A. Anang, H. Indrijani, Lia Budimulyati Salman, D. T. Tasripin, M. Makin
This study evaluated morning and afternoon test day records for genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. The data were taken form 128,087 test day yield records for the first four lactations of Holstein cows from 2007 to 2017, from Nucleus Breeding Center of dairy cattle in Indonesia. The records consisted of morning and afternoon and total milk yields from 823 cows, resulting from 133 sires and 520 dams; records were restricted to Day Interval Milk (DIM) between 5 and 305 days production. The genetic parameters were estimated with REML by using animal model with fixed regression. Ali and Schaeffer has a good fit for morning, afternoon and total test day yields with the coefficient of determination ranging from 0.980 to 0.995. Estimates of heritability were 0.177, 0.220, and 0.213 for morning, afternoon, and total test day records, respectively. Spearman rank correlations of breeding values between total yield and morning and afternoon yields, for both animals and sires, ranged between 0.953 and 0.968. In conclusion, morning and afternoon yields can be used for genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. Key words: Genetic parameters, heritability, morning and afternoon yields, fixed regression model, dairy cattle.
{"title":"Genetic evaluation of dairy cattle based on morning and afternoon milking test day records with fixed regression model","authors":"A. Anang, H. Indrijani, Lia Budimulyati Salman, D. T. Tasripin, M. Makin","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0561","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated morning and afternoon test day records for genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. The data were taken form 128,087 test day yield records for the first four lactations of Holstein cows from 2007 to 2017, from Nucleus Breeding Center of dairy cattle in Indonesia. The records consisted of morning and afternoon and total milk yields from 823 cows, resulting from 133 sires and 520 dams; records were restricted to Day Interval Milk (DIM) between 5 and 305 days production. The genetic parameters were estimated with REML by using animal model with fixed regression. Ali and Schaeffer has a good fit for morning, afternoon and total test day yields with the coefficient of determination ranging from 0.980 to 0.995. Estimates of heritability were 0.177, 0.220, and 0.213 for morning, afternoon, and total test day records, respectively. Spearman rank correlations of breeding values between total yield and morning and afternoon yields, for both animals and sires, ranged between 0.953 and 0.968. In conclusion, morning and afternoon yields can be used for genetic evaluation of dairy cattle. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Genetic parameters, heritability, morning and afternoon yields, fixed regression model, dairy cattle.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82178631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worknesh Seid Adem, Getahun Kebede Yadete, W. Beyene
An experiment arranged in 2×2 factorial was carried out to evaluate the effect of concentrate levels, targeted live weights, and their interaction on live and carcass performance of Afar lambs. Forty yearling lambs were divided into 5 groups; one group was slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment and the other groups were randomly assigned to four treatments. Significantly (P≤0.05) higher dry matter intake DMI (740.38 g) was noted for lambs assigned to a higher (500 g) concentrate supplemented groups than 688.03 g recorded for lower (300 g) concentrate supplemented categories. Lambs finished for 30 kg live weight took longer (P≤0.001) feeding days (180) than the group targeted 30 kg slaughter body weight, which lapsed 91 days. Animals allotted to 500 g concentrate feed supplementation showed higher (P≤ 0.001) DWG (112.6 g) and FCE (0.15) than 300 g supplemented groups. The effect of concentrate levels and targeted body weights were significant on the majority parameters measured. It could be concluded that 500 g concentrate feed supplement and 30 kg target slaughter weight (T3) is the best strategy to finish yearling Afar lambs in 70 days of feeding for improved performance and economic of feeding. Key words: Afar sheep, carcass, concentrate, slaughter weight, Tef straw.
