Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650081
B. Bergfeldt, H. Dresch, B. Dima, M. Fisher, W. Gruettner, K. Kramer, T. Lehner, F. E. Mark, J. Vehlow
In a controlled test campaign, a broad consortium of international stakeholders has demonstrated the effects of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment shredder residue (ESR) on the performance of a large scale municipal solid waste energy recovery combustor MHKW in Wuerzburg, Germany. The ESR was highly concentrated with electrical and electronic plastics. Three test conditions were investigated: 1) base case without additional electrical and electronic shredder residue; 2) addition of 11 weight percent ESR containing E&E plastics; 3) addition of 26 weight percent ESR with E&E plastics. The fact that some electrical and electronic equipment is already in the mixed MSW feed to many waste-to-energy plants made the testing important for the MHKW operator as well as for the local regulatory authorities (EPA). The tests investigated the effect of ESR on plant operations, air emissions (acids, organics, and metals), and ash characteristics, and on the destruction efficiencies for several chlorinated and brominated substances present in the ESR. The large scale test used 103 tons of ESR derived from 650 tons of a typical mix of information technology equipment, consumer electronics, small household appliances, and other products. The ESR was supplied by Electrocycling in Germany. The tests were successfully completed from an operational standpoint without long time delays and did not show any mechanical blockage during the test in spite of the high heating value, 23 GJ/t, of the ESR. The grate was operated at close to 90 percent throughput
{"title":"Large Scale Co-combustion Demonstration of Electrical and Electronic Shredder Residue at the Wuerzburg Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MHKW)","authors":"B. Bergfeldt, H. Dresch, B. Dima, M. Fisher, W. Gruettner, K. Kramer, T. Lehner, F. E. Mark, J. Vehlow","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650081","url":null,"abstract":"In a controlled test campaign, a broad consortium of international stakeholders has demonstrated the effects of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment shredder residue (ESR) on the performance of a large scale municipal solid waste energy recovery combustor MHKW in Wuerzburg, Germany. The ESR was highly concentrated with electrical and electronic plastics. Three test conditions were investigated: 1) base case without additional electrical and electronic shredder residue; 2) addition of 11 weight percent ESR containing E&E plastics; 3) addition of 26 weight percent ESR with E&E plastics. The fact that some electrical and electronic equipment is already in the mixed MSW feed to many waste-to-energy plants made the testing important for the MHKW operator as well as for the local regulatory authorities (EPA). The tests investigated the effect of ESR on plant operations, air emissions (acids, organics, and metals), and ash characteristics, and on the destruction efficiencies for several chlorinated and brominated substances present in the ESR. The large scale test used 103 tons of ESR derived from 650 tons of a typical mix of information technology equipment, consumer electronics, small household appliances, and other products. The ESR was supplied by Electrocycling in Germany. The tests were successfully completed from an operational standpoint without long time delays and did not show any mechanical blockage during the test in spite of the high heating value, 23 GJ/t, of the ESR. The grate was operated at close to 90 percent throughput","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126637724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650060
A. Thiriez, T. Gutowski
This environmental analysis of injection molding highlights a few important points. The choice of injection molding machine type (hydraulic, hybrid or all-electric) has a substantial impact on the specific energy consumption (SEC). The SEC values for hydraulic, hybrid and all-electric machines analyzed are 19.0, 13.2 and 12.6 MJ/kg respectively (including auxiliaries, compounding and the inefficiency of the electric grid). For hydraulic and hybrid machines SEC seems to exhibit a decreasing behavior with increasing throughput. This derives from spreading fixed energy costs over more kilograms of polymer as throughput increases. For all-electric machines SEC is constant with throughput. When the polymer production stage is included in the analysis, the energy consumption values increase up to 100 MJ/kg. The overall injection molding energy consumption in the U.S. in a yearly basis amounts to 2.06 times 108 GJ. This value is of similar magnitude to the overall U.S. energy consumption for sand casting, and to the entire electricity production of some developed countries
{"title":"An Environmental Analysis of Injection Molding","authors":"A. Thiriez, T. Gutowski","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650060","url":null,"abstract":"This environmental analysis of injection molding highlights a few important points. The choice of injection molding machine type (hydraulic, hybrid or all-electric) has a substantial impact on the specific energy consumption (SEC). The SEC values for hydraulic, hybrid and all-electric machines analyzed are 19.0, 13.2 and 12.6 MJ/kg respectively (including auxiliaries, compounding and the inefficiency of the electric grid). For hydraulic and hybrid machines SEC seems to exhibit a decreasing behavior with increasing throughput. This derives from spreading fixed energy costs over more kilograms of polymer as throughput increases. For all-electric machines SEC is constant with throughput. When the polymer production stage is included in the analysis, the energy consumption values increase up to 100 MJ/kg. The overall injection molding energy consumption in the U.S. in a yearly basis amounts to 2.06 times 108 GJ. This value is of similar magnitude to the overall U.S. energy consumption for sand casting, and to the entire electricity production of some developed countries","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126671124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650034
R. Parkhurst, M. Blazek, F. Teng
