TCO (transparent conductive oxide) films are widely used in solar cells due to the characteristics of transparency and conductivity. In this paper, ITO (indium tin oxide) transparent conductive films are prepared on common slides by DC magnetron sputtering, and the preparation process and characteristics of ITO films are studied. The target for sputtering is ITO, with the mass ratio of In203 and Sn02 was 90% : 10%. The sheet resistance, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility of ITO films are measured and analyzed by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, four-point probe, and Hall effect measurement system. By changing the oxygen content, deposition temperature, and sputtering power to studied the effects on the light transmittance and electrical conductivity of the ITO films, further studied the effects on the HJT (heterojunction with intrinsic thin film) solar cells, and finally determined the appropriate preparation parameters. Results show that the resistance is , the light transmittance is beyond 90.6%, efficiency is 23.78%, and bifacial ratio is 84% when oxygen content is 2.2%, sputtering power is 3 kw, and deposition temperature is 190°C.
{"title":"Influence of Deposition Parameters of ITO Films on the Performance of HJT Solar Cells","authors":"Guoping Huang, Guixiang Zhao, Xixi Huang, Hao Zhuang, Zhongjian Zhang, Ronggang Gao, Fengxian Xie","doi":"10.1155/2023/1065503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1065503","url":null,"abstract":"TCO (transparent conductive oxide) films are widely used in solar cells due to the characteristics of transparency and conductivity. In this paper, ITO (indium tin oxide) transparent conductive films are prepared on common slides by DC magnetron sputtering, and the preparation process and characteristics of ITO films are studied. The target for sputtering is ITO, with the mass ratio of In203 and Sn02 was 90% : 10%. The sheet resistance, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility of ITO films are measured and analyzed by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, four-point probe, and Hall effect measurement system. By changing the oxygen content, deposition temperature, and sputtering power to studied the effects on the light transmittance and electrical conductivity of the ITO films, further studied the effects on the HJT (heterojunction with intrinsic thin film) solar cells, and finally determined the appropriate preparation parameters. Results show that the resistance is <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mn>6</mn> <mo>.</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>Ω</mi> <mo>•</mo> <mtext>cm</mtext> </math> , the light transmittance is beyond 90.6%, efficiency is 23.78%, and bifacial ratio is 84% when oxygen content is 2.2%, sputtering power is 3 kw, and deposition temperature is 190°C.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135393407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sifan Tamiru, Fekadu Tolessa, Birke Alemu, Solomon Tiruneh, A. Belay, Gurmu Alemu, T. Gurumurthi
Design work was done on a broadband and wide-angle selective pyramid metamaterial emitter. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to study the emitter, which was made of tungsten and aluminum nitride. The width of the unit cell and the tungsten ground thickness were fixed while other geometric parameters, such as the base length of the pyramid, the height of the pyramid, and the thickness of the dielectric, were tuned to produce the emitter’s desired broadband emission. A high average emissivity over 0.96 below the cutoff wavelength (0.1 μm-2.2 μm) was seen in the numerical simulation. The developed metamaterial emitter also had good emissivity across a broad range of incidence angles, from 0° to 60°, and was polarization independent. In addition, the planned emitter for the InGaAs cell has a better spectral efficiency than the blackbody other designed emitter. In general, the planned selective nanopyramid emitter was realized with 75% spectrum efficiency for InGaAs band gap energy (0.55 eV) at 1200 K, which was greater than blackbody and prior papers.