{"title":"Growth and carcass characteristics of Afar lambs at two concentrate levels supplementation and slaughter weights fed Tef Straw Basal Diet","authors":"Worknesh Seid Adem, Getahun Kebede Yadete, W. Beyene","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0539","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment arranged in 2×2 factorial was carried out to evaluate the effect of concentrate levels, targeted live weights, and their interaction on live and carcass performance of Afar lambs. Forty yearling lambs were divided into 5 groups; one group was slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment and the other groups were randomly assigned to four treatments. Significantly (P≤0.05) higher dry matter intake DMI (740.38 g) was noted for lambs assigned to a higher (500 g) concentrate supplemented groups than 688.03 g recorded for lower (300 g) concentrate supplemented categories. Lambs finished for 30 kg live weight took longer (P≤0.001) feeding days (180) than the group targeted 30 kg slaughter body weight, which lapsed 91 days. Animals allotted to 500 g concentrate feed supplementation showed higher (P≤ 0.001) DWG (112.6 g) and FCE (0.15) than 300 g supplemented groups. The effect of concentrate levels and targeted body weights were significant on the majority parameters measured. It could be concluded that 500 g concentrate feed supplement and 30 kg target slaughter weight (T3) is the best strategy to finish yearling Afar lambs in 70 days of feeding for improved performance and economic of feeding. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Afar sheep, carcass, concentrate, slaughter weight, Tef straw.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80240328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asrat Solomon, A. Fekadu, Bereket Molla, D. Sheferaw
A cross sectional study was conducted from April 2014 to April 2015 to assess foot related problems in working donkeys and their effects on the owners’ livelihood in Hawassa City. The hoof problems in donkeys included hoof abnormality, apparent lameness or standing lameness. 369 owners owned 1 to 5 donkeys, 161 (43.35%) and 1(0.3%). 14(3.8%), 6(1.6%), 211(57.2%) and 138(37.4%) were illiterate, educated in religion, had elementary education and completed high school. The owners had 3 to 5 years’ experience. 139(37.7%) donkeys had foot related problems. Hoof over-growth was the highest cause of foot problem (12.46% prevalence) followed by hoof abscess (9.2%). The owners’ educational status and work experience were statistically and significantly associated with foot problem in donkeys (P=0.002) and (P=0.000). The number of days the donkeys work weekly and amount of weight they carry were also statistically and significantly associated with foot problems (P=0.044) and (P=0.008). The level of dependency of household on cart pulling donkey was not statistically and significantly associated with the foot problem. The age and body condition score of the donkeys were also significantly associated with the prevalence of lameness (P=0.013) and (P=0.011). The average annual financial earnings from a donkey with and without foot problem were 10,271.00 Ethiopia Birr (ETB) (513.55$) and 12,536.00 ETB (626.8$). The monetary loss from foot problems per a donkey yearly was 2469 ETB (123.45 US$) assuming the life expectancy of donkeys was calculated as a loss. Each donkey owner loses 45,614 ETB (2280.7US$) per donkey averagely due to culling of the donkey. The foot problems did not only affect donkeys, but also the living standard of the people depending on them. A systematic approach should be made to enhance donkeys’ health and the livelihood of people engaged in it. Key words: Cart pulling donkeys, financial loss, foot problems, Hawassa city, livelihood.
{"title":"The prevalence of foot related problems in working donkeys and its implication on the livelihood of donkey owners in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Asrat Solomon, A. Fekadu, Bereket Molla, D. Sheferaw","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0527","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was conducted from April 2014 to April 2015 to assess foot related problems in working donkeys and their effects on the owners’ livelihood in Hawassa City. The hoof problems in donkeys included hoof abnormality, apparent lameness or standing lameness. 369 owners owned 1 to 5 donkeys, 161 (43.35%) and 1(0.3%). 14(3.8%), 6(1.6%), 211(57.2%) and 138(37.4%) were illiterate, educated in religion, had elementary education and completed high school. The owners had 3 to 5 years’ experience. 