Hany S. Abdo, Ibrahim A. Alnaser, Asiful H. Seikh, Jabair A. Mohammed, Sameh A. Ragab, Ahmed Fouly
The potential of ecofriendly biochar, a carbon-rich byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, as a low-cost solid lubricating filler for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sustainable biocomposites is investigated in this work. Tensile strength, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), melting flow index (MFI), tensile test, flexural test, and frictional tests were used to characterize the biocomposites’ mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to assess the chemical composition of the biochar, while field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to capture the biochar morphology. The results showed that the incorporation of biochar in LDPE matrix increased the mechanical characteristics of the biocomposites and resulted in a significant increase in tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness. More specifically, the LDPE+10 wt% composite outperformed the pure LDPE matrix by 1.9% in tensile strength and 47% in flexural strength. Furthermore, integrating biochar into LDPE composites enhances thermal stability, lowers the melt flow index (MFI), and boosts the hardness by 24.3% for the composite with 10% biochar content. Furthermore, biochar improves wear resistance and durability, with the LDPE10 composite exhibiting a friction coefficient that is 56.3% lower than pure LDPE. These findings indicate that biochar is a viable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly filler for improving the performance of LDPE-based biocomposites for many varieties of applications.
{"title":"Ecofriendly Biochar as a Low-Cost Solid Lubricating Filler for LDPE Sustainable Biocomposites: Thermal, Mechanical, and Tribological Characterization","authors":"Hany S. Abdo, Ibrahim A. Alnaser, Asiful H. Seikh, Jabair A. Mohammed, Sameh A. Ragab, Ahmed Fouly","doi":"10.1155/2023/2445472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2445472","url":null,"abstract":"The potential of ecofriendly biochar, a carbon-rich byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, as a low-cost solid lubricating filler for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sustainable biocomposites is investigated in this work. Tensile strength, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), melting flow index (MFI), tensile test, flexural test, and frictional tests were used to characterize the biocomposites’ mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to assess the chemical composition of the biochar, while field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to capture the biochar morphology. The results showed that the incorporation of biochar in LDPE matrix increased the mechanical characteristics of the biocomposites and resulted in a significant increase in tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness. More specifically, the LDPE+10 wt% composite outperformed the pure LDPE matrix by 1.9% in tensile strength and 47% in flexural strength. Furthermore, integrating biochar into LDPE composites enhances thermal stability, lowers the melt flow index (MFI), and boosts the hardness by 24.3% for the composite with 10% biochar content. Furthermore, biochar improves wear resistance and durability, with the LDPE10 composite exhibiting a friction coefficient that is 56.3% lower than pure LDPE. These findings indicate that biochar is a viable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly filler for improving the performance of LDPE-based biocomposites for many varieties of applications.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138820136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a tough polymer used in applications, including plumbing and construction materials. As natural fibre-reinforced composites have more advantages over conventional synthetic composites, this paper focuses on the fatigue analysis of PVC composite which is reinforced with coir fibre. The influences of three input parameters, namely, the size of the coir fibre, coir fibre content, and the chemicals that are used in the treatment of coir fibre on the fatigue life of the composite are examined. In the response surface model (RSM), Box-Behnken designs (BBD) are employed for the preparation/analysis/optimization of the samples. ANSYS software is used to perform the fatigue analysis of different samples containing various combinations of the parameters. To determine the effects of various input parameters on the fatigue behaviour of composites, ANOVA is employed to determine their optimal levels. Regression equations are established to determine the fatigue limit. When treated with triethoxy(ethyl)silane, coir with a concentration of 6 wt.% and a particle size of 75 μm exhibits a maximum fatigue limit of 2.819 MPa.
