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Excepția de neexecutare a contractului și dreptul de retenție
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.09
Flavius Antoniu Baias, Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București, Valentin Cîlțea
"This study contains a detailed analysis of the Defense of refusal to perform and the Right of retention in the current Civil Code, with reference to the practice of the courts of law and to comparative law issues. Therefore, following the update of the two legal institutions, the present study mirrors the defense of refusal to perform with the right of retention (i.e. legal frame, notion, legal ground, characteristics, application domain, exercise’s conditions, operation’s mechanism, effects and transitional law). Following the examinations of the above-mentioned issues, both legal institutions are compared in order to outline the differences between them. By doing so, the article aims to settle the edge between these two means of judicial defense and to put an end to long debated controversies in the literature and judicial practice. Key-words: Civil Code; favor contractus; the rule of specific performance; the plea of breach of the contract/defense of refusal to perform/right to withhold performance of reciprocal obligation; right of retention; defense; statement of defense; counterclaim; synallagmatic contract; the special effects of synallagmatic contract; remedies for breach of contract; imperfect guarantee"
“本研究结合法院的实践和比较法问题,详细分析了现行《民法典》中的拒绝履行抗辩和保留权。因此,在两种法律制度更新的背景下,本研究将拒绝履约抗辩与保留权(法律框架、概念、法律依据、特征、适用领域、行使条件、运行机制、效力和过渡法)相结合。在对上述问题进行审查之后,对这两种法律制度进行比较,以概述它们之间的区别。本文旨在厘清这两种司法抗辩方式之间的界限,结束长期以来在文献和司法实践中存在的争议。关键词:民法典;支持合同;具体履行规则;违约抗辩/拒绝履行抗辩/拒绝履行互惠义务的权利;留置权;防御;辩护陈述书;反诉;双务的合同;联音收缩的特殊效果;违约救济;不完美的保证”
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 și posibilele apărări în dreptul internațional: ar putea forța majoră și schimbarea fundamentetnală a circumstanțelor să justifice neexecutarea obligațiilor internaționale?
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.10
Ion Gâlea
The study examines possible defences that States could invoke in order to justify or excuse measures designed to respond to the COVID-19 crisis, which prima facie might not be in conformity with certain international obligations. The study examines only defences available in general international law – beside certain exceptions that might be provided by the clauses of the respective treaties. Two grounds for suspending international obligations, stemming from the law of treaties – impossibility of performance and rebus sic stantibus – and three circumstances precluding wrongfulness, stemming from the law of international responsibility – force majeure, distress and state of necessity – are subject to examination. The study argues that, even if “common sense” might draw the public opinion towards the plausibility of invoking force majeure, impossibility of performance or fundamental change of circumstances, such a conclusion does not reflect general international law. In reality, the “best candidate” as a justification or excuse is distress, while the “second best candidate” might be represented by the state of necessity.
本研究审查了各国为为应对COVID-19危机而采取的措施辩护或开脱可能援引的辩护理由,这些措施表面上可能不符合某些国际义务。本研究只审查一般国际法中可提供的抗辩- -除了个别条约条款可能规定的某些例外情况。根据条约法中止国际义务的两种理由- -不可能履行和不履行原罪- -以及根据国际责任法排除不法行为的三种情况- -不可抗力、危难和必要状态- -都将受到审查。该研究认为,即使“常识”可能使公众舆论倾向于援引不可抗力、不可能履行或情况发生根本变化的理由,这种结论也不反映一般国际法。在现实中,作为理由或借口的“最佳候选人”是痛苦,而“第二最佳候选人”可能是必要状态。
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引用次数: 0
Recunoașterea puterii din oficiu a judecătorului în litigii de consum
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.06
Olesea Plotnic, Dorin Dulgheru
"In consumer dispute, litigation most of the time brings together a professional and a consumer who very often does not appear or appear alone in front of the judge, but does not really defend himself. The temptation of some judges here is to come to the aid of the party who does not appear or who does not defend himself well and therefore to apply the consumer protection rules ex officio. On this point, French and European case law has long been contradictory. In order to harmonize national law with European law, the French legislator confers to the judge the power to apply ex officio the provisions of the Consumer Code by means of the ex officio statement. The effectiveness of European consumer law, both protecting consumers and regulating the market, justifies the creation of an autonomous procedural law rather than an instrumentalisation of the ex officio recording of legal remedies. In these circumstances it is important to see the evolution of the recognition of the power of the judge ex officio, on the one hand, from the denial of said power to the faculty to do so (§ 1st) and, on the other hand, the power to waive ex officio the obligation to do so (§ 2nd)."
