Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650096
F. Chao
Household batteries collection behavior was investigated. A collection bin that uses the gravity concept was designed to promote more interaction opportunities and to entice more people into recycling batteries in public areas
{"title":"Household Batteries Collection Behavior and the Emotional Aspects of Collection Bin Design","authors":"F. Chao","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650096","url":null,"abstract":"Household batteries collection behavior was investigated. A collection bin that uses the gravity concept was designed to promote more interaction opportunities and to entice more people into recycling batteries in public areas","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125006789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650078
K.I. Takahashi, M. Tsuda, J. Nakamura, S. Nishi
This paper investigates the issues that need to be considered when comparing the environmental impacts of videoconferences and face-to-face meetings. The first part of this paper deals with how the total environmental loads including ripple effects were evaluated. The results show that about 80% less CO2 is emitted from a face-to-face meeting than from a videoconference. More than 95% of the CO2 emissions from a videoconference arise from ripple effects, such as the extra time and money used for other business activities. The second part covers a new method for correcting the environmental burdens related to the different functions of a virtual meeting and a real meeting using a "performance indicator". The performance indicator has three components, achievement, comfort and satisfaction, and is evaluated with user questionnaires and experimental results
{"title":"Estimation of Videoconference Performance: Approach for Fairer Comparative Environmental Evaluation of ICT Services","authors":"K.I. Takahashi, M. Tsuda, J. Nakamura, S. Nishi","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650078","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the issues that need to be considered when comparing the environmental impacts of videoconferences and face-to-face meetings. The first part of this paper deals with how the total environmental loads including ripple effects were evaluated. The results show that about 80% less CO2 is emitted from a face-to-face meeting than from a videoconference. More than 95% of the CO2 emissions from a videoconference arise from ripple effects, such as the extra time and money used for other business activities. The second part covers a new method for correcting the environmental burdens related to the different functions of a virtual meeting and a real meeting using a \"performance indicator\". The performance indicator has three components, achievement, comfort and satisfaction, and is evaluated with user questionnaires and experimental results","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115320450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650098
R. B. Dawson, S. D. Landry
The primary flame retardant resins used in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) housings include HIPS, ABS, PC/ABS blends, and PPO/HIPS blends. Brominated flame retardants are used in HIPS and ABS EEE applications, while phosphorus flame retardants are normally utilized in PC/ABS blends and PPO/HIPS blends. The printed wiring boards in EEE applications contain a polymeric resin that typically has a flame retardant reacted into the polymer backbone. There are other flame retardant plastics contained in EEE, such as connectors and wire & cable insulation that contain a variety of flame retardants, depending on the resin used. Flame retardants, as well as other materials, are coming under scrutiny due to perceived environmental and toxicological issues. A great deal of information is publicly available on the potential health and environmental effects of commonly used flame retardants. Several flame retardants, both brominated and phosphorus are currently undergoing European Union (EU) risk assessments. Europe has a process that has been in place for more than 10 years to assess existing chemicals. This "risk assessment" (RA) process is the most comprehensive assessment of a chemical's environmental and human health impacts. Chemicals are assessed individually, not as a class. In addition to the EU RA process, Europe also has the restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) directive. This Directive is separate to the EU RA process. It calls for the phase-out from July 2006 of selected substances (lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and Penta and Octa-PBDE) in EEE. Deca-BDE was exempted from the RoHS directive in October 2005. Another European directive that was put in place to deal with the rising amount of waste EEE is the EU WEEE directive. The directive sets requirements relating to criteria for the collection, treatment, recycling and recovery of WEEE. The main requirements of this directive were scheduled to start on August 13, 2005. However, many European member states have encountered major difficulties in meeting the directive's deadline, and have delayed implementation. The new EU chemical legislation "REACH" (registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals) is now on its way towards adoption. The final details have yet to be announced