{"title":"Virtual Fatigue Behaviour Analysis of Coir Fibre-Reinforced PVC Composites","authors":"Gopalan Venkatachalam, Umapathy Jayanthi, Arumugasamy Suja, Senthil Gnanaaksaya, Sampath Aravindh, Pitchumani Shenbaga Velu, Kulendran Balamurugan, Rajendiran Gopal","doi":"10.1155/2023/6685837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6685837","url":null,"abstract":"PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a tough polymer used in applications, including plumbing and construction materials. As natural fibre-reinforced composites have more advantages over conventional synthetic composites, this paper focuses on the fatigue analysis of PVC composite which is reinforced with coir fibre. The influences of three input parameters, namely, the size of the coir fibre, coir fibre content, and the chemicals that are used in the treatment of coir fibre on the fatigue life of the composite are examined. In the response surface model (RSM), Box-Behnken designs (BBD) are employed for the preparation/analysis/optimization of the samples. ANSYS software is used to perform the fatigue analysis of different samples containing various combinations of the parameters. To determine the effects of various input parameters on the fatigue behaviour of composites, ANOVA is employed to determine their optimal levels. Regression equations are established to determine the fatigue limit. When treated with triethoxy(ethyl)silane, coir with a concentration of 6 wt.% and a particle size of 75 <i>μ</i>m exhibits a maximum fatigue limit of 2.819 MPa.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"30 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Karbasi, Reza Darvishi, AmirHossein Enayati Gerdroodbar, Ghasem Payam
The kinetics of the synthesis of green polyurethane from the reaction between tannic acid (TA) and L-lysine diisocyanate (LDI) were investigated using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique and dynamic rheological tests. The evaluation of the reaction behavior of the prepared samples was carried out using nonisothermal conditions at dynamic heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min. The evolution of the activation energy with conversion was computed through the five isoconversional methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method (OFW), Friedman (FR), Starink, and Vyazovkin. The average activation energy calculated from these methods was estimated at 46.5, 46.8, 47.2, 47.3, and 51.4 KJ/mol, respectively. The preexponential factor was evaluated at 1/s. The overall reaction order () was also found to be around 1.8912. The results of the combination of the model-free method and model-fitting approach exhibited that the reaction mechanism was an autocatalytic type, implying the autocatalytic effect of the urethane groups formed during the reaction. The obtained kinetic for TA/LDI was verified through its good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the results found from the isothermal rheological test show that with increasing temperature, the gelation time decreases.
{"title":"Kinetic Analysis of the Reaction between Tannic Acid (TA) and L-Lysine Diisocyanate (LDI) Systems","authors":"Ali Karbasi, Reza Darvishi, AmirHossein Enayati Gerdroodbar, Ghasem Payam","doi":"10.1155/2023/6616752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6616752","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetics of the synthesis of green polyurethane from the reaction between tannic acid (TA) and L-lysine diisocyanate (LDI) were investigated using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique and dynamic rheological tests. The evaluation of the reaction behavior of the prepared samples was carried out using nonisothermal conditions at dynamic heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min. The evolution of the activation energy with conversion was computed through the five isoconversional methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method (OFW), Friedman (FR), Starink, and Vyazovkin. The average activation energy calculated from these methods was estimated at 46.5, 46.8, 47.2, 47.3, and 51.4 KJ/mol, respectively. The preexponential factor was evaluated at <span><svg height=\"11.786pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499002pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -11.4361 32.221 11.786\" width=\"32.221pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.59,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"11.786pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499002pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"35.076183799999995 -11.4361 17.683 11.786\" width=\"17.683pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.126,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,47.653,-5.741)\"></path></g></svg></span> 1/s. The overall reaction order (<span><svg height=\"7.35473pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499303pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -7.0048 17.063 7.35473\" width=\"17.063pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.432,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"7.35473pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499303pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"19.9181838 -7.0048 10.448 7.35473\" width=\"10.448pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.968,0)\"></path></g></svg>)</span></span> was also found to be around 1.8912. The results of the combination of the model-free method and model-fitting approach exhibited that the reaction mechanism was an autocatalytic type, implying the autocatalytic effect of the urethane groups formed during the reaction. The obtained kinetic for TA/LDI was verified through its good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the results found from the isothermal rheological test show that with increasing temperature, the gelation time decreases.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"30 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayesha Afzal, Muhammad Kashif Bangash, Asif Hafeez, Khubab Shaker
Carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRC) is a well-known hi-tech material with diverse applications. The CFRC faces several environmental conditions during its application, e.g., elevated temperatures, humidity, exposure to UV radiation, and acidic and alkaline environments. These environmental factors strongly affect the performance of CFRC, and they tend to age with time. Aging reduces the mechanical properties of the composite and ultimately its service life. In this review, the focus is on the aging of composite, common types of aging (thermal, hydrothermal acid and alkaline, and UV radiation), and the role of the third phase (fillers) in the aging process. There are numerous factors involved in the aging of composite. Aging starts with microcracks and proceeds towards delamination which further exposes the internal surface to environments. When the depths are exposed, free radicals are released and further deteriorate the internal structures. They create more pathways for oxygen to reach every millimeter of composite, thus reducing the mechanical performance of the composite. Usually, a trend is seen that introducing filler might slow down or compensate for the mechanical performance after aging. This trend is explored in the review article. However, usually, the third phase remained neutral and sometimes reduced and/or enhanced the mechanical properties after aging. In thermal aging, different metallic oxides have a noteworthy effect on mechanical performance. The synergistic effect of the third phase and aging on CFRC mechanical performance is also tabulated.