{"title":"Numerical Study of High Spectral Efficiency and High-Temperature Energy Harvesting Metamaterial Emitter to Improve Thermophotovoltaic Performance","authors":"Sifan Tamiru, Fekadu Tolessa, Birke Alemu, Solomon Tiruneh, A. Belay, Gurmu Alemu, T. Gurumurthi","doi":"10.1155/2023/5442031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5442031","url":null,"abstract":"Design work was done on a broadband and wide-angle selective pyramid metamaterial emitter. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to study the emitter, which was made of tungsten and aluminum nitride. The width of the unit cell and the tungsten ground thickness were fixed while other geometric parameters, such as the base length of the pyramid, the height of the pyramid, and the thickness of the dielectric, were tuned to produce the emitter’s desired broadband emission. A high average emissivity over 0.96 below the cutoff wavelength (0.1 μm-2.2 μm) was seen in the numerical simulation. The developed metamaterial emitter also had good emissivity across a broad range of incidence angles, from 0° to 60°, and was polarization independent. In addition, the planned emitter for the InGaAs cell has a better spectral efficiency than the blackbody other designed emitter. In general, the planned selective nanopyramid emitter was realized with 75% spectrum efficiency for InGaAs band gap energy (0.55 eV) at 1200 K, which was greater than blackbody and prior papers.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41485798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effectiveness of a photovoltaic (PV) system can be increased by using maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The literature has suggested a number of methods for tracking the maximum power point (MPP). However, this number of methods most often presents a high convergence speed in reaching the MPP, complexity under their implementation, power fluctuations, overshoots, and great difficulty in reaching the MPP under fast-changing atmospheric conditions, thus influencing the efficiency of PV systems. Intending to improve the performance of PV systems under rapid changes in the atmosphere, this paper proposes model reference adaptive control (MRAC) as a technique for tracking the MPP based on the employ of reference models such as optimal voltage and current at the MPP ( V MPP and I MPP ). The MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to produce the simulation results; the Kyocera Solar KC 130 GT module is used here as a photovoltaic power plant, connected to a boost converter, supplying a resistive load. The Lyapunov theory was used to demonstrate the stability of the system. The simulation outcomes obtained using the suggested method are compared with those obtained by techniques such as perturb and observe (P&O), incremental conductance (INC), variable step incremental conductance (VSINC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimization (GWO), thus showing a very large improvement under standard test and fast-changing atmospheric conditions of the technique proposed on the other techniques in terms of convergence speed and tracking efficiency. The simulation results prove that the suggested method has great tracking effectiveness (>99.88%), less time for convergence (<0.01 s), and simple implementation complexity under fast-changing atmospheric conditions without both transient and steady-state power oscillations, overshoots, and chattering effects, thus causing a great minimization of energy losses, and the proposed technique reaches exactly the MPP under fast-changing atmospheric conditions.
光伏（PV）系统的有效性可以通过使用最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）来提高。文献提出了许多跟踪最大功率点（MPP）的方法。然而，在快速变化的大气条件下，这一数量的方法通常在达到MPP时表现出高收敛速度、实现的复杂性、功率波动、超调以及达到MPP的巨大困难，从而影响光伏系统的效率。为了提高光伏系统在大气快速变化下的性能，本文提出了模型参考自适应控制（MRAC），作为一种基于参考模型（如MPP处的最佳电压和电流）跟踪MPP的技术（V MPP和I MPP）。使用MATLAB/Simulink环境生成仿真结果；Kyocera Solar KC 130 GT模块在这里用作光伏发电厂，连接到升压转换器，为电阻负载供电。利用李雅普诺夫理论证明了系统的稳定性。将使用所提出的方法获得的模拟结果与通过扰动和观测（P&O）、增量电导（INC）、变步长增量电导（VSINC），粒子群优化（PSO）和灰狼优化（GWO）等技术获得的结果进行了比较，从而显示出在标准测试和快速变化的大气条件下，所提出的技术在收敛速度和跟踪效率方面比其他技术有很大的改进。仿真结果表明，该方法具有良好的跟踪效果（>99.88%），收敛时间短（<0.01 s） ，以及在快速变化的大气条件下的简单实现复杂性，而没有瞬态和稳态功率振荡、过冲和抖振效应，从而使能量损失大大最小化，并且所提出的技术在快速变化大气条件下精确地达到了MPP。