139(37.7%) donkeys had foot related problems. Hoof over-growth was the highest cause of foot problem (12.46% prevalence) followed by hoof abscess (9.2%). The owners’ educational status and work experience were statistically and significantly associated with foot problem in donkeys (P=0.002) and (P=0.000). The number of days the donkeys work weekly and amount of weight they carry were also statistically and significantly associated with foot problems (P=0.044) and (P=0.008). The level of dependency of household on cart pulling donkey was not statistically and significantly associated with the foot problem. The age and body condition score of the donkeys were also significantly associated with the prevalence of lameness (P=0.013) and (P=0.011). The average annual financial earnings from a donkey with and without foot problem were 10,271.00 Ethiopia Birr (ETB) (513.55$) and 12,536.00 ETB (626.8$). The monetary loss from foot problems per a donkey yearly was 2469 ETB (123.45 US$) assuming the life expectancy of donkeys was calculated as a loss. Each donkey owner loses 45,614 ETB (2280.7US$) per donkey averagely due to culling of the donkey. The foot problems did not only affect donkeys, but also the living standard of the people depending on them. A systematic approach should be made to enhance donkeys’ health and the livelihood of people engaged in it. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cart pulling donkeys, financial loss, foot problems, Hawassa city, livelihood.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74380880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mezgebu Getnet Alebel, M. Urge, G. Assefa, B. Worku, A. Abebe
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean or groundnut straw replacement for hay on live weight change and carcass characteristics of Gumuz sheep at Pawe Agricultural Research Centre. Thirty yearling male intact Gumuz sheep with initial body weight of 18.91 ± 2.6 kg (mean ± SD) were used in the experiment. The study consists of 90 days of feeding trial period after acclimatization of 15 days for the treatment feed, followed by evaluation of carcass characteristics at the end. The experimental design used was randomized complete block design. The experimental animals were grouped in to six blocks based on their initial body weight and each animal was randomly assigned to one of the five treatment diets; namely, Hay alone basal diet (control treatment; (T1), 50% Hay + 50% soybean straw (T2), 50% Hay + 50% groundnut straw (T3), 25% Hay + 75% groundnut straw (T4), and 25% Hay + 75% soybean straw (T5). Toasted soybean grain of 172 g and 5% molasses (of daily feed offered) were supplemented for each treatment group equally throughout the experiment period. Water and salt lick were available free choice. Natural pasture hay, soybean straw and groundnut straw contained 7.12, 4.39, and 8.08% CP, respectively. The daily body weight gains of T3 (91.48 g/d) was higher (P<0.01) than other treatment groups, whereas T2 (58.5) exhibited lower daily body weight gain. There was no difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) among treatments. The hot carcass weight of sheep in T3 and T4 were higher (P<0.01). The mixture of natural pasture hay with groundnut straw 50:50 or 25:75, respectively, resulted in heavier carcass yield showing the priority basal feed, but use of all combinations of the basal feed resulted in good performance of the Gumuz sheep breed. Key words: Metekel, natural pasture hay, replacement.
{"title":"The effect of using either soybean or groundnut straw as part of basal diet on body weight gain, and carcass characteristics of Gumuz Sheep","authors":"Mezgebu Getnet Alebel, M. Urge, G. Assefa, B. Worku, A. Abebe","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0549","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean or groundnut straw replacement for hay on live weight change and carcass characteristics of Gumuz sheep at Pawe Agricultural Research Centre. Thirty yearling male intact Gumuz sheep with initial body weight of 18.91 ± 2.6 kg (mean ± SD) were used in the experiment. The study consists of 90 days of feeding trial period after acclimatization of 15 days for the treatment feed, followed by evaluation of carcass characteristics at the end. The experimental design used was randomized complete block design. The experimental animals were grouped in to six blocks based on their initial body weight and each animal was randomly assigned to one of the five treatment diets; namely, Hay alone basal diet (control treatment; (T1), 50% Hay + 50% soybean straw (T2), 50% Hay + 50% groundnut straw (T3), 25% Hay + 75% groundnut straw (T4), and 25% Hay + 75% soybean straw (T5). Toasted soybean grain of 172 g and 5% molasses (of daily feed offered) were supplemented for each treatment group equally throughout the experiment period. Water and salt lick were available free choice. Natural pasture hay, soybean straw and groundnut straw contained 7.12, 4.39, and 8.08% CP, respectively. The daily body weight gains of T3 (91.48 g/d) was higher (P<0.01) than other treatment groups, whereas T2 (58.5) exhibited lower daily body weight gain. There was no difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) among treatments. The hot carcass weight of sheep in T3 and T4 were higher (P<0.01). The mixture of natural pasture hay with groundnut straw 50:50 or 25:75, respectively, resulted in heavier carcass yield showing the priority basal feed, but use of all combinations of the basal feed resulted in good performance of the Gumuz sheep breed. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Metekel, natural pasture hay, replacement.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78302112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Amobi, C. Ebenebe, J. C. Nwobodo, G. U. Ezenwaeya, N. Okereke, V. Okpoko