{"title":"Aging Effects on the Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites","authors":"Ayesha Afzal, Muhammad Kashif Bangash, Asif Hafeez, Khubab Shaker","doi":"10.1155/2023/4379307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4379307","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRC) is a well-known hi-tech material with diverse applications. The CFRC faces several environmental conditions during its application, e.g., elevated temperatures, humidity, exposure to UV radiation, and acidic and alkaline environments. These environmental factors strongly affect the performance of CFRC, and they tend to age with time. Aging reduces the mechanical properties of the composite and ultimately its service life. In this review, the focus is on the aging of composite, common types of aging (thermal, hydrothermal acid and alkaline, and UV radiation), and the role of the third phase (fillers) in the aging process. There are numerous factors involved in the aging of composite. Aging starts with microcracks and proceeds towards delamination which further exposes the internal surface to environments. When the depths are exposed, free radicals are released and further deteriorate the internal structures. They create more pathways for oxygen to reach every millimeter of composite, thus reducing the mechanical performance of the composite. Usually, a trend is seen that introducing filler might slow down or compensate for the mechanical performance after aging. This trend is explored in the review article. However, usually, the third phase remained neutral and sometimes reduced and/or enhanced the mechanical properties after aging. In thermal aging, different metallic oxides have a noteworthy effect on mechanical performance. The synergistic effect of the third phase and aging on CFRC mechanical performance is also tabulated.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tusher -Al-Arafat, Shawon Ahmed, Polash Chandra Karmakar, Umme Salma Zohora, Naznin Akhtar, S. M. Asaduzzaman
Bone tissue engineering aims to repair diseased or damaged bone that cannot be regenerated naturally. This study is designed to develop biodegradable porous scaffolds as bone substitutes and evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on these scaffolds for the restoration of defected bone. Here, composite scaffolds (HA-COL-CS-Mg-ZnO) were prepared by the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique using collagen (COL) and chitosan (CS), hydroxyapatite (HA), magnesium (Mg), and zinc oxide (ZnO) at different mass ratios. Thereafter, the scaffolds were subjected to 10 KGy γ-radiation for physical cross-linking and sterilization. The physicochemical and biological properties of the scaffolds were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), physical stability (biodegradability, swelling rate, porosity, and density), mechanical properties, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923). We found that the irradiated scaffold showed enhanced tensile strength and antimicrobial activities which are desirable characteristics of bone-mimicking scaffolds. FESEM revealed that the average pore size decreased from 192.3 to 104.5 μm due to radiation. FTIR-ATR spectra showed that γ-radiation triggered cross-linking in the polymer matrix which improved mechanical strength (0.82 N/mm2 to 1.86 N/mm2) by increasing pore wall thickness. Moreover, the irradiated and nonirradiated scaffolds were biocompatible and noncytotoxic toward the Vero cell line which ensured their suitability for use in vivo. These results demonstrate that sterilization of HA-COL-CS-Mg-ZnO scaffolds with gamma-irradiation substantially improves the physicochemical and morphological features which aid bone tissue regeneration and could be supportive for new bone formation.
{"title":"Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Collagen-Chitosan-Mg-ZnO Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","authors":"Tusher -Al-Arafat, Shawon Ahmed, Polash Chandra Karmakar, Umme Salma Zohora, Naznin Akhtar, S. M. Asaduzzaman","doi":"10.1155/2023/6682223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6682223","url":null,"abstract":"Bone tissue engineering aims to repair diseased or damaged bone that cannot be regenerated naturally. This study is designed to develop biodegradable porous scaffolds as bone substitutes and evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on these scaffolds for the restoration of defected bone. Here, composite scaffolds (HA-COL-CS-Mg-ZnO) were prepared by the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique using collagen (COL) and chitosan (CS), hydroxyapatite (HA), magnesium (Mg), and zinc oxide (ZnO) at different mass ratios. Thereafter, the scaffolds were subjected to 10 KGy γ-radiation for physical cross-linking and sterilization. The physicochemical and biological properties of the scaffolds were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), physical stability (biodegradability, swelling rate, porosity, and density), mechanical properties, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923). We found that the irradiated scaffold showed enhanced tensile strength and antimicrobial activities which are desirable characteristics of bone-mimicking scaffolds. FESEM revealed that the average pore size decreased from 192.3 to 104.5 μm due to radiation. FTIR-ATR spectra showed that γ-radiation triggered cross-linking in the polymer matrix which improved mechanical strength (0.82 N/mm2 to 1.86 N/mm2) by increasing pore wall thickness. Moreover, the irradiated and nonirradiated scaffolds were biocompatible and noncytotoxic toward the Vero cell line which ensured their suitability for use in vivo. These results demonstrate that sterilization of HA-COL-CS-Mg-ZnO scaffolds with gamma-irradiation substantially improves the physicochemical and morphological features which aid bone tissue regeneration and could be supportive for new bone formation.