{"title":"Regulatory Developments & Issues for Flame Retardants Used in Electrical & Electronic Equipment","authors":"R. B. Dawson, S. D. Landry","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650098","url":null,"abstract":"The primary flame retardant resins used in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) housings include HIPS, ABS, PC/ABS blends, and PPO/HIPS blends. Brominated flame retardants are used in HIPS and ABS EEE applications, while phosphorus flame retardants are normally utilized in PC/ABS blends and PPO/HIPS blends. The printed wiring boards in EEE applications contain a polymeric resin that typically has a flame retardant reacted into the polymer backbone. There are other flame retardant plastics contained in EEE, such as connectors and wire & cable insulation that contain a variety of flame retardants, depending on the resin used. Flame retardants, as well as other materials, are coming under scrutiny due to perceived environmental and toxicological issues. A great deal of information is publicly available on the potential health and environmental effects of commonly used flame retardants. Several flame retardants, both brominated and phosphorus are currently undergoing European Union (EU) risk assessments. Europe has a process that has been in place for more than 10 years to assess existing chemicals. This \"risk assessment\" (RA) process is the most comprehensive assessment of a chemical's environmental and human health impacts. Chemicals are assessed individually, not as a class. In addition to the EU RA process, Europe also has the restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) directive. This Directive is separate to the EU RA process. It calls for the phase-out from July 2006 of selected substances (lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and Penta and Octa-PBDE) in EEE. Deca-BDE was exempted from the RoHS directive in October 2005. Another European directive that was put in place to deal with the rising amount of waste EEE is the EU WEEE directive. The directive sets requirements relating to criteria for the collection, treatment, recycling and recovery of WEEE. The main requirements of this directive were scheduled to start on August 13, 2005. However, many European member states have encountered major difficulties in meeting the directive's deadline, and have delayed implementation. The new EU chemical legislation \"REACH\" (registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals) is now on its way towards adoption. The final details have yet to be announced","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121531008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650046
P. May-Ostendorp, Kimberly Herb, C. Calwell, Arthur Howard
Policymakers, consumers, and industry all have a vested interest in the development of system-level efficiency metrics for computers. This paper outlines an approach for measuring computer efficiency called efficiency benchmarking. We discuss preliminary validation studies for this method, challenges to consider for the future, and potential uses for this approach in policy development
{"title":"In Search of Synergy","authors":"P. May-Ostendorp, Kimberly Herb, C. Calwell, Arthur Howard","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650046","url":null,"abstract":"Policymakers, consumers, and industry all have a vested interest in the development of system-level efficiency metrics for computers. This paper outlines an approach for measuring computer efficiency called efficiency benchmarking. We discuss preliminary validation studies for this method, challenges to consider for the future, and potential uses for this approach in policy development","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127005799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650041
M. L. Socolof, Patricia Dillon Dillon, J. Geibig
This paper reviews the development of an electronics environmental benefit calculator (EEBC) that allows institutional purchasers and the federal government to quantify the benefits of purchasing products registered under the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) program and of improving the operation and end-of-life management of computers. The project, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is a user-friendly spreadsheet-based tool that calculates savings in energy, emissions, material use, wastes, and cost associated with the purchase, use and end-of-life management of computers
{"title":"Electronics Environmental Benefits Calculator: A Tool to Measure the Benefits of EPEAT and the Federal Electronics Challenge","authors":"M. L. Socolof, Patricia Dillon Dillon, J. Geibig","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650041","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the development of an electronics environmental benefit calculator (EEBC) that allows institutional purchasers and the federal government to quantify the benefits of purchasing products registered under the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) program and of improving the operation and end-of-life management of computers. The project, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is a user-friendly spreadsheet-based tool that calculates savings in energy, emissions, material use, wastes, and cost associated with the purchase, use and end-of-life management of computers","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114993658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650035
S. Rhodes, B. Karsell, C. Palmer, M. Blazek