{"title":"Dynamic Performance Improvement Using Model Reference Adaptive Control of Photovoltaic Systems under Fast-Changing Atmospheric Conditions","authors":"Yves Abessolo Mindzie, J. Kenfack, Voufo Joseph, Urbain Nzotcha, Dieudonné Marcel Djanssou, Raphael Mbounguen","doi":"10.1155/2023/5703727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5703727","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of a photovoltaic (PV) system can be increased by using maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The literature has suggested a number of methods for tracking the maximum power point (MPP). However, this number of methods most often presents a high convergence speed in reaching the MPP, complexity under their implementation, power fluctuations, overshoots, and great difficulty in reaching the MPP under fast-changing atmospheric conditions, thus influencing the efficiency of PV systems. Intending to improve the performance of PV systems under rapid changes in the atmosphere, this paper proposes model reference adaptive control (MRAC) as a technique for tracking the MPP based on the employ of reference models such as optimal voltage and current at the MPP (\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 V\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 MPP\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 and \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 I\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 MPP\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ). The MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to produce the simulation results; the Kyocera Solar KC 130 GT module is used here as a photovoltaic power plant, connected to a boost converter, supplying a resistive load. The Lyapunov theory was used to demonstrate the stability of the system. The simulation outcomes obtained using the suggested method are compared with those obtained by techniques such as perturb and observe (P&O), incremental conductance (INC), variable step incremental conductance (VSINC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimization (GWO), thus showing a very large improvement under standard test and fast-changing atmospheric conditions of the technique proposed on the other techniques in terms of convergence speed and tracking efficiency. The simulation results prove that the suggested method has great tracking effectiveness (>99.88%), less time for convergence (<0.01 s), and simple implementation complexity under fast-changing atmospheric conditions without both transient and steady-state power oscillations, overshoots, and chattering effects, thus causing a great minimization of energy losses, and the proposed technique reaches exactly the MPP under fast-changing atmospheric conditions.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45923269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TiO2 has potential application prospects in the fields of environmental pollution control and energy conversion, while its characteristics including proneness to agglomeration and low activity affect practical applications. In view of this, P25 TiO2 and graphene were taken as raw materials to prepare the modified TiO2 catalyst. The modification mechanism of TiO2 was explained by characterizing the phase composition, microscopic morphology, and functional groups and analyzing the specific surface area and particle size. Then, the photocatalytic performance of the material was explored by taking methyl orange as the target to be degraded. Results show that TiO2 is well grafted to the laminated structure of graphene using physicochemical interactions among the introduced functional groups after modifying P25 TiO2 and graphene. This way, the 10.00 mg·L-1 methyl orange solution is almost completely degraded within 12 min at a reaction rate that is 1.81 times higher than that of P25 TiO2. Even after being used for 10 times, the performance still remains stable. The modification process is simple, and the method is reliable. Results can promote the practical application of TiO2 photocatalytic technology.