The study investigated the effects of inclusion of various levels of snail offal meal (SOM) on the performance of broiler chickens. The study was carried out in the animal farm of the Department of Animal Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Anambra State. The experiment was designed on a 4×3 Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four dietary treatments having 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% inclusion of SOM over a period of eight weeks. Twelve birds (12) were assigned to each of the dietary treatment and each replicated three times such that each replicate has four birds. The diet with 0% snail offal meal served as the control. The birds were housed in pens measuring 2 × 2 × 2.5 m3. A total of forty eight birds were used for the experiment. Twelve birds were assigned to each of the dietary treatment and each replicated three times such that each replicate has four birds. The diet with 0% snail offal meal served as the control. Results obtained showed that there was a progressive increase in weight gain over time in all the dietary treatment. The highest mean weight gain was recorded in the broilers subjected to treatment with 2.5% inclusion level of SOM. For the feed intake, the highest fed intake was recorded in the treatment with 2.5% SOM inclusion level followed by 7.5% inclusion level while the least was observed in treatment with 5% SOM inclusion level. For the linear body measurements, the highest thigh increase was recorded in treatments with 2.5 and 7.5% SOM inclusion level. For the carcass weight measurement, the broiler chicken fed different levels of SOM recorded high performance in their cut up parts. The treatment with inclusion of 2.5% has the highest mean weight of the cut up parts namely thigh, breast, defeathered and eviscerated while the least was recorded in the treatment with 7.5% SOM inclusion level. For the organ weight measurement, the broiler chicken in treatment with 2.5% SOM inclusion had the highest mean weight of the organs: liver, pancreas, heart, lungs, gizzard, caeca and small intestine while the least was observed in treatment 0% inclusion. The study recommends that waste from micro livestock such as snail should be incorporated in the diets of broiler birds to partially replace fishmeal in poultry feed formulation. Key words: Linear body measurement, carcass weight, organ weight, growth performance.
{"title":"Effects of snail offal meal on performance of broiler chickens","authors":"M. Amobi, C. Ebenebe, J. C. Nwobodo, G. U. Ezenwaeya, N. Okereke, V. Okpoko","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0552","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigated the effects of inclusion of various levels of snail offal meal (SOM) on the performance of broiler chickens. The study was carried out in the animal farm of the Department of Animal Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Anambra State. The experiment was designed on a 4×3 Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four dietary treatments having 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% inclusion of SOM over a period of eight weeks. Twelve birds (12) were assigned to each of the dietary treatment and each replicated three times such that each replicate has four birds. The diet with 0% snail offal meal served as the control. The birds were housed in pens measuring 2 × 2 × 2.5 m3. A total of forty eight birds were used for the experiment. Twelve birds were assigned to each of the dietary treatment and each replicated three times such that each replicate has four birds. The diet with 0% snail offal meal served as the control. Results obtained showed that there was a progressive increase in weight gain over time in all the dietary treatment. The highest mean weight gain was recorded in the broilers subjected to treatment with 2.5% inclusion level of SOM. For the feed intake, the highest fed intake was recorded in the treatment with 2.5% SOM inclusion level followed by 7.5% inclusion level while the least was observed in treatment with 5% SOM inclusion level. For the linear body measurements, the highest thigh increase was recorded in treatments with 2.5 and 7.5% SOM inclusion level. For the carcass weight measurement, the broiler chicken fed different levels of SOM recorded high performance in their cut up parts. The treatment with inclusion of 2.5% has the highest mean weight of the cut up parts namely thigh, breast, defeathered and eviscerated while the least was recorded in the treatment with 7.5% SOM inclusion level. For the organ weight measurement, the broiler chicken in treatment with 2.5% SOM inclusion had the highest mean weight of the organs: liver, pancreas, heart, lungs, gizzard, caeca and small intestine while the least was observed in treatment 0% inclusion. The study recommends that waste from micro livestock such as snail should be incorporated in the diets of broiler birds to partially replace fishmeal in poultry feed formulation. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Linear body measurement, carcass weight, organ weight, growth performance.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84027894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yonas Kejela, S. Banerjee, Mestawet Taye, Mohammed Beyan
