Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650057
J. Nakamura, M. Tsuda, K. Ichino Takahashi, S. Nishi, M. Takaoka
We have proposed a new concept for evaluating the contribution of information and communications technology (ICT) services to the formation of a sustainable society and introduced a term for expressing the degree of attainment of various activities. We investigated the amount of misoperation-induced loss that occurs when using a conventional system before the introduction of ICT services and defined this amount as the "reduction potential". For example, we showed that the potential of a "food purchasing and consumption management system" was about 0.5 million tons of CO2
{"title":"Analysis of the Potential Contribution of ICT Services to a Sustainable Society","authors":"J. Nakamura, M. Tsuda, K. Ichino Takahashi, S. Nishi, M. Takaoka","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650057","url":null,"abstract":"We have proposed a new concept for evaluating the contribution of information and communications technology (ICT) services to the formation of a sustainable society and introduced a term for expressing the degree of attainment of various activities. We investigated the amount of misoperation-induced loss that occurs when using a conventional system before the introduction of ICT services and defined this amount as the \"reduction potential\". For example, we showed that the potential of a \"food purchasing and consumption management system\" was about 0.5 million tons of CO2","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130392360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650066
C. Fitzpatrick, J. Walsh, I. Grout
The inclusion of modular functional units is often used as an example of how environmental considerations can be incorporated in the design stage of electronic products. The assumption is that the functional units can be reused at end of life to perform the same task in a different product. The environmental benefit from this practice is only accrued if the feedback loop from recovery to remanufacture is completed. The barriers to the completion of this loop are numerous and concern compatibility, reliability, functionality, flexibility and cost inter alia. This paper discusses the concept of modular digital electronic circuits based on programmable logic device technology and examines their suitability for use in the scheme of an overall Eco-design methodology based on the re-use of such modular units. A comparative streamlined life cycle assessment between this methodology and conventional digital electronics is also conducted to inspect the environmental benefits across the whole life cycle
{"title":"Environmentally Superior Implementation of Electronic Hardware Through Modular Programmable Logic Devices & Eco Design","authors":"C. Fitzpatrick, J. Walsh, I. Grout","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650066","url":null,"abstract":"The inclusion of modular functional units is often used as an example of how environmental considerations can be incorporated in the design stage of electronic products. The assumption is that the functional units can be reused at end of life to perform the same task in a different product. The environmental benefit from this practice is only accrued if the feedback loop from recovery to remanufacture is completed. The barriers to the completion of this loop are numerous and concern compatibility, reliability, functionality, flexibility and cost inter alia. This paper discusses the concept of modular digital electronic circuits based on programmable logic device technology and examines their suitability for use in the scheme of an overall Eco-design methodology based on the re-use of such modular units. A comparative streamlined life cycle assessment between this methodology and conventional digital electronics is also conducted to inspect the environmental benefits across the whole life cycle","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130102396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650023
Qi Yunhui, Wang Shuwang, Pan Junqi, L. Zhifeng, Z. Hongchao
Environmental impact assessment of design and manufacturing system decisions have attracted significant attention in the recent years. Researchers have focused on the effect of product, process design decision on the environment during the whole product life cycle. Establishing a quantitative and effective assessment model to assess the important degree of environmental impacts became more and more important. This research analyzes the characters of EIA, describes the hierarchy of environmental impacts assessment and sets up the calculated equation. Fuzzy AHP and entropic coefficient method are applied to determine the synthesis weight of the various evaluation indexes. And the sequence of important degree of environmental impacts, which is obtained in the model, can also direct the companies' managers, process designers and product designers to improve environmental impact with finite resources. At last, the model is demonstrated by a case study.