“在消费者纠纷中,诉讼大多数时候是由专业人士和消费者一起进行的,他们通常不会出现在法官面前,或者单独出现在法官面前,但并不真正为自己辩护。在这里,一些法官的诱惑是帮助没有出庭或没有很好地为自己辩护的一方,从而依职权适用消费者保护规则。在这一点上,法国判例法与欧洲判例法长期存在矛盾。为了使国家法律与欧洲法律相协调,法国立法者授予法官以当然声明的方式依职权适用《消费者法》条款的权力。鉴于欧洲消费者法在保护消费者和规范市场方面的有效性,有理由制定一项自主程序法,而不是将法律补救措施的当然记录工具化。在这种情况下,重要的是要看到承认法官依职权权力的演变,一方面,从否认上述权力到有能力这样做(第1条),另一方面,放弃依职权义务这样做的权力(第2条)。”
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引用次数: 0
Violarea secretului corespondenţei vs. accesul ilegal la un sistem informatic
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.08
George Zlati, Baroul Cluj
In this article, the author tries to clarify the relationship between the offence of violating the privacy of correspondence and the offence of unauthorized access to a computer system. The purpose is to test the scope of art. 302 of the Criminal Code in regard to electronic correspondence. Even if some would argue that the notion of correspondence stipulated in article 302 of the Criminal Code also covers electronic correspondence (e.g. an e-mail), the author concludes that only the offence provided under art. 360 of the Criminal Code is applicable. In this context, it is emphasized that the principle of lex certa prohibits the assimilation of the act consisting in opening of a correspondence with the act of accessing computer data. In the author’s point a view, any kind of electronic correspondence is in fact a communication which consists only in a set of computer data. Consequently, computer data cannot be opened but only accessed.
本文试图厘清侵犯通信隐私罪与非法侵入计算机系统罪的关系。目的是测试艺术的范围。《刑法》第302条关于电子通信的规定。即使有人会争辩说,《刑法》第302条规定的通信概念也包括电子通信(例如电子邮件),提交人的结论是,只有第十条规定的罪行。适用《刑法》第360条。在这方面,应当强调的是,确定法原则禁止将打开通信的行为同获取计算机数据的行为混为一谈。在作者看来,任何形式的电子通信实际上都是一种通信,它只是由一组计算机数据组成的。因此,计算机数据不能打开,只能访问。
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引用次数: 0
Repere de identitate constituțională în România pre- și post-comunistă
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.05
Răzvan Cosmin Roghină
The Romanian Constitution, in art. 1 parag. 3, states that fundamental constitutional values such as human dignity, citizen rights and liberties, the free development of human personality, justice and political pluralism are to be understood through the spirit of the Romanian democratic traditions. Thus, working with traditions, we have to seek constitutional identity signs in the past, in order to see, in a wider analytical and institutional background, what defines the political identity of the Romanian people as a whole and as individuals (citizenship can be discussed in paradox terms). Such an academic endeavor can successfully turn into a book subject, considering its complexity and its inter, intra and pluri scientific field connections. In the limits of a research article, we will briefly explore the constitutional history of pre- and modern Romania (which is mainly a history of constitutional transplant). One of the aimed purposes of the paper is to discover the Romanian individual that constitutes the soul or matrix of the national state or to see if a Constitution really constitute constitutional identity.