Rearing of chicken plays important roles on both the rural and urban economy of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to assess urban poultry production system and productive performance of local and exotic chickens reared at Yirgalem and Hawassa towns of Southern Ethiopia. Stepwise purposive sampling method followed by random sampling was used to select the respondents. In total, 180 respondents were selected based on their experience in chicken production. The results of the study indicated that most of the respondents reared the chickens using backyard production system. Most of the respondents (77.8%) reared chicken using both free range and semi intensive management system. All the respondents provided supplementary feed, while majority of them provide water to their flock. The findings also showed only 38.3% of the respondents provided separate houses for their flock. The Major constraints in the study areas which affected the flock were diseases (Newcastle and coccidiosis), followed by adaptability especially for exotic chickens. It was concluded that the management system of chickens in the study areas were well, compared to rural management system; nonetheless it needs further work on their better health care, scientific nutrition and management. It was also observed that the contributions of the exotic chickens to the livelihood and food security of the rearers are significant. Key words: Constraint, exotic and local chickens, Southern Ethiopia, Urban poultry production.
{"title":"Urban poultry production systems and constraints of local and exotic chickens reared in Yirgalem and Hawassa Towns, Ethiopia","authors":"Yonas Kejela, S. Banerjee, Mestawet Taye, Mohammed Beyan","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0540","url":null,"abstract":"Rearing of chicken plays important roles on both the rural and urban economy of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to assess urban poultry production system and productive performance of local and exotic chickens reared at Yirgalem and Hawassa towns of Southern Ethiopia. Stepwise purposive sampling method followed by random sampling was used to select the respondents. In total, 180 respondents were selected based on their experience in chicken production. The results of the study indicated that most of the respondents reared the chickens using backyard production system. Most of the respondents (77.8%) reared chicken using both free range and semi intensive management system. All the respondents provided supplementary feed, while majority of them provide water to their flock. The findings also showed only 38.3% of the respondents provided separate houses for their flock. The Major constraints in the study areas which affected the flock were diseases (Newcastle and coccidiosis), followed by adaptability especially for exotic chickens. It was concluded that the management system of chickens in the study areas were well, compared to rural management system; nonetheless it needs further work on their better health care, scientific nutrition and management. It was also observed that the contributions of the exotic chickens to the livelihood and food security of the rearers are significant. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Constraint, exotic and local chickens, Southern Ethiopia, Urban poultry production.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86225321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018, to assess major causes of chicken mortality and identifying parasite types in and around Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia. One hundred sixty respondents were selected using multistage sampling technique. Questionnaire and laboratory data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Among the respondents 34% kept their chicken extensively while 52 and 14% used semi-intensive and intensive chicken production system respectively. From 73% of the respondents with separate chicken house, 70% practiced house cleaning. Out of the total respondents; 23, 72 and 5% practiced scavenging, scavenging with supplement and commercial feed for their chicken respectively and 55% of them with free access to water. Only 12% practiced vaccine for the health management of their chicken and 64% dispose dead chicken anywhere in the environment but 34 and 2% bury and burn dead chicken respectively. According to respondents; disease, mismanagement, predator, cannibalism and bad weather condition were reported as major causes of chicken mortality. Out of total 64 fecal samples, 50, 4.5 and 45.5% from local, cross and exotic breeds were found parasite positive respectively. About 63.6, 18.2 and 18.2% of the parasites were detected from chicken reared under extensive, semi-intensive and intensive production system respectively. Six parasite types were mainly identified from Hawassa city and its surrounding. Therefore, chicken improvement program in and around Hawassa city should work intensively to minimize the constraints of the sector and then to increase the production and productivity of chicken. Key words: Chicken, disease, Hawassa, management practices, mortality, parasite.