{"title":"Environmental impact assessment method based synthesis weight","authors":"Qi Yunhui, Wang Shuwang, Pan Junqi, L. Zhifeng, Z. Hongchao","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650023","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental impact assessment of design and manufacturing system decisions have attracted significant attention in the recent years. Researchers have focused on the effect of product, process design decision on the environment during the whole product life cycle. Establishing a quantitative and effective assessment model to assess the important degree of environmental impacts became more and more important. This research analyzes the characters of EIA, describes the hierarchy of environmental impacts assessment and sets up the calculated equation. Fuzzy AHP and entropic coefficient method are applied to determine the synthesis weight of the various evaluation indexes. And the sequence of important degree of environmental impacts, which is obtained in the model, can also direct the companies' managers, process designers and product designers to improve environmental impact with finite resources. At last, the model is demonstrated by a case study.","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"95 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130945660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650044
J. Laitner
The U.S. and the world face enormous energy challenges. Recent trends in world oil markets, including the emergence of China as a major contributor to global demand and continuing instability in the Middle East, bring new urgency to perennial concerns about oil dependence. At the same time, sustained price increases and extreme volatility in natural gas markets are prompting new concerns about this environmentally valuable fuel. Climate change and air pollution resulting from fossil fuel combustion are threatening human health and the future of our ecosystems. Finally, in the wake of the largest cascading power outage in North America's history, urgent questions are being raised about the prospects for needed investment in an infrastructure that is essential to nearly every facet of modern life. Using energy more efficiently can help to address each of these concerns
{"title":"Emerging Industrial Innovations and the Availability of New Energy Efficiency Technologies","authors":"J. Laitner","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650044","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. and the world face enormous energy challenges. Recent trends in world oil markets, including the emergence of China as a major contributor to global demand and continuing instability in the Middle East, bring new urgency to perennial concerns about oil dependence. At the same time, sustained price increases and extreme volatility in natural gas markets are prompting new concerns about this environmentally valuable fuel. Climate change and air pollution resulting from fossil fuel combustion are threatening human health and the future of our ecosystems. Finally, in the wake of the largest cascading power outage in North America's history, urgent questions are being raised about the prospects for needed investment in an infrastructure that is essential to nearly every facet of modern life. Using energy more efficiently can help to address each of these concerns","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"85 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116202313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-26DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650074
T.W. Zhang, Stephen P. Boyd, A. Vijayaraghavan, D. Dornfeld
This paper presents an overview of key nanoscale manufacturing technologies, and qualitatively examines their fundamental process requirements with respect to energy demand. The processes requirements are related to semiconductor manufacturing, where applicable, and gaps in our understanding of these processes on the production scale are identified as goals for the research community. Finally, the paper proposes a framework for the systematic analysis of energy use in nanoscale manufacturing processes
{"title":"Energy Use in Nanoscale Manufacturing","authors":"T.W. Zhang, Stephen P. Boyd, A. Vijayaraghavan, D. Dornfeld","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650074","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of key nanoscale manufacturing technologies, and qualitatively examines their fundamental process requirements with respect to energy demand. The processes requirements are related to semiconductor manufacturing, where applicable, and gaps in our understanding of these processes on the production scale are identified as goals for the research community. Finally, the paper proposes a framework for the systematic analysis of energy use in nanoscale manufacturing processes","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132431087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/isee.2006.1650043