{"title":"Preparation of TiO2 Grafted on Graphene and Study on their Photocatalytic Properties","authors":"Longli Lin, Lihua Shi, Simei Liu, Jieyi He","doi":"10.1155/2023/8676430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8676430","url":null,"abstract":"TiO2 has potential application prospects in the fields of environmental pollution control and energy conversion, while its characteristics including proneness to agglomeration and low activity affect practical applications. In view of this, P25 TiO2 and graphene were taken as raw materials to prepare the modified TiO2 catalyst. The modification mechanism of TiO2 was explained by characterizing the phase composition, microscopic morphology, and functional groups and analyzing the specific surface area and particle size. Then, the photocatalytic performance of the material was explored by taking methyl orange as the target to be degraded. Results show that TiO2 is well grafted to the laminated structure of graphene using physicochemical interactions among the introduced functional groups after modifying P25 TiO2 and graphene. This way, the 10.00 mg·L-1 methyl orange solution is almost completely degraded within 12 min at a reaction rate that is 1.81 times higher than that of P25 TiO2. Even after being used for 10 times, the performance still remains stable. The modification process is simple, and the method is reliable. Results can promote the practical application of TiO2 photocatalytic technology.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44809971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retracted: Application of Machine Learning in Multi-Directional Model to Follow Solar Energy Using Photo Sensor Matrix","authors":"International Journal of Photoenergy","doi":"10.1155/2023/9763709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9763709","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42533440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daryosh Mohamadi Janaki, Ehsan Kiani Harchegani, T. Rezaei, Mohammadreza Bakhtdehkordi
Nowadays, owing to the increasing demand for water heating, solar water heaters (SWHs) are an appropriate alternative to heating based on fossil or electric fuels. Solar heating has received a lot of attention due to its reduction of environmental pollution and ensuring future energy security. Moreover, it is cost-effective in the long run. Given the importance of the above, there is a lack of a comprehensive review of the potential for heat supply at the residential scale in different US states. In addition, finding the most suitable place to use SWHs has not been studied so far. Therefore, in the present work, for the first time, the energy-environmental assessment of 50 US state centers during a one-year period has been done using TSOL commercial software. Furthermore, using step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) computational methods, the weighting of criteria and ranking of studied stations were performed, respectively. The results indicated that of the eight parameters studied, the parameters “total solar fraction” and “solar contribution to domestic hot water” have the highest and lowest final normalized weight, respectively. Moreover, the WASPAS method using the decision matrix showed that Phoenix, Santa Fe, and Tallahassee stations are the top 3 stations in terms of using SWHs, respectively, and Juneau, Olympia, and Montpelier stations are three inappropriate stations in this regard, respectively. The VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR), intelligent transportation system deployment analysis system (IDAS), and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods also validated the results of the present work, which were completely consistent. The results of the economic analysis revealed that the Santa Fe station with the price of each kW of energy produced at $0.021 has the cheapest solar heat generation.
{"title":"Energy-Environmental One-Year Dynamic Simulation and Ranking Analysis of Using Flat Plate Solar Water Heater to Supply the Heating Demand of an Apartment in the USA: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Daryosh Mohamadi Janaki, Ehsan Kiani Harchegani, T. Rezaei, Mohammadreza Bakhtdehkordi","doi":"10.1155/2023/3323276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3323276","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, owing to the increasing demand for water heating, solar water heaters (SWHs) are an appropriate alternative to heating based on fossil or electric fuels. Solar heating has received a lot of attention due to its reduction of environmental pollution and ensuring future energy security. Moreover, it is cost-effective in the long run. Given the importance of the above, there is a lack of a comprehensive review of the potential for heat supply at the residential scale in different US states. In addition, finding the most suitable place to use SWHs has not been studied so far. Therefore, in the present work, for the first time, the energy-environmental assessment of 50 US state centers during a one-year period has been done using TSOL commercial software. Furthermore, using step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) computational methods, the weighting of criteria and ranking of studied stations were performed, respectively. The results indicated that of the eight parameters studied, the parameters “total solar fraction” and “solar contribution to domestic hot water” have the highest and lowest final normalized weight, respectively. Moreover, the WASPAS method using the decision matrix showed that Phoenix, Santa Fe, and Tallahassee stations are the top 3 stations in terms of using SWHs, respectively, and Juneau, Olympia, and Montpelier stations are three inappropriate stations in this regard, respectively. The VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR), intelligent transportation system deployment analysis system (IDAS), and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods also validated the results of the present work, which were completely consistent. The results of the economic analysis revealed that the Santa Fe station with the price of each kW of energy produced at $0.021 has the cheapest solar heat generation.