{"title":"Major causes of chicken mortality in and around Hawassa City, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Mishamo Sulayeman, Kabech Gedeno, Gizachew Hailegebreal, Mandefrot Meaza","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0521","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018, to assess major causes of chicken mortality and identifying parasite types in and around Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia. One hundred sixty respondents were selected using multistage sampling technique. Questionnaire and laboratory data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Among the respondents 34% kept their chicken extensively while 52 and 14% used semi-intensive and intensive chicken production system respectively. From 73% of the respondents with separate chicken house, 70% practiced house cleaning. Out of the total respondents; 23, 72 and 5% practiced scavenging, scavenging with supplement and commercial feed for their chicken respectively and 55% of them with free access to water. Only 12% practiced vaccine for the health management of their chicken and 64% dispose dead chicken anywhere in the environment but 34 and 2% bury and burn dead chicken respectively. According to respondents; disease, mismanagement, predator, cannibalism and bad weather condition were reported as major causes of chicken mortality. Out of total 64 fecal samples, 50, 4.5 and 45.5% from local, cross and exotic breeds were found parasite positive respectively. About 63.6, 18.2 and 18.2% of the parasites were detected from chicken reared under extensive, semi-intensive and intensive production system respectively. Six parasite types were mainly identified from Hawassa city and its surrounding. Therefore, chicken improvement program in and around Hawassa city should work intensively to minimize the constraints of the sector and then to increase the production and productivity of chicken. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Chicken, disease, Hawassa, management practices, mortality, parasite.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86608874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marishet Teshome, M. Urge, G. Assefa, Kassahun Melesse
The experiment was conducted in Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center with the objective of evaluating the effects of sources of dietary protein supplemented to oat-vetch mixture hay on milk yield, milk composition and profitability in lactating crossbred dairy cows. Four high grade cross bred (Holstein Friesian × Boran) dairy cows with similar lactation stage (mid lactation) and parity were used. The experimental diets were T1 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + noug seed cake), T2 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + cottonseed cake), T3 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + linseed cake) and T4 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + mixture of the three oil seed cakes). A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used for the feeding experiment with four dietary treatments assigned to animals at random initially. The animals were offered hay at a rate sufficient to allow for a 20% refusal and the amount of concentrate offered was at 0.5 kg/l of milk in all treatments. The concentrate mix consisted of 33% oil seed cakes (OSC), 66% wheat bran and 1% salt. Treatment effects on milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, lactose and total solids were significantly different (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed that T2 based supplementation was feasible than the remaining dietary treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that T2 can optimize both biological and economic response of dairy cows. Key words: Cottonseed cake, dairy cow, linseed cake, milk, noug seed cake, oat-vetch, wheat bran.
{"title":"Effects of sources of dietary protein supplemented to oat-vetch hay mixture on milk yield and milk composition of crossbred dairy cows","authors":"Marishet Teshome, M. Urge, G. Assefa, Kassahun Melesse","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2017.0439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2017.0439","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted in Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center with the objective of evaluating the effects of sources of dietary protein supplemented to oat-vetch mixture hay on milk yield, milk composition and profitability in lactating crossbred dairy cows. Four high grade cross bred (Holstein Friesian × Boran) dairy cows with similar lactation stage (mid lactation) and parity were used. The experimental diets were T1 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + noug seed cake), T2 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + cottonseed cake), T3 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + linseed cake) and T4 (ad libitum oat-vetch hay + mixture of the three oil seed cakes). A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used for the feeding experiment with four dietary treatments assigned to animals at random initially. The animals were offered hay at a rate sufficient to allow for a 20% refusal and the amount of concentrate offered was at 0.5 kg/l of milk in all treatments. The concentrate mix consisted of 33% oil seed cakes (OSC), 66% wheat bran and 1% salt. Treatment effects on milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, lactose and total solids were significantly different (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed that T2 based supplementation was feasible than the remaining dietary treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that T2 can optimize both biological and economic response of dairy cows. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cottonseed cake, dairy cow, linseed cake, milk, noug seed cake, oat-vetch, wheat bran.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82111657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Rafiu, G. Babatunde, O. Ibrahim, A. Akanbi, R. A. Ojelade
The potency of four varieties of toxin binders (labeled A, B, C and D) on the physiological status of broiler birds fed with diets infected with aflatoxin was investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated: Diet 1 was infected with aflatoxin without binders, Diets 2 to 5 were infected but binders A, B, C or D were added, while Diet 6 was the control diet without infection. 180 birds were equally and randomly assigned to the 6 treatments and raised for 8 weeks. Their weights and feed consumptions were monitored. After eight weeks, 3 birds per replicate were randomly selected, starved and slaughtered. Their organs were obtained and weighed. Their blood and liver samples were collected for histological examination. Only the animals fed with control diet had significant difference (p 0.05) among blood parameters. Histological observation of liver revealed inflammation of hepatocyte. Conclusively, the use of activated charcoal as toxin binder gave optimum performance compared to the other binders. Key words: Aflatoxin, infected feed, physiology, toxin-binder.