summary form only given. With the advent of the European Union directive 2002/95/CE, restriction of hazardous substances in January 2003 manufactures of electrical and electronic equipment was faced with technical, administrative and logistical challenges. This case study compiles the lessons learned from the RoHS compliance transition of Texas Instruments' E&PS products (commonly know as the calculator division) into an operational model, which can be used world wide for future product transitions. This presentation covers several phases that comprise this operational model. The initial phase is identification of requirements that require some level of change to the products. As with any legislation, there are various interpretations of the regulation and means of implementation. The challenge is to understand the regulation as it applies to existing business, engineering, manufacturing, and logistical practices. Second, is obtaining the buy-in of affected stakeholders (engineering, sales, logistics, and suppliers). The product stewardship manager and the original analysis team understands the magnitude of changes. The other 99% of the organization must buy-in to the changes. They are the ones who develops and implements the transition plans. Suppliers must be deeply integrated into this process. Third is the development of the transition plan. The entire organization must understand the challenges associated with these changes and establish acceptable and measurable milestones. All levels of the organization's management team must have this transition as part of their key objectives, ensure resources are available, and hold the organization (including suppliers) accountable for meeting the established milestones. The last phase is implementation. This includes transitional monitoring (auditing) as product moves through the logistics organization and distribution to worldwide markets. This operational model provides the organization leadership with a guide to managing the transition of products in a global market, whither driven by regional regulations or customer specific requirements. The number of environmental regulations in the area of hazardous materials, energy efficiency, e-waste, packaging, and recycling is ever increasing. As an environmentally responsible company, the building of green products from the onset, keep products on or close to the leading edge of the green product regulation curve and reduce the need for redesign. Build Green
{"title":"Case study: Orchestrating RoHS implementation of TI~s E&PS global products","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/isee.2006.1650043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isee.2006.1650043","url":null,"abstract":"summary form only given. With the advent of the European Union directive 2002/95/CE, restriction of hazardous substances in January 2003 manufactures of electrical and electronic equipment was faced with technical, administrative and logistical challenges. This case study compiles the lessons learned from the RoHS compliance transition of Texas Instruments' E&PS products (commonly know as the calculator division) into an operational model, which can be used world wide for future product transitions. This presentation covers several phases that comprise this operational model. The initial phase is identification of requirements that require some level of change to the products. As with any legislation, there are various interpretations of the regulation and means of implementation. The challenge is to understand the regulation as it applies to existing business, engineering, manufacturing, and logistical practices. Second, is obtaining the buy-in of affected stakeholders (engineering, sales, logistics, and suppliers). The product stewardship manager and the original analysis team understands the magnitude of changes. The other 99% of the organization must buy-in to the changes. They are the ones who develops and implements the transition plans. Suppliers must be deeply integrated into this process. Third is the development of the transition plan. The entire organization must understand the challenges associated with these changes and establish acceptable and measurable milestones. All levels of the organization's management team must have this transition as part of their key objectives, ensure resources are available, and hold the organization (including suppliers) accountable for meeting the established milestones. The last phase is implementation. This includes transitional monitoring (auditing) as product moves through the logistics organization and distribution to worldwide markets. This operational model provides the organization leadership with a guide to managing the transition of products in a global market, whither driven by regional regulations or customer specific requirements. The number of environmental regulations in the area of hazardous materials, energy efficiency, e-waste, packaging, and recycling is ever increasing. As an environmentally responsible company, the building of green products from the onset, keep products on or close to the leading edge of the green product regulation curve and reduce the need for redesign. Build Green","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126081020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/isee.2006.1650094
The problem addressed was the physical impairment of hard drives. In Endicott, NY a dismantle and salvage operation was established in the early 1990s and a manual operation was put in place for the impairment of hard drives. It is quite straightforward to imagine how such a manual process could be implemented. The process basically consisted of an operator placing the hard drive to be impaired on a work bench and then impairing the hard drive by striking the hard drive with a hammer.
