Pub Date : 2012-06-17DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.17953
Fadi Fawaz, Masha Rahnamamoghadam
Questions surrounding income inequality have received much attention in recent economic literature. The effects of the imports of manufactured goods on income inequality in developing countries are found to be inconclusive in the existing literature. This study proposes a “threshold effect” to address this issue. We argue that when imports benefit a large portion of population, a decrease in income inequality is more likely to occur within the country. We use a dynamic specification to estimate the impact of trade on within-country income inequality in a sample for low- and high-income, developing countries (LIDC and HIDC) over the period 1970-2009. We find that if the trade of manufactured goods is above (below) the threshold, income inequality will decrease (increase).
{"title":"The Interaction between Income Inequality and Imports of Manufactured Goods: A Case for Developing Countries","authors":"Fadi Fawaz, Masha Rahnamamoghadam","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.17953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.17953","url":null,"abstract":"Questions surrounding income inequality have received much\u0000 attention in recent economic literature. The effects of the imports of manufactured goods on income inequality in developing countries are found to be inconclusive in the existing literature. This study proposes a “threshold effect” to address this issue. We argue that when imports benefit a large portion of population, a decrease in income inequality is more likely to occur within the country. We use a dynamic specification to estimate the impact of trade on within-country income inequality in a sample for low- and high-income, developing countries (LIDC and HIDC) over the period 1970-2009. We find that if the trade of manufactured goods is above (below) the threshold, income inequality will decrease (increase).","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124236764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-13DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.17970
H. Lui
This article analyzes the changes in income dispersion in Hong Kong during the period 1986-2006. The decile ratios indicate that while the income dispersion of the upper income class has widened substantially, the income dispersion of the lower income class has narrowed. Although changing industrial composition has been named as the prime suspect that caused rising income inequality, it actually helped in reducing the earnings variance slightly. Moreover, 40 per cent of the overall increase in earnings variance is due to an employment shift from low-inequality to high-inequality occupations. The increase in the supply of post-secondary and associate-degree graduates was more than offset by an increase in the demand for better educated workers. As a result, the earnings premium for more better educated workers experienced a decline.
{"title":"The Widening Income Dispersion in Hong Kong: 1986-2006","authors":"H. Lui","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.17970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.17970","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the changes in income dispersion in Hong Kong during the period 1986-2006. The decile ratios indicate that while the income dispersion of the upper income class has widened substantially, the income dispersion of the lower income class has narrowed. Although changing industrial composition has been named as the prime suspect that caused rising income inequality, it actually helped in reducing the earnings variance slightly. Moreover, 40 per cent of the overall increase in earnings variance is due to an employment shift from low-inequality to high-inequality occupations. The increase in the supply of post-secondary and associate-degree graduates was more than offset by an increase in the demand for better educated workers. As a result, the earnings premium for more better educated workers experienced a decline.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129586556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-13DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23829
Hector Sala, Oriol Roca‐Sagalés
Sweden is one of the countries with the largest public fiscal intervention and narrowest income inequality in the world. This article investigates to what extent these two features are interconnected and whether economic growth affects and is affected by this relationship. Empirical results from vector auto-regression models reveal the existence of important long-run non-Keynesian effects (i.e., lessening fiscal expansions and, conversely, expansionary fiscal contractions) and significant downward effects of government expenditures on income inequality. The existence of a negative trade-off between growth and inequality is an important stylized fact which deserves close attention by policy makers.
{"title":"Government Expenditures and the Growth-Inequality Trade-Off: The Swedish Case","authors":"Hector Sala, Oriol Roca‐Sagalés","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23829","url":null,"abstract":"Sweden is one of the countries with the largest public fiscal intervention and narrowest income inequality in the world. This article investigates to what extent these two features are interconnected and whether economic growth affects and is affected by this relationship. Empirical results from vector auto-regression models reveal the existence of important long-run non-Keynesian effects (i.e., lessening fiscal expansions and, conversely, expansionary fiscal contractions) and significant downward effects of government expenditures on income inequality. The existence of a negative trade-off between growth and inequality is an important stylized fact which deserves close attention by policy makers.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132521214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-13DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.22901
Judith Moellers
Most of the poor in Eastern Europe belong to families with at least one working member, meaning that work per se does not protect families from poverty. As farm families in particular are characterized by an elevated poverty risk, rural non-farm employment (RNFE) could, however, curtail increases in economic vulnerability and inequality. This article analyzes the effect of RNFE on poverty reduction and inter-household income distribution in rural Macedonia and Slovenia. The research is based on an empirical household survey. Results show a high dependency on non-farm incomes; smaller farms particularly benefit from RNFE. The analysis of decomposed Gini coefficients reveals a smoothing effect of non-farm employment on income distribution.