In California, businesses share common interests to remain globally competitive while operating in a high cost region. As the costs of energy have increased along with pressures of availability, reliability and quality power, a number of stakeholders have shown an interest in integrated energy management. The issues of most concern to these stakeholders (trade associations, companies, academic institutions, and communities) include energy efficiency, conservation, and supply management. At the same time, governments, notably the State of California, have begun to develop strategies in anticipation of long-term adverse impacts of climate change. Examples of such programs include the Silicon Valley Leadership Group's Climate Change Guiding Principles and the Sustainable Silicon Valley Energy and CO2 Working Group. These programs are discussed in the context of social, technological and economic innovation that benefits businesses, communities, energy infrastructure, and the environment. The authors propose an IEEE Environment and Electronics - Energy Research Roadmap for the purpose of closing information gasps and developing a technical framework to support integrated energy management programs
{"title":"Strategic Implications of Energy Policy on the Electronics Sector: Proposed Research Roadmap","authors":"R. Parkhurst, M. Blazek, F. Teng","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650034","url":null,"abstract":"In California, businesses share common interests to remain globally competitive while operating in a high cost region. As the costs of energy have increased along with pressures of availability, reliability and quality power, a number of stakeholders have shown an interest in integrated energy management. The issues of most concern to these stakeholders (trade associations, companies, academic institutions, and communities) include energy efficiency, conservation, and supply management. At the same time, governments, notably the State of California, have begun to develop strategies in anticipation of long-term adverse impacts of climate change. Examples of such programs include the Silicon Valley Leadership Group's Climate Change Guiding Principles and the Sustainable Silicon Valley Energy and CO2 Working Group. These programs are discussed in the context of social, technological and economic innovation that benefits businesses, communities, energy infrastructure, and the environment. The authors propose an IEEE Environment and Electronics - Energy Research Roadmap for the purpose of closing information gasps and developing a technical framework to support integrated energy management programs","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125714978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650025
Eric Masanet, A. Horvath
This paper examines the effectiveness of several important enterprise strategies for reducing the life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of office computers. A modeling framework is presented, which quantifies the annual primary energy use and GHG emissions necessary to maintain and operate an enterprise personal computer (PC) stock. The case of a California-based enterprise with 5,000 desktop PCs is considered as a baseline scenario. The model is applied to estimate technically-achievable reductions in life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions associated with six common enterprise PC management strategies, as compared to the baseline scenario. The total technical potential for primary energy savings is estimated at roughly 60%; the total technical potential for GHG savings is estimated at roughly 35%.
{"title":"Enterprise strategies for reducing the life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of personal computers","authors":"Eric Masanet, A. Horvath","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effectiveness of several important enterprise strategies for reducing the life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of office computers. A modeling framework is presented, which quantifies the annual primary energy use and GHG emissions necessary to maintain and operate an enterprise personal computer (PC) stock. The case of a California-based enterprise with 5,000 desktop PCs is considered as a baseline scenario. The model is applied to estimate technically-achievable reductions in life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions associated with six common enterprise PC management strategies, as compared to the baseline scenario. The total technical potential for primary energy savings is estimated at roughly 60%; the total technical potential for GHG savings is estimated at roughly 35%.","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130440316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650075
L. Laurin, M. Prox, A. Moeller, M. Schmidt
The question surrounding "greener" products has always been, "at what cost?" Several decades ago, it was assumed that the product that was easier on the environment would cost more to produce, yet would not command a higher price. Regulations, such as the European WEEE directive, and emissions trading are ways in which governments have changed the market paradigm, rewarding lower polluting manufacturers. With complex issues at stake within a production system, it becomes more difficult to measure the trade-offs between environmental benefit and economics. A modern approach in production theory of business and management economics enables this complex calculation by valuing everything in the system. This approach proposes that objects (e.g. materials) are defined as good, bad, or neutral. In transformation processes in production or recycling systems this makes it possible to distinguish stringently between the economic revenue of a process and the economic and ecological expenditures for it. Materials and energy classified as good are considered as an expense if they are used by the system and a product or revenue, if they are created by the system. This approach can be transferred to entire systems of processes in order to determine the system revenue and the system expenditure. The process can be more easily understood using material flow networks or graphs. In complex material flow systems, it becomes possible to calculate not only the costs, but also the direct and indirect environmental impacts of an individual process or system revenue (for example a product or the elimination of waste) consistently. The approach permits a stringent analysis as well as different analysis perspectives of a material and energy flow system. It is particularly suitable for closed-loop economic systems in which material backflows occur. This paper outlines how this approach can be employed in the field of e-waste management