Among the key suppliers to the electronics sector, the power generation sector has been standardizing its approach to reporting environmental performance across the broad portfolio. The draft ASTM Standard, E06710, on the quantification and reporting of environmental performance of the electric power generation facilities contains a technology-neutral, performance based approach to environmental performance reporting. With its emphasis on life cycle impact assessment methodology and comparisons to grid power, the standard provides a mechanism to address system wide improvement and to encourage improvement and efficiencies among all power generation technologies and end users. In addition, by conforming to Clause 9 of ISO 14042 LCIA standard for comparative assertions, the ASTM standard specifies an LCIA framework that requires impact classification/characterization on a spatial, temporal, and effect-intensity basis. This level of LCIA allows for an environmental accounting system with sufficient accuracy to create a quantitative environmental performance rating program. This paper illustrates comparison among various renewable and non-renewable power generation options. This EP-rating system will be useful tool for power customers and planners and will serve as the basis for transparent, accurate reporting of advantages/disadvantages of various generation options/portfolios. The results of these analyses will be useful to energy customers, policy makers, and emergent technology/distributed power generators. This approach can also be used to address engineering approaches to conformance to the restriction on hazardous substances as currently being standardized as part of ASTM F40.4
{"title":"Standardization of the Life Cycle Environmental Performance in the Energy Sector: ASTM Draft Standard: E067110 Quantifying and Reporting the Environmental Performance of Electric Power Generation Facilities and Infrastructure; Implications to the Electronics Sector","authors":"S. Rhodes, B. Karsell, C. Palmer, M. Blazek","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650035","url":null,"abstract":"Among the key suppliers to the electronics sector, the power generation sector has been standardizing its approach to reporting environmental performance across the broad portfolio. The draft ASTM Standard, E06710, on the quantification and reporting of environmental performance of the electric power generation facilities contains a technology-neutral, performance based approach to environmental performance reporting. With its emphasis on life cycle impact assessment methodology and comparisons to grid power, the standard provides a mechanism to address system wide improvement and to encourage improvement and efficiencies among all power generation technologies and end users. In addition, by conforming to Clause 9 of ISO 14042 LCIA standard for comparative assertions, the ASTM standard specifies an LCIA framework that requires impact classification/characterization on a spatial, temporal, and effect-intensity basis. This level of LCIA allows for an environmental accounting system with sufficient accuracy to create a quantitative environmental performance rating program. This paper illustrates comparison among various renewable and non-renewable power generation options. This EP-rating system will be useful tool for power customers and planners and will serve as the basis for transparent, accurate reporting of advantages/disadvantages of various generation options/portfolios. The results of these analyses will be useful to energy customers, policy makers, and emergent technology/distributed power generators. This approach can also be used to address engineering approaches to conformance to the restriction on hazardous substances as currently being standardized as part of ASTM F40.4","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128619593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650048
M. Blazek, T. C. Fairfax, J. Koomey
A recently published article in the Wall Street Journal cited increased power density requirements for servers on the order of 3000 W/sf. While existing datacenter power consumption patterns do not currently suggest such high power densities, emergent high performance servers may in fact require substantial changes to facility design of power and HVAC systems. The paper summarizes research to date on power requirements in datacenters and provide a roadmap for ongoing integrated research
《华尔街日报》(Wall Street Journal)最近发表的一篇文章指出，服务器的功率密度要求增加到3000 W/sf。虽然现有的数据中心功耗模式目前还不支持如此高的功率密度，但紧急高性能服务器实际上可能需要对电源和HVAC系统的设施设计进行重大更改。本文总结了迄今为止关于数据中心电源需求的研究，并为正在进行的集成研究提供了路线图
{"title":"Predicting Future Power Requirements for the IT Sector: Making the Case for Including Life-Cycle Implications in Design of Servers","authors":"M. Blazek, T. C. Fairfax, J. Koomey","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650048","url":null,"abstract":"A recently published article in the Wall Street Journal cited increased power density requirements for servers on the order of 3000 W/sf. While existing datacenter power consumption patterns do not currently suggest such high power densities, emergent high performance servers may in fact require substantial changes to facility design of power and HVAC systems. The paper summarizes research to date on power requirements in datacenters and provide a roadmap for ongoing integrated research","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126622288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650089