{"title":"Effects of Rural Non-Farm Employment on Poverty and Income Distribution: Evidence for Macedonia and Slovenia","authors":"Judith Moellers","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.22901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.22901","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the poor in Eastern Europe belong to families with at least one working member, meaning that work per se does not protect families from poverty. As farm families in particular are characterized by an elevated poverty risk, rural non-farm employment (RNFE) could, however, curtail increases in economic vulnerability and inequality. This article analyzes the effect of RNFE on poverty reduction and inter-household income distribution in rural Macedonia and Slovenia. The research is based on an empirical household survey. Results show a high dependency on non-farm incomes; smaller farms particularly benefit from RNFE. The analysis of decomposed Gini coefficients reveals a smoothing effect of non-farm employment on income distribution.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122577608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-13DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.18104
Alberto Sáez-Rodríguez
In this article, we are interested in the statistical methods that can be used to test for the wage differential between local workers and cross border commuters at the low end of the pay scale. This paper uses numerical simulations and recently developed tests for distribution crossing (CDF). The present study applies the model to data for Geneva. Numerical simulations suggest that recently developed tests for distribution crossing are powerful even when the two distributions being studied are fairly similar and that these tests can be usefully combined with more typical quantile tests to characterize the wages of unskilled workers at the bottom of the income distribution. Although the present analyses demonstrated no obvious cross point between native and cross-border wages, future studies should explore the extent to which volunteer samples are, in general, representative of the larger population of local workers.
{"title":"The Impact of Cross-Border Commuters on Occupational Wages: Comparison of Some Nonparametric Tests and Their Application to Geneva’s Labor Market","authors":"Alberto Sáez-Rodríguez","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.18104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.18104","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we are interested in the statistical methods that can be used to test for the wage differential between local workers and cross border commuters at the low end of the pay scale. This paper uses numerical simulations and recently developed tests for distribution crossing (CDF). The present study applies the model to data for Geneva. Numerical simulations suggest that recently developed tests for distribution crossing are powerful even when the two distributions being studied are fairly similar and that these tests can be usefully combined with more typical quantile tests to characterize the wages of unskilled workers at the bottom of the income distribution. Although the present analyses demonstrated no obvious cross point between native and cross-border wages, future studies should explore the extent to which volunteer samples are, in general, representative of the larger population of local workers.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128135406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-07-01DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.32146
Stefan P. T. Groot, H. Groot
For many years, the Netherlands has been considered an exception to the growing trend of wage inequality.
多年来，荷兰一直被认为是工资不平等日益加剧趋势的一个例外。
{"title":"Wage inequality in the Netherlands: Evidence, trends, and explanations","authors":"Stefan P. T. Groot, H. Groot","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.32146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.32146","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, the Netherlands has been considered an exception to the growing trend of wage inequality.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133933010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.22088
N. Odhiambo
In this article we examine the dynamic causal relationship between economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction in South Africa -- using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure. The study attempts to answer one critical question: does economic growth in South Africa trickle down to the poor through job creation? The study uses two proxies to measure the incidence of poverty in South Africa, namely household consumption per capita and infant mortality. The empirical results of the study fail to support the trickle-down effect between economic growth and poverty reduction in South Africa. Moreover, the results show that there is no causal relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction in either direction. The results apply irrespective of whether the poverty level is measured by the real per-capita consumption or by the infant mortality rate.