{"title":"How production-theory can support the analysis of recycling systems in the electronic waste sector","authors":"L. Laurin, M. Prox, A. Moeller, M. Schmidt","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650075","url":null,"abstract":"The question surrounding \"greener\" products has always been, \"at what cost?\" Several decades ago, it was assumed that the product that was easier on the environment would cost more to produce, yet would not command a higher price. Regulations, such as the European WEEE directive, and emissions trading are ways in which governments have changed the market paradigm, rewarding lower polluting manufacturers. With complex issues at stake within a production system, it becomes more difficult to measure the trade-offs between environmental benefit and economics. A modern approach in production theory of business and management economics enables this complex calculation by valuing everything in the system. This approach proposes that objects (e.g. materials) are defined as good, bad, or neutral. In transformation processes in production or recycling systems this makes it possible to distinguish stringently between the economic revenue of a process and the economic and ecological expenditures for it. Materials and energy classified as good are considered as an expense if they are used by the system and a product or revenue, if they are created by the system. This approach can be transferred to entire systems of processes in order to determine the system revenue and the system expenditure. The process can be more easily understood using material flow networks or graphs. In complex material flow systems, it becomes possible to calculate not only the costs, but also the direct and indirect environmental impacts of an individual process or system revenue (for example a product or the elimination of waste) consistently. The approach permits a stringent analysis as well as different analysis perspectives of a material and energy flow system. It is particularly suitable for closed-loop economic systems in which material backflows occur. This paper outlines how this approach can be employed in the field of e-waste management","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133225195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650022
L. Laurin, G. Norris, M. Goedkoop
Manufacturers in the electronics industry are faced with product shelf life counted in months (Goeing, 2004). Traditionally, this has made it very difficult to make a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a product, since the product would be obsolete by the time the LCA was completed. New concepts in LCA allow specialists in things other than LCA to rapidly create both a model and generate "what-if" scenarios that will allow even manufacturers of short shelf life products take advantage of the benefits of LCA. Results can be used internally for decision-making and can also enable manufacturers submit information for environmentally preferable purchasing, eco-labels, and so-on.
{"title":"Automated LCA - A practical solution for electronics manufacturers?","authors":"L. Laurin, G. Norris, M. Goedkoop","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650022","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturers in the electronics industry are faced with product shelf life counted in months (Goeing, 2004). Traditionally, this has made it very difficult to make a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a product, since the product would be obsolete by the time the LCA was completed. New concepts in LCA allow specialists in things other than LCA to rapidly create both a model and generate \"what-if\" scenarios that will allow even manufacturers of short shelf life products take advantage of the benefits of LCA. Results can be used internally for decision-making and can also enable manufacturers submit information for environmentally preferable purchasing, eco-labels, and so-on.","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122888251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650073
M. Sherer
Many wafer fabs have exhaust management challenges, which includes point-of-use (POU) abatement device decisions. Initially it is important to summarize general rules for exhaust management and POU abatement devices in a wafer fab, which can assist when developing solutions. Wafer fabs that have a fab exhaust management strategy provide a consistent approach to selecting best POU abatement devices and determining exhaust management practices. The fab exhaust management strategy is used to develop a process-specific exhaust management plan
{"title":"Wafer FAB exhaust management strategies","authors":"M. Sherer","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650073","url":null,"abstract":"Many wafer fabs have exhaust management challenges, which includes point-of-use (POU) abatement device decisions. Initially it is important to summarize general rules for exhaust management and POU abatement devices in a wafer fab, which can assist when developing solutions. Wafer fabs that have a fab exhaust management strategy provide a consistent approach to selecting best POU abatement devices and determining exhaust management practices. The fab exhaust management strategy is used to develop a process-specific exhaust management plan","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121407710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650100
T. Tasaki, M. Oguchi
This study explored a variety of definitions of product lifespan, and proposed and applied two methods to estimate average domestic lifespan of products
本研究探讨了产品寿命的各种定义，并提出并应用了两种方法来估算国内产品的平均寿命
{"title":"Two Estimation Methods for Average Domestic Lifespan of Products","authors":"T. Tasaki, M. Oguchi","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650100","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored a variety of definitions of product lifespan, and proposed and applied two methods to estimate average domestic lifespan of products","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115502585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650080
Timothy G. Townsend, Stephen E. Musson