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44903085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The search for renewable and sustainable energy for energy security and better environmental protection against hazardous emissions from petro-based fuels has gained significant momentum in the last decade. Towards this end, energy from the sun has proven to be reliable and inexhaustible. Therefore, better light harvesting technologies have to be sought. Herein, the current trends in the development of perovskite solar cells with a focus on device engineering, band alignment, device fabrication with superior light harvesting properties, and numerical simulation of solar cell architectures are critically reviewed. This work will form the basis for future scientist to have a better scientific background on the design of highly efficient solar cell devices, which are cost-effective to fabricate, highly stable, and eco-friendly. This review presents thorough essential information on perovskite solar cell technology and tracks methodically their technological performance overtime. The photovoltaic (PV) technology can help to reduce pollution related to greenhouse gas emissions, criterion pollutant emissions, and emissions from heavy metals and radioactive species by nearly 90%. Following the introduction of highly efficient perovskite solar cell (PSC) technologies, the problems associated with stability, short life-time and lead-based perovskite solar cell configurations have significantly been minimized. The fabrication and simulation of perovskite solar cells has been made possible with advanced technologies and state-of-the-art computational codes. Furthermore, device simulation strategies have lately been used to understand, select appropriate materials, and gain insights into solar cell devices’ physical behavior in order to improve their performances. Numerical simulation softwares such as the 1-dimenional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D), Silvaco ATLAS, and wx-analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures (wxAMPS) used to understand the device engineering of solar cells are critically discussed. Because of the need to produce charge collection selectivity, hole transport materials (HTMs) as well as electron transport materials (ETMs) constitute essential PSC components. In this work, the synthesis of inorganic HTMs, as well as their characteristics and uses in various PSCs comprising mesoporous and planar designs, are explored in detail. It is anticipated that the performance of inorganic HTLs on PSCs would encourage further research which will have a significant influence on the future designs and fabrication of highly efficient solar cells.
{"title":"A Review of the Technological Advances in the Design of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"George G. Njema, J. Kibet","doi":"10.1155/2023/3801813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3801813","url":null,"abstract":"The search for renewable and sustainable energy for energy security and better environmental protection against hazardous emissions from petro-based fuels has gained significant momentum in the last decade. Towards this end, energy from the sun has proven to be reliable and inexhaustible. Therefore, better light harvesting technologies have to be sought. Herein, the current trends in the development of perovskite solar cells with a focus on device engineering, band alignment, device fabrication with superior light harvesting properties, and numerical simulation of solar cell architectures are critically reviewed. This work will form the basis for future scientist to have a better scientific background on the design of highly efficient solar cell devices, which are cost-effective to fabricate, highly stable, and eco-friendly. This review presents thorough essential information on perovskite solar cell technology and tracks methodically their technological performance overtime. The photovoltaic (PV) technology can help to reduce pollution related to greenhouse gas emissions, criterion pollutant emissions, and emissions from heavy metals and radioactive species by nearly 90%. Following the introduction of highly efficient perovskite solar cell (PSC) technologies, the problems associated with stability, short life-time and lead-based perovskite solar cell configurations have significantly been minimized. The fabrication and simulation of perovskite solar cells has been made possible with advanced technologies and state-of-the-art computational codes. Furthermore, device simulation strategies have lately been used to understand, select appropriate materials, and gain insights into solar cell devices’ physical behavior in order to improve their performances. Numerical simulation softwares such as the 1-dimenional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D), Silvaco ATLAS, and wx-analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures (wxAMPS) used to understand the device engineering of solar cells are critically discussed. Because of the need to produce charge collection selectivity, hole transport materials (HTMs) as well as electron transport materials (ETMs) constitute essential PSC components. In this work, the synthesis of inorganic HTMs, as well as their characteristics and uses in various PSCs comprising mesoporous and planar designs, are explored in detail. It is anticipated that the performance of inorganic HTLs on PSCs would encourage further research which will have a significant influence on the future designs and fabrication of highly efficient solar cells.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45452406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Jerome Vasanth, S. Naveen Venkatesh, V. Sugumaran, V. Mahamuni
Artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved into a powerful tool that has wide-spread application in computer vision such as computer-aided inspection, industrial control systems, and navigation of robots. Monitoring the condition of machineries and mechanical components for the presence of faults with the aid of image-based automated analysis is one major application of computer vision. Diagnosing machinery faults from images can be made feasible with the adoption of deep learning and machine learning techniques. The primary objective of this study is to detect malfunctions in photovoltaic (PV) modules by utilizing a combination of deep learning and machine learning methodologies, with the assistance of RGB images captured via unmanned aerial vehicles. Six test conditions of PV modules such as good panel, snail trail, delamination, glass breakage, discoloration, and burn marks were considered in the study. The overall experimentation was carried out in two phases: (i) deep learning phase and (ii) machine learning phase. In the initial deep learning phase, the final fully connected layer of six pretrained networks, namely, DenseNet-201, VGG19, ResNet-50, GoogLeNet, VGG16, and AlexNet, was utilized to extract PVM image features. During the machine learning phase, feature selection from the extracted features was carried out using the J48 decision tree algorithm. Post selection of features, three families of classifiers such as tree, Bayes, and lazy were applied to determine the best feature extractor-classifier pair. The combination of DenseNet-201 features with k-nearest neighbour (IBK) classifier produced the overall classification accuracy of 100.00% among all other pretrained network features and classifiers considered.
{"title":"Enhancing Photovoltaic Module Fault Diagnosis with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Deep Learning-Based Image Analysis","authors":"J. Jerome Vasanth, S. Naveen Venkatesh, V. Sugumaran, V. Mahamuni","doi":"10.1155/2023/8665729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8665729","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved into a powerful tool that has wide-spread application in computer vision such as computer-aided inspection, industrial control systems, and navigation of robots. Monitoring the condition of machineries and mechanical components for the presence of faults with the aid of image-based automated analysis is one major application of computer vision. Diagnosing machinery faults from images can be made feasible with the adoption of deep learning and machine learning techniques. The primary objective of this study is to detect malfunctions in photovoltaic (PV) modules by utilizing a combination of deep learning and machine learning methodologies, with the assistance of RGB images captured via unmanned aerial vehicles. Six test conditions of PV modules such as good panel, snail trail, delamination, glass breakage, discoloration, and burn marks were considered in the study. The overall experimentation was carried out in two phases: (i) deep learning phase and (ii) machine learning phase. In the initial deep learning phase, the final fully connected layer of six pretrained networks, namely, DenseNet-201, VGG19, ResNet-50, GoogLeNet, VGG16, and AlexNet, was utilized to extract PVM image features. During the machine learning phase, feature selection from the extracted features was carried out using the J48 decision tree algorithm. Post selection of features, three families of classifiers such as tree, Bayes, and lazy were applied to determine the best feature extractor-classifier pair. The combination of DenseNet-201 features with k-nearest neighbour (IBK) classifier produced the overall classification accuracy of 100.00% among all other pretrained network features and classifiers considered.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43874656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, speed control of PV battery-powered brushless DC motor (BLDC) is controlled by novel hybrid horse herd particle swarm optimization- (HHHPSO-) tuned proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The optimal gain parameter of the PID controller is tuned by hybrid horse herd optimization algorithm. The purpose of the newly developed HHHPSO algorithm is to enhance the performance of the classic horse herd algorithm (HHA), specifically in two different ways. In the first place, it bolsters HHA’s aptitude for exploratory learning related to the ageing issue. By doing so, it is possible to circumvent the phenomenon of the local minimum stagnation. Second, it permits HHA to have a superior capability of exploitation with the assistance of hybridization through the utilisation of particle swarm optimization. This hybrid technique helps improve the rate convergences of the HHA method. The time domain-based performance indices were considered as an objective function such as addition of integral of squared speed error, integral of squared current error, and integral of squared electromagnetic torque error for finding the optimal gain values for the PID controller using HHHPSO. The proposed HHHPSO-tuned PID controller for PV battery-powered BLDC motor is tested for various working conditions such as constant speed conditions, varying speed conditions, and varying load conditions and also compared with state-of-the-art method. The proposed method has quick rise time around 20-21 msec, quick settling time around 35-39 msec, zero steady-state error, and zero overshoot than state-of-the-art optimization method. The proposed control techniques were also tested in hardware to confirm the suitability for real-time applications.
