling systems","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116248575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650053
S. Vadde, S. Kamarthi, S.M. Gupta
Variability in the inflow of end-of-life (EOL) products and fluctuating inventory levels often make the processing of EOL products an economically risky operation for product recovery facilities (PRFs). Choosing an appropriate pricing policy can enhance the performance of PRFs by methodically clearing their inventory and increasing profits. This work presents two pricing models to counter the prospect of product obsolescence that can happen either gradually or suddenly. Product obsolescence can cause demand drop and inventory pile up, both of which could dent the revenues of PRFs. In the first model, gradual obsolescence and environmental regulations that limit the disposal quantity in landfills are considered. In the second model, the case of sudden obsolescence is addressed. Examples are presented to illustrate the pricing strategies for each model
{"title":"Pricing of End-of-Life Items with Obsolescence","authors":"S. Vadde, S. Kamarthi, S.M. Gupta","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650053","url":null,"abstract":"Variability in the inflow of end-of-life (EOL) products and fluctuating inventory levels often make the processing of EOL products an economically risky operation for product recovery facilities (PRFs). Choosing an appropriate pricing policy can enhance the performance of PRFs by methodically clearing their inventory and increasing profits. This work presents two pricing models to counter the prospect of product obsolescence that can happen either gradually or suddenly. Product obsolescence can cause demand drop and inventory pile up, both of which could dent the revenues of PRFs. In the first model, gradual obsolescence and environmental regulations that limit the disposal quantity in landfills are considered. In the second model, the case of sudden obsolescence is addressed. Examples are presented to illustrate the pricing strategies for each model","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115218702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650039
J. Huisman, A. Stevels, T. Marinelli, F. Magalini
This paper links lessons drawn from the WEEE directive implementation process going on in Europe with academic lessons obtained from the TU Delft eco-efficiency studies on electronics recycling. The combination of eco-efficiency and organizational analysis is proven to be very useful for enhancing stakeholder interactions on improving end-of-life chains. From this, a roadmap is proposed for US developments, in order to prevent similar chaos as with the current EU WEEE introduction process. The key issues for setting up take-back systems for discarded consumer electronics are addressed: How to organize take-back and recycling in an eco-efficient way plus how to align all stakeholder interests and positions in a practical way at the same time for the short, medium and long term?
{"title":"Where did WEEE go wrong in Europe? Practical and academic lessons for the US","authors":"J. Huisman, A. Stevels, T. Marinelli, F. Magalini","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650039","url":null,"abstract":"This paper links lessons drawn from the WEEE directive implementation process going on in Europe with academic lessons obtained from the TU Delft eco-efficiency studies on electronics recycling. The combination of eco-efficiency and organizational analysis is proven to be very useful for enhancing stakeholder interactions on improving end-of-life chains. From this, a roadmap is proposed for US developments, in order to prevent similar chaos as with the current EU WEEE introduction process. The key issues for setting up take-back systems for discarded consumer electronics are addressed: How to organize take-back and recycling in an eco-efficient way plus how to align all stakeholder interests and positions in a practical way at the same time for the short, medium and long term?","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123844589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650045
J. Adams
The concept of the intelligent building, able to make informed, autonomous decisions about energy consumption based upon real-world variables such as occupancy and the external environment, has suffered from the cost and complexity required to deploy sufficient sensors and actuators to provide fine-grained control and sensing. While there have been a plurality of proprietary wireless systems developed over the past decade or so for application to this problem, these systems have suffered from robustness and reliability issues, as well as the inability to scale well in cost and network complexity. In 2003, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard was ratified, and almost immediately silicon manufacturers began producing compliant single-chip radios. The ZigBee Alliance, formed in 2002 and dedicated to using the IEEE standard as its baseline wireless communications standard, has developed a specification that allows the rapid creation of mesh networks that are also self-healing. With energy-saving features designed into the basic IEEE standard, and other possibilities applied by the applications developer, IEEE 802.15.4 radios have the potential to be the cost-effective communications backbone for simple sensory mesh networks that can effectively harvest data with relatively low latency, high accuracy, and the ability to survive for a very long time on small primary batteries or energy-scavenging mechanisms like solar, vibrational, or thermal power. This paper focuses on the commercial building control environment and its needs for substantial energy consumption reduction now and in the future by means of more tightly linking the raw energy consumption with the human presence or activity within the building. A practical example of green building construction on a small scale, with some level of linking between the disparate systems, is given
{"title":"Wireless Sensors and Controls Make the Organic Building","authors":"J. Adams","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650045","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of the intelligent building, able to make informed, autonomous decisions about energy consumption based upon real-world variables such as occupancy and the external environment, has suffered from the cost and complexity required to deploy sufficient sensors and actuators to provide fine-grained control and sensing. While there have been a plurality of proprietary wireless systems developed over the past decade or so for application to this problem, these systems have suffered from robustness and reliability issues, as well as the inability to scale well in cost and network complexity. In 2003, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard was ratified, and almost immediately silicon manufacturers began producing compliant single-chip radios. The ZigBee Alliance, formed in 2002 and dedicated to using the IEEE standard as its baseline wireless communications standard, has developed a specification that allows the rapid creation of mesh networks that are also self-healing. With energy-saving features designed into the basic IEEE standard, and other possibilities applied by the applications developer, IEEE 802.15.4 radios have the potential to be the cost-effective communications backbone for simple sensory mesh networks that can effectively harvest data with relatively low latency, high accuracy, and the ability to survive for a very long time on small primary batteries or energy-scavenging mechanisms like solar, vibrational, or thermal power. This paper focuses on the commercial building control environment and its needs for substantial energy consumption reduction now and in the future by means of more tightly linking the raw energy consumption with the human presence or activity within the building. A practical example of green building construction on a small scale, with some level of linking between the disparate systems, is given","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133811656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650075