{"title":"End of life recycling technologies - hard drive impairment","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/isee.2006.1650094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isee.2006.1650094","url":null,"abstract":"The problem addressed was the physical impairment of hard drives. In Endicott, NY a dismantle and salvage operation was established in the early 1990s and a manual operation was put in place for the impairment of hard drives. It is quite straightforward to imagine how such a manual process could be implemented. The process basically consisted of an operator placing the hard drive to be impaired on a work bench and then impairing the hard drive by striking the hard drive with a hammer.","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125718927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650070
S. Raoux
PFC (perfluorocompound) gases such as CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C4F 8, CHF3, NF3 and SF6 are used as chemical precursors in semiconductor manufacturing, during the CVD (chemical vapor deposition) chambers cleaning process steps and for the plasma etching of interconnects materials. Once emitted in the atmosphere, PFC molecules contribute to the green house effect, due to their strong absorption of infrared radiations and high global warming potentials (GWPs). Further, PFC molecules are difficult to destroy, due to their strong chemical bonds, and can have very long atmospheric lifetimes. For example, SF6 has a GWP of 23,900 and an estimated lifetime of 3,200 years in the atmosphere; CF4 has a GWP of 6,500 and an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years. PFC emissions from semiconductor manufacturing tools result for the most part from limited utilization efficiency of the gas during the etch or cleaning process. CF4 and C2F6 can also be formed as byproducts of the destruction of other PFC molecules with a higher number of carbon atoms (i.e. CF4 can formed from C2F6, CF4 and C2F6 can be formed from C4F8...). CF4 can also be produced as a byproduct of the cleaning or etching of carbon-containing materials (low-k). This paper provides an overview of the various PFC emissions reduction strategies and offers some guidelines to implement the most cost effective solutions in a manufacturing environment. We will review the environmental, cost and manufacturing productivity factors that must be taken into account to devise the best available PFC emission reduction solution. As we will see, there are multiple ways to arrive at an emission reduction target, through retrofit of existing factories or the implementation of PFC solutions for expanding semiconductor fabrication plants
{"title":"Strategies for Cost Effective Implementation of PFC Emissions Reduction Solutions in the Semiconductor Industry","authors":"S. Raoux","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650070","url":null,"abstract":"PFC (perfluorocompound) gases such as CF<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>8</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>F <sub>8</sub>, CHF<sub>3</sub>, NF<sub>3</sub> and SF<sub>6</sub> are used as chemical precursors in semiconductor manufacturing, during the CVD (chemical vapor deposition) chambers cleaning process steps and for the plasma etching of interconnects materials. Once emitted in the atmosphere, PFC molecules contribute to the green house effect, due to their strong absorption of infrared radiations and high global warming potentials (GWPs). Further, PFC molecules are difficult to destroy, due to their strong chemical bonds, and can have very long atmospheric lifetimes. For example, SF<sub>6</sub> has a GWP of 23,900 and an estimated lifetime of 3,200 years in the atmosphere; CF<sub>4</sub> has a GWP of 6,500 and an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years. PFC emissions from semiconductor manufacturing tools result for the most part from limited utilization efficiency of the gas during the etch or cleaning process. CF<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub> can also be formed as byproducts of the destruction of other PFC molecules with a higher number of carbon atoms (i.e. CF<sub>4</sub> can formed from C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub>, CF<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub> can be formed from C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>...). CF<sub>4</sub> can also be produced as a byproduct of the cleaning or etching of carbon-containing materials (low-k). This paper provides an overview of the various PFC emissions reduction strategies and offers some guidelines to implement the most cost effective solutions in a manufacturing environment. We will review the environmental, cost and manufacturing productivity factors that must be taken into account to devise the best available PFC emission reduction solution. As we will see, there are multiple ways to arrive at an emission reduction target, through retrofit of existing factories or the implementation of PFC solutions for expanding semiconductor fabrication plants","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117246585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/isee.2006.1650031
Brian M. O'Connell
Legal and ethical decisions regarding developing technologies are frequently based upon understandings derived from explanations provided by "experts" within developing fields as well as upon tacit public perceptions. This paper focuses upon the emerging fields of robotics and neuroethics to examine the reliability of these primary sources. Included in this assessment is a consideration of internal, disciplinary narratives, the place of metaphor within expert discourse, the role of public expectations in new technologies with current factual possibilities and the state of coordination among technical and policy-oriented disciplines in establishing useful and robust public accounts and ethical-legal standards for new technologies
{"title":"Anticipating Ethics","authors":"Brian M. O'Connell","doi":"10.1109/isee.2006.1650031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isee.2006.1650031","url":null,"abstract":"Legal and ethical decisions regarding developing technologies are frequently based upon understandings derived from explanations provided by \"experts\" within developing fields as well as upon tacit public perceptions. This paper focuses upon the emerging fields of robotics and neuroethics to examine the reliability of these primary sources. Included in this assessment is a consideration of internal, disciplinary narratives, the place of metaphor within expert discourse, the role of public expectations in new technologies with current factual possibilities and the state of coordination among technical and policy-oriented disciplines in establishing useful and robust public accounts and ethical-legal standards for new technologies","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116736538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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