A major emphasis in the drive by many organizations and governments to recycle discarded electronic equipment is the concern over the fate of potentially hazardous or toxic chemicals when disposed. In the United States and other areas of the world, much of this equipment is disposed in landfills. Research conducted at the University of Florida has been used by the United States environmental protection agency (EPA) and individual states as justification for rule- or policy-making for CRT management and recently work sponsored by the EPA was published that described the hazardous waste characteristics for other electronic devices. In both of these cases, devices that contained lead were often found to be toxicity characteristic hazardous wastes (unless otherwise exempted). But additional work found that the content of the device (e.g., amount of plastic vs steel) played a large role in whether lead leached at sufficient concentrations to be hazardous. States are considering the appropriate regulatory and policy initiatives that must be undertaken to address electronic equipment. Many electronic devices are exempt from regulation as a hazardous waste, as they are generated as a result of household activities. Local and state governments are thus faced with the need to determine whether additional measures should be implemented to collect and recycle these devices. Such programs demand funding which may be in short supply in communities wrestling with funding other recycling programs. Many communities find themselves having to answer is "what is the true risk posed by the disposal of discarded electronic devices in landfills?" A summary of the results of the prior research and new research from the simulated landfill experiments is presented. This information provides possible implications for state or regulatory rule making and information that will give electronic equipment manufacturers a better understanding of how to assess potential impacts of new products on the disposal system
{"title":"Assessing the Landfill Disposal Implication of Discarded Electronic Equipment","authors":"Timothy G. Townsend, Stephen E. Musson","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650080","url":null,"abstract":"A major emphasis in the drive by many organizations and governments to recycle discarded electronic equipment is the concern over the fate of potentially hazardous or toxic chemicals when disposed. In the United States and other areas of the world, much of this equipment is disposed in landfills. Research conducted at the University of Florida has been used by the United States environmental protection agency (EPA) and individual states as justification for rule- or policy-making for CRT management and recently work sponsored by the EPA was published that described the hazardous waste characteristics for other electronic devices. In both of these cases, devices that contained lead were often found to be toxicity characteristic hazardous wastes (unless otherwise exempted). But additional work found that the content of the device (e.g., amount of plastic vs steel) played a large role in whether lead leached at sufficient concentrations to be hazardous. States are considering the appropriate regulatory and policy initiatives that must be undertaken to address electronic equipment. Many electronic devices are exempt from regulation as a hazardous waste, as they are generated as a result of household activities. Local and state governments are thus faced with the need to determine whether additional measures should be implemented to collect and recycle these devices. Such programs demand funding which may be in short supply in communities wrestling with funding other recycling programs. Many communities find themselves having to answer is \"what is the true risk posed by the disposal of discarded electronic devices in landfills?\" A summary of the results of the prior research and new research from the simulated landfill experiments is presented. This information provides possible implications for state or regulatory rule making and information that will give electronic equipment manufacturers a better understanding of how to assess potential impacts of new products on the disposal system","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131294570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-05-08DOI: 10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650093
F. Magalini, J. Huisman
Since the transposition process of directive 2002/96/EC has started - and not even finished in big countries like France, Italy or UK - each member state has transposed the directive in its own way. Legal basis of differences in transposition is the article 175 of the Treaty, and its "minimum requirement principle". In several cases there are also varying influences of stakeholders involved in the transposition process or lack of overview of the practical consequences of such actions. The implementation process is currently leading to great differences amongst producers, governments, retailers, recyclers, compliances schemes and other involved. Beside the impact on producer's compliance cost, differences are also leading to more or less effectiveness in performances of national systems. One of the most important aspects here is the involvement of retailers in separate collection, by means of compensation of the collection and storage costs. It is observed as a key factor in those systems, running since years (Switzerland, Sweden and Norway have high collection amounts and an extended responsibility for retail 'all for all') or just set up (Ireland). Countries with a 1:1 mechanism for retail have moderate collection amounts and basically all other countries have none or lower collection performances maybe due to the fact that the retail sector is not willing to become active as collection points
{"title":"Compliance Key Factors of the EU WEEE Directive","authors":"F. Magalini, J. Huisman","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2006.1650093","url":null,"abstract":"Since the transposition process of directive 2002/96/EC has started - and not even finished in big countries like France, Italy or UK - each member state has transposed the directive in its own way. Legal basis of differences in transposition is the article 175 of the Treaty, and its \"minimum requirement principle\". In several cases there are also varying influences of stakeholders involved in the transposition process or lack of overview of the practical consequences of such actions. The implementation process is currently leading to great differences amongst producers, governments, retailers, recyclers, compliances schemes and other involved. Beside the impact on producer's compliance cost, differences are also leading to more or less effectiveness in performances of national systems. One of the most important aspects here is the involvement of retailers in separate collection, by means of compensation of the collection and storage costs. It is observed as a key factor in those systems, running since years (Switzerland, Sweden and Norway have high collection amounts and an extended responsibility for retail 'all for all') or just set up (Ireland). Countries with a 1:1 mechanism for retail have moderate collection amounts and basically all other countries have none or lower collection performances maybe due to the fact that the retail sector is not willing to become active as collection points","PeriodicalId":141255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2006.","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125522389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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