L. Laurin, M. Prox, A. Moeller, M. Schmidt
The question surrounding "greener" products has always been, "at what cost?" Several decades ago, it was assumed that the product that was easier on the environment would cost more to produce, yet would not command a higher price. Regulations, such as the European WEEE directive, and emissions trading are ways in which governments have changed the market paradigm, rewarding lower polluting manufacturers. With complex issues at stake within a production system, it becomes more difficult to measure the trade-offs between environmental benefit and economics. A modern approach in production theory of business and management economics enables this complex calculation by valuing everything in the system. This approach proposes that objects (e.g. materials) are defined as good, bad, or neutral. In transformation processes in production or recycling systems this makes it possible to distinguish stringently between the economic revenue of a process and the economic and ecological expenditures for it. Materials and energy classified as good are considered as an expense if they are used by the system and a product or revenue, if they are created by the system. This approach can be transferred to entire systems of processes in order to determine the system revenue and the system expenditure. The process can be more easily understood using material flow networks or graphs. In complex material flow systems, it becomes possible to calculate not only the costs, but also the direct and indirect environmental impacts of an individual process or system revenue (for example a product or the elimination of waste) consistently. The approach permits a stringent analysis as well as different analysis perspectives of a material and energy flow system. It is particularly suitable for closed-loop economic systems in which material backflows occur. This paper outlines how this approach can be employed in the field of e-waste management
{"title":"How production-theory can support the analysis of recycling systems in the electronic waste sector","authors":"L. Laurin, M. Prox, A. Moeller, M. Schmidt","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650075","url":null,"abstract":"The question surrounding \"greener\" products has always been, \"at what cost?\" Several decades ago, it was assumed that the product that was easier on the environment would cost more to produce, yet would not command a higher price. Regulations, such as the European WEEE directive, and emissions trading are ways in which governments have changed the market paradigm, rewarding lower polluting manufacturers. With complex issues at stake within a production system, it becomes more difficult to measure the trade-offs between environmental benefit and economics. A modern approach in production theory of business and management economics enables this complex calculation by valuing everything in the system. This approach proposes that objects (e.g. materials) are defined as good, bad, or neutral. In transformation processes in production or recycling systems this makes it possible to distinguish stringently between the economic revenue of a process and the economic and ecological expenditures for it. Materials and energy classified as good are considered as an expense if they are used by the system and a product or revenue, if they are created by the system. This approach can be transferred to entire systems of processes in order to determine the system revenue and the system expenditure. The process can be more easily understood using material flow networks or graphs. In complex material flow systems, it becomes possible to calculate not only the costs, but also the direct and indirect environmental impacts of an individual process or system revenue (for example a product or the elimination of waste) consistently. The approach permits a stringent analysis as well as different analysis perspectives of a material and energy flow system. It is particularly suitable for closed-loop economic systems in which material backflows occur. This paper outlines how this approach can be employed in the field of e-waste management","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133225195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650025
Eric Masanet, A. Horvath
This paper examines the effectiveness of several important enterprise strategies for reducing the life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of office computers. A modeling framework is presented, which quantifies the annual primary energy use and GHG emissions necessary to maintain and operate an enterprise personal computer (PC) stock. The case of a California-based enterprise with 5,000 desktop PCs is considered as a baseline scenario. The model is applied to estimate technically-achievable reductions in life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions associated with six common enterprise PC management strategies, as compared to the baseline scenario. The total technical potential for primary energy savings is estimated at roughly 60%; the total technical potential for GHG savings is estimated at roughly 35%.
{"title":"Enterprise strategies for reducing the life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of personal computers","authors":"Eric Masanet, A. Horvath","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effectiveness of several important enterprise strategies for reducing the life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of office computers. A modeling framework is presented, which quantifies the annual primary energy use and GHG emissions necessary to maintain and operate an enterprise personal computer (PC) stock. The case of a California-based enterprise with 5,000 desktop PCs is considered as a baseline scenario. The model is applied to estimate technically-achievable reductions in life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions associated with six common enterprise PC management strategies, as compared to the baseline scenario. The total technical potential for primary energy savings is estimated at roughly 60%; the total technical potential for GHG savings is estimated at roughly 35%.","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130440316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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