{"title":"Toxin and toxin-binders affecting the performance, organs, haematology and histological characteristics of broilers fed with infected diets","authors":"T. Rafiu, G. Babatunde, O. Ibrahim, A. Akanbi, R. A. Ojelade","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0536","url":null,"abstract":"The potency of four varieties of toxin binders (labeled A, B, C and D) on the physiological status of broiler birds fed with diets infected with aflatoxin was investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated: Diet 1 was infected with aflatoxin without binders, Diets 2 to 5 were infected but binders A, B, C or D were added, while Diet 6 was the control diet without infection. 180 birds were equally and randomly assigned to the 6 treatments and raised for 8 weeks. Their weights and feed consumptions were monitored. After eight weeks, 3 birds per replicate were randomly selected, starved and slaughtered. Their organs were obtained and weighed. Their blood and liver samples were collected for histological examination. Only the animals fed with control diet had significant difference (p 0.05) among blood parameters. Histological observation of liver revealed inflammation of hepatocyte. Conclusively, the use of activated charcoal as toxin binder gave optimum performance compared to the other binders. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Aflatoxin, infected feed, physiology, toxin-binder.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90858422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to study the effect of physical feed restriction on broilers’ performance during the starter period. Two hundred and forty one-day-old unsexed (Hubbard) broiler chicks were randomly distributed in six treatments; there were five replicates with eight chicks per a replicate. Treatment A: fed ad libitum (control). Restricted groups were restricted at selected percentages of the ad libitum intake of the full fed controls. The percentages were: B= 90%, C= 80%, D= 70%, E= 60% and F= 50%. Feed restriction was applied from 8-28 days of age. The experiment lasted for six weeks. Control birds showed significantly (p<0.05) higher body weight and carcass cuts weight than restricted ones. Feed conversion ratio was not affected by feed restriction regimen applied in the present study. Restricted birds failed to compensate for the loss in weight due to prolonged feed restriction period. Key words: Broiler chicks, performance, physical feed restriction, starter period.
{"title":"The effect of physical feed restriction during the starter period on broilers performance","authors":"S. M. Alkhair","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2018.0523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2018.0523","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to study the effect of physical feed restriction on broilers’ performance during the starter period. Two hundred and forty one-day-old unsexed (Hubbard) broiler chicks were randomly distributed in six treatments; there were five replicates with eight chicks per a replicate. Treatment A: fed ad libitum (control). Restricted groups were restricted at selected percentages of the ad libitum intake of the full fed controls. The percentages were: B= 90%, C= 80%, D= 70%, E= 60% and F= 50%. Feed restriction was applied from 8-28 days of age. The experiment lasted for six weeks. Control birds showed significantly (p<0.05) higher body weight and carcass cuts weight than restricted ones. Feed conversion ratio was not affected by feed restriction regimen applied in the present study. Restricted birds failed to compensate for the loss in weight due to prolonged feed restriction period. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Broiler chicks, performance, physical feed restriction, starter period.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91064918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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