罗马尼亚宪法,艺术版。1帕尔。第3条规定,基本的宪法价值,如人的尊严、公民权利和自由、人格的自由发展、正义和政治多元化,应通过罗马尼亚民主传统的精神来理解。因此,与传统合作,我们必须寻找过去的宪法认同标志,以便在更广泛的分析和体制背景下,看到是什么定义了罗马尼亚人民作为一个整体和作为个人的政治认同(公民身份可以用矛盾的术语来讨论)。考虑到它的复杂性以及它之间、内部和多个科学领域的联系,这样的学术努力可以成功地变成一本书的主题。在一篇研究文章的限制下,我们将简要探讨罗马尼亚前和现代的宪法历史(主要是宪法移植的历史)。这篇论文的目的之一是发现罗马尼亚的个人构成了民族国家的灵魂或母体,或者看看宪法是否真的构成了宪法认同。
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引用次数: 1
Clauzele abuzive conform Codului civil al Republicii Moldova
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.07
Octavian Cazac
The new law of unfair terms contained in the modernized Moldovan Civil Code is more uniform across all types of contracts and more coherent, it protects contracting parties that adhere to the standard terms imposed in various scenarios of asymmetrical bargaining power. And although this regime was devised as a way to protect consumers against terms that they neither read nor understand fully, it incidentally protects businesses that have weaker bargaining power as well. While the Moldovan Civil Code did rely on the model rules contained in the Draft Common Frame of Framework (DCFR), it nonetheless took the less invasive German approach of not submitting to the test of unfairness all terms contained in business-to-business or non-business and non-consumer contracts, but only those contained in the exhaustive list laid down in art. 1077 of the code.
现代化的摩尔多瓦民法典中包含的新的不公平条款法在所有类型的合同中更加统一,更加连贯,它保护在各种不对称议价能力的情况下遵守标准条款的合同各方。虽然这一制度是为了保护消费者免受他们既不阅读也不完全理解的条款的侵害,但它也顺便保护了议价能力较弱的企业。虽然《摩尔多瓦民法典》确实依赖于《共同框架草案》所载的示范规则,但它采取了侵入性较低的德国做法,即不将企业对企业合同或非企业和非消费者合同中所载的所有条款都提交不公平检验,而只提交第2条规定的详尽清单中所载的条款。代码第1077条。
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引用次数: 0
Totul e atât de firesc în tăcerea noastră. Sau despre infracțiunea de omisiunea declarării unor informații
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.14
Andra-Roxana Trandafir, Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București
Following the state of emergency declared as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Romanian legislator adopted in March 2020 an Emergency Ordinance which, among others, modified the Criminal Code and introduced a new offence, which sanctions the omission to declare certain information regarding the possibility to of having had contact with a person infected with a contagious disease. The paper underlines the deficiencies of these modifications, analyzing the lack of clarity of several notions used by the legislator, as well as the potential negative effects of such way of regulating criminal offences.
在因COVID-19大流行而宣布进入紧急状态之后,罗马尼亚立法者于2020年3月通过了一项紧急条例,除其他外,该条例修改了《刑法》,并引入了一项新的罪行,对未申报与传染病感染者可能接触的某些信息的行为予以制裁。本文强调了这些修改的不足之处,分析了立法者使用的几个概念缺乏清晰度,以及这种方式调节刑事犯罪的潜在负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Eficacitatea măsurilor adoptate de Uniunea Europeană pentru sprijinirea statelor membre în perioada pandemiei de Covid-19 欧盟在 Covid-19 大流行期间支持成员国的措施的有效性
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.13
Mihaela-Augustina Dumitrașcu, Oana-Mihaela Salomia
"The European Union has faced an unprecedented health crisis in recent months, followed by a major economic crisis for member states. In accordance with the competences assigned to it by the Member States, the Union has acted in the medical, economic and financial fields, providing financial and logistical support to the Member States, however, at the beginning of the pandemic, it was observed that the Union faced at least two sensitive issues, namely the lack of visibility of its actions and the reaction of some Member States or acceding countries that were “abandoned” in the fight against the virus. Gradually, the Union institutions have begun to take concrete and effective measures, with a positive impact on both health and economic levels. At the same time, given that many Member States have triggered a state of emergency at national level which has involved, inter alia, the restriction of certain rights and freedoms, the European institutions have adopted certain similar restrictive measures, in particular movements of goods and persons; these restrictions must comply with the specific provisions of primary and secondary Union law, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In conclusion, from the point of view of the legal analysis of the construction of the Union, it is important to follow the outlines of reflections on overcoming this crisis and how they will lead to the revision of the EU Treaties both in terms of institutional structure and competence."