{"title":"Growth, Employment and Poverty in South Africa: In Search of a Trickle-Down Effect","authors":"N. Odhiambo","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.22088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.22088","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we examine the dynamic causal relationship between economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction in South Africa -- using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure. The study attempts to answer one critical question: does economic growth in South Africa trickle down to the poor through job creation? The study uses two proxies to measure the incidence of poverty in South Africa, namely household consumption per capita and infant mortality. The empirical results of the study fail to support the trickle-down effect between economic growth and poverty reduction in South Africa. Moreover, the results show that there is no causal relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction in either direction. The results apply irrespective of whether the poverty level is measured by the real per-capita consumption or by the infant mortality rate.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130423512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.17798
G. Hoover, Mehmet E. Yaya, Sondra Collins
We use Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR), to explore the impact of three different measures of economic activity -- growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and manufacturing employment -- on poverty among whites, blacks and Hispanics in the United States. This analysis is unique in that we further disaggregate the data, by looking at the impact of growth across racial/ethnic groups in four census regions. We find that the impacts of the various measures of economic activity vary greatly by the group and the region. In particular, Hispanic poverty tends to be strongly related to changes in the unemployment rate, while white poverty tends to be strongly related to changes in manufacturing.
{"title":"More on Non-White Poverty and Economic Growth","authors":"G. Hoover, Mehmet E. Yaya, Sondra Collins","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.17798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.17798","url":null,"abstract":"We use Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR), to explore the impact of three different measures of economic activity -- growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and manufacturing employment -- on poverty among whites, blacks and Hispanics in the United States. This analysis is unique in that we further disaggregate the data, by looking at the impact of growth across racial/ethnic groups in four census regions. We find that the impacts of the various measures of economic activity vary greatly by the group and the region. In particular, Hispanic poverty tends to be strongly related to changes in the unemployment rate, while white poverty tends to be strongly related to changes in manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133609796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23197
Takeo Hori
We present a model in which there is a variety of consumption goods, of which high-income individuals purchase the expensive ones that low-income individuals cannot afford. Increases in the relative supply of skilled workers suggest relative increases in the number of high-income individuals in our model. Increases therefore in the relative supply of skilled workers induces changes in consumption demands, which indirectly affect both the labor demands of firms and the relative skilled wage. We show that a) if expensive goods purchased only by high-income individuals are more skilled labor intensive goods and b) if the substitution between skilled and unskilled labor is limited in the production of each good, then an exogenous increase in the relative supply of skilled workers raises the relative skilled wage.
{"title":"Wage Inequality and Structure of Consumption Demand","authors":"Takeo Hori","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23197","url":null,"abstract":"We present a model in which there is a variety of consumption goods, of which high-income individuals purchase the expensive ones that low-income individuals cannot afford. Increases in the relative supply of skilled workers suggest relative increases in the number of high-income individuals in our model. Increases therefore in the relative supply of skilled workers induces changes in consumption demands, which indirectly affect both the labor demands of firms and the relative skilled wage. We show that a) if expensive goods purchased only by high-income individuals are more skilled labor intensive goods and b) if the substitution between skilled and unskilled labor is limited in the production of each good, then an exogenous increase in the relative supply of skilled workers raises the relative skilled wage.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125289738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.17971
T. Hungerford
This study examines income mobility and income inequality in the 1980s and 1990s. The results show that income mobility in the 1980s differed from mobility in the 1990s. Positional mobility was lower in the 1990s than in the 1980s, but income changes were more extensive in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Changing income had an equalizing effect on incomes, which was outweighed by the unequalizing effect of reranking. Hence, income inequality increased in the 1980s and the 1990s. Reranking had a small role in equalizing longer term incomes; income changes appear to be the primary effect in equalizing longer term incomes.
{"title":"How Income Mobility Affects Income Inequality: US Evidence in the 1980s and the 1990s","authors":"T. Hungerford","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.17971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.17971","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines income mobility and income inequality in the 1980s and 1990s. The results show that income mobility in the 1980s differed from mobility in the 1990s. Positional mobility was lower in the 1990s than in the 1980s, but income changes were more extensive in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Changing income had an equalizing effect on incomes, which was outweighed by the unequalizing effect of reranking. Hence, income inequality increased in the 1980s and the 1990s. Reranking had a small role in equalizing longer term incomes; income changes appear to be the primary effect in equalizing longer term incomes.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122511838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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