{"title":"An Improved Tuning of PID Controller for PV Battery-Powered Brushless DC Motor Speed Regulation Using Hybrid Horse Herd Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"A. RamaKrishnan, A. Shunmugalatha, K. Premkumar","doi":"10.1155/2023/2777505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2777505","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, speed control of PV battery-powered brushless DC motor (BLDC) is controlled by novel hybrid horse herd particle swarm optimization- (HHHPSO-) tuned proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The optimal gain parameter of the PID controller is tuned by hybrid horse herd optimization algorithm. The purpose of the newly developed HHHPSO algorithm is to enhance the performance of the classic horse herd algorithm (HHA), specifically in two different ways. In the first place, it bolsters HHA’s aptitude for exploratory learning related to the ageing issue. By doing so, it is possible to circumvent the phenomenon of the local minimum stagnation. Second, it permits HHA to have a superior capability of exploitation with the assistance of hybridization through the utilisation of particle swarm optimization. This hybrid technique helps improve the rate convergences of the HHA method. The time domain-based performance indices were considered as an objective function such as addition of integral of squared speed error, integral of squared current error, and integral of squared electromagnetic torque error for finding the optimal gain values for the PID controller using HHHPSO. The proposed HHHPSO-tuned PID controller for PV battery-powered BLDC motor is tested for various working conditions such as constant speed conditions, varying speed conditions, and varying load conditions and also compared with state-of-the-art method. The proposed method has quick rise time around 20-21 msec, quick settling time around 35-39 msec, zero steady-state error, and zero overshoot than state-of-the-art optimization method. The proposed control techniques were also tested in hardware to confirm the suitability for real-time applications.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48411697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, AlOx passivation layers on the rear sides of silicon PERC solar cells are formed by thermally oxidizing 3 nm-thick aluminum films deposited in advance by an e-gun evaporator. The oxidation process is conducted in a furnace full of oxygen at 400°C for a duration of 10 minutes, followed by annealing for a duration of 3 minutes at 700°C, and then the stacking of SiNx films on the back surfaces. After that, a second annealing process is done at 400°C for a duration of 10 minutes to repair the defects resulting from the bombardment of ions on the passivation layer. With the thermal oxidation method applied, we confirmed the existence of an AlOx passivation layer with a negative charge density of − 3.21 × 10 12 cm-2 for an annealed sample, in contrast to − 6.17 × 10 11 cm-2 for an unannealed sample.
{"title":"Monocrystalline Silicon PERC Solar Cell with Rear-Side AlOx Film Formed by Furnace Oxidation","authors":"Ching-Hui Hsu, Daosong Lao, Likarn Wang","doi":"10.1155/2023/3312619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3312619","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, AlOx passivation layers on the rear sides of silicon PERC solar cells are formed by thermally oxidizing 3 nm-thick aluminum films deposited in advance by an e-gun evaporator. The oxidation process is conducted in a furnace full of oxygen at 400°C for a duration of 10 minutes, followed by annealing for a duration of 3 minutes at 700°C, and then the stacking of SiNx films on the back surfaces. After that, a second annealing process is done at 400°C for a duration of 10 minutes to repair the defects resulting from the bombardment of ions on the passivation layer. With the thermal oxidation method applied, we confirmed the existence of an AlOx passivation layer with a negative charge density of \u0000 \u0000 −\u0000 3.21\u0000 ×\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 10\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 12\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 cm-2 for an annealed sample, in contrast to \u0000 \u0000 −\u0000 6.17\u0000 ×\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 10\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 11\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 cm-2 for an unannealed sample.","PeriodicalId":14195,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Photoenergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42810113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：