近几个月来,欧盟面临着前所未有的健康危机,随后各成员国又面临着重大的经济危机。根据会员国赋予的权限,欧洲联盟在医疗、经济和金融领域采取了行动,向会员国提供了财政和后勤支持,然而,在大流行开始时,人们注意到,欧洲联盟至少面临两个敏感问题,即其行动缺乏能见度,以及一些在抗击病毒的斗争中被"抛弃"的会员国或加入国的反应。联盟各机构逐渐开始采取具体和有效的措施,在卫生和经济两方面都产生了积极影响。与此同时,鉴于许多会员国在国家一级启动了紧急状态,这除其他外涉及限制某些权利和自由,欧洲机构采取了某些类似的限制措施,特别是货物和人员的流动;这些限制必须符合欧盟主要和次要法律的具体规定,以及欧洲联盟法院的判例法。总之,从欧盟建设的法律分析的角度来看,重要的是要遵循克服这场危机的反思大纲,以及它们将如何导致欧盟条约在体制结构和能力方面的修订。
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引用次数: 0
Predictibilitate în individualizarea sancțiunilor. Studiu de jurisprudență asupra criteriilor de individualizare a măsurilor educative
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.16
Ștefana-Iuliana Sorohan
The minority status places the offender in an area of ​​vulnerability, which is often within the reach of a combination of factors that influence his attitude towards social values. For this category of offenders, a special criminal liability system has been regulated, with specific sanctions, and the choice of their nature and duration must not be made arbitrarily, as any solution should be predictable and motivated by reference to the degree of social danger of the deeds and the dangerousness of the perpetrator. In order to understand the extent of these concepts it is necessary to perform an analysis of the general individualization criteria of sentencing as they are presented and interpreted by the legal practice. The current regulation is not dependent on the „malum non habet aetatem” principle, which is why it is useful to understand the arguments on the basis of which the court individualizes the anti-criminal reaction, placing on one hand the malum element, and on the other the objective and subjective data regarding the deed-perpetrator dichotomy.
少数群体地位使罪犯处于易受伤害的境地,这往往是影响其对社会价值态度的各种因素的综合影响范围。对于这一类违法者,已经规定了一项特别的刑事责任制度,并规定了具体的制裁措施,其性质和期限的选择不得武断,因为任何解决办法都应是可预测的,并应根据行为的社会危险程度和犯罪者的危险性加以推动。为了理解这些概念的范围,有必要对法律实践中提出和解释的一般量刑个体化标准进行分析。目前的规定并不依赖于“恶行不习惯”原则,这就是为什么理解法院将反犯罪反应个体化所依据的论据是有用的,一方面是恶行要素,另一方面是关于行为-犯罪者二分法的客观和主观数据。
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引用次数: 0
Cauzele justificative și transmiterea unor boli infectocontagioase
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.31178/aubd.2020.17
Dorel Herinean, Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this article analyses some possibilities provided by the law in order to protect the public health or the health of an individual, respectively the commission of certain actions sanctioned by the criminal law under the incidence of the justification causes, with the consequence of their lack of criminal character. Whether it is the means of retaliation or rescue that can be used by a person facing the transmission of infectious diseases, the actions necessary to prevent or combat the pandemic that the law authorizes or the availability or not of a person's health as a social value, the situations that may appear in the near future in the legal practice have not been previously studied by the doctrine and have an element of novelty. Thus, the article makes, based on some theoretical exercises, a punctual analysis of some problems of application and interpretation that could intervene and for which are offered, most of the times, generic, principled landmarks, but also some concrete solutions on the incidence or exclusion from the application of the justification causes.
本文在新冠肺炎大流行背景下,分析了法律为保护公共健康或个人健康提供的一些可能性,分别是在正当事由的情况下实施刑法认可的某些行为,其后果不具备犯罪性质。无论是面临传染病传播的人可以使用的报复或救援手段,还是法律授权的预防或抗击流行病的必要行动,还是个人健康作为一种社会价值是否存在,在不久的将来可能出现的法律实践中的情况以前都没有被理论研究过,并且具有新颖性。因此,本文在一些理论实践的基础上,对一些适用和解释问题进行了及时的分析,这些问题可能会介入,并在大多数情况下提供了一般性的、原则性的标志,但也对正当性原因的发生或排除适用提出了一些具体的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
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Analele Universitării din București Drept
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