M. Peng, Pan Xiaoyong, Xiang Dong, D. Guanghong
In China, there is no integrated and effective reverse logistics system for disposing e-waste. Considering from the perspective of a specific region, this paper presents a multi-factor model to analyze how regional factors, including government, economy, technology, consumer, infrastructure and geographical factors, act on a reverse logistics system and to find out which is the decisive factor. Based on the regional factor analysis and combined with China's situation on e-waste disposing entities, modularized management is applied to organize a reverse logistics system in Shao Guan, Guang Dong province of China
{"title":"Regional E-waste Reverse Logistics System Based on PCB Recycling Unit","authors":"M. Peng, Pan Xiaoyong, Xiang Dong, D. Guanghong","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650089","url":null,"abstract":"In China, there is no integrated and effective reverse logistics system for disposing e-waste. Considering from the perspective of a specific region, this paper presents a multi-factor model to analyze how regional factors, including government, economy, technology, consumer, infrastructure and geographical factors, act on a reverse logistics system and to find out which is the decisive factor. Based on the regional factor analysis and combined with China's situation on e-waste disposing entities, modularized management is applied to organize a reverse logistics system in Shao Guan, Guang Dong province of China","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128138506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650067
K. Schischke, J. Mueller, H. Reichl
Ecodesign - or design for environment - is a concept followed by major players in the electrical and electronics sector for at least a decade, usually being part in the meantime of a broader sustainability strategy. However, the situation is different for small and medium sized enterprises: There are some encouraging business cases from SMEs, but ecodesign is far from being a concept well adopted by SMEs. In July 2005 the European energy-using products directive has been adopted and published, transferring EU's integrated product policy (IPP) for the first time into product related legislation. With the expected implementing measures, clearly ecodesign will become a "must" for the electronics industry serving the EU market. Therefore, there is a strong need, that SMEs adopt design for environment strategies in the near future to achieve EuP compliance
{"title":"EcoDesign in European Small and Medium Sized Enterprises of the Electrical and Electronics Sector Status Quo and the Road towards EuP","authors":"K. Schischke, J. Mueller, H. Reichl","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650067","url":null,"abstract":"Ecodesign - or design for environment - is a concept followed by major players in the electrical and electronics sector for at least a decade, usually being part in the meantime of a broader sustainability strategy. However, the situation is different for small and medium sized enterprises: There are some encouraging business cases from SMEs, but ecodesign is far from being a concept well adopted by SMEs. In July 2005 the European energy-using products directive has been adopted and published, transferring EU's integrated product policy (IPP) for the first time into product related legislation. With the expected implementing measures, clearly ecodesign will become a \"must\" for the electronics industry serving the EU market. Therefore, there is a strong need, that SMEs adopt design for environment strategies in the near future to achieve EuP compliance","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132510267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650040
J. Lincoln, O. Ogunseitan, A. Shapiro
A variety of leaching test protocols are used domestically and internationally to assess the environmental hazard potential of solid wastes. We surveyed and compared leaching test procedures and their application to electronic waste. We describe the limitations of these protocols and define circumstances under which they may contribute to the classification of electronic waste. We find that the diversity of testing procedures under various regulatory guidelines at the domestic and international levels create an impediment to environmentally-benign product design and the effective management of hazardous electronic waste
{"title":"Meta-analysis of Hazard Criteria Designation for Electronic Waste","authors":"J. Lincoln, O. Ogunseitan, A. Shapiro","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650040","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of leaching test protocols are used domestically and internationally to assess the environmental hazard potential of solid wastes. We surveyed and compared leaching test procedures and their application to electronic waste. We describe the limitations of these protocols and define circumstances under which they may contribute to the classification of electronic waste. We find that the diversity of testing procedures under various regulatory guidelines at the domestic and international levels create an impediment to environmentally-benign product design and the effective management of hazardous electronic waste","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130161293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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