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"39 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has been an increase in the incidence of meniscus injuries worldwide, as well as growing needs for injectable hydrogels with the potentials to promote in situ meniscal tissue repair. This work developed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-collagen I composite hydrogels, with a series of different collagen I contents. The hydrogels were injectable under room temperature and started to solidify around 32°C due to their thermosensitivities, meeting the requirements of the intended applications. The addition of collagen I to the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) provided physical reinforcement to the hydrogels. Rheological characterizations showed that, under room temperature, the complex viscosity, the storage modulus, and the loss modulus, respectively, increased from Pa•s to Pa•s, from Pa to Pa, and from Pa to Pa, as the collagen I content in the hydrogel increased from 0% to 1%. Cell proliferation tests and high-density culture also revealed that collagen I promoted bioactivity of the hydrogels and induced fibrochondrocyte phenotype of the chondrocytes. The expressions of collagen I protein and collagen I a1 gene in the PNIPAm-0.5Coll group were 3.50-fold and 3.64-fold of those in the PNIPAm group. In contrast, the expressions of collagen II protein and collagen II a1 gene were less prominent (respectively, 2.36-fold and 3.34-fold in the PNIPAm-0.5Coll group compared with the PNIPAm group). This phenotyping was believed to be conducive to the regeneration of meniscal tissues. The findings of this study have provided an important basis for future in vivo studies and clinical applications of this type of composite hydrogels.
{"title":"Physical and Biological Characterizations of Injectable Thermosensitive Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)-Collagen I Hydrogels Intended for Meniscus Repair","authors":"Chunhai Ke, Xuanyuan Lu, Jiahua Ni, Ruicong Li, Qi Chen, Zhaoxiang Peng","doi":"10.1155/2023/3995457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3995457","url":null,"abstract":"There has been an increase in the incidence of meniscus injuries worldwide, as well as growing needs for injectable hydrogels with the potentials to promote in situ meniscal tissue repair. This work developed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-collagen I composite hydrogels, with a series of different collagen I contents. The hydrogels were injectable under room temperature and started to solidify around 32°C due to their thermosensitivities, meeting the requirements of the intended applications. The addition of collagen I to the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) provided physical reinforcement to the hydrogels. Rheological characterizations showed that, under room temperature, the complex viscosity, the storage modulus, and the loss modulus, respectively, increased from <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mn>0.71</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.35</mn> </math> Pa•s to <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M2\"> <mn>110.95</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>23.22</mn> </math> Pa•s, from <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M3\"> <mn>3.28</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>2.02</mn> </math> Pa to <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M4\"> <mn>658.06</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>128.07</mn> </math> Pa, and from <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M5\"> <mn>3.30</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1.01</mn> </math> Pa to <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M6\"> <mn>308.78</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>56.67</mn> </math> Pa, as the collagen I content in the hydrogel increased from 0% to 1%. Cell proliferation tests and high-density culture also revealed that collagen I promoted bioactivity of the hydrogels and induced fibrochondrocyte phenotype of the chondrocytes. The expressions of collagen I protein and collagen I a1 gene in the PNIPAm-0.5Coll group were 3.50-fold and 3.64-fold of those in the PNIPAm group. In contrast, the expressions of collagen II protein and collagen II a1 gene were less prominent (respectively, 2.36-fold and 3.34-fold in the PNIPAm-0.5Coll group compared with the PNIPAm group). This phenotyping was believed to be conducive to the regeneration of meniscal tissues. The findings of this study have provided an important basis for future in vivo studies and clinical applications of this type of composite hydrogels.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"4 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135391524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wastewater treatment with chemical coagulants has a variety of drawbacks, including sludge management, cost, concerns for human health, and environmental pollution. In light of this, a study was conducted to determine whether banana plant stem (Musa acuminate) made coagulant can effectively reduce turbidity (NTU) of wastewater. In this study, conventional extraction method was used to extract the coagulant from the banana plant stem by using NaCl (0.1, 0.5, 1 M) solvent. After extraction, the coagulation efficiency of each produced coagulant was computed in terms of their turbidity removal efficiency (%) from sampled wastewater. The sampled wastewater had an average turbidity value of 893 NTU. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to study the effects of NaCl solvent concentration (M), extraction time (min), and particle size (mm) on the coagulation efficiency (%) of the extracted coagulant. In addition, the coagulant was characterized such as FTIR analysis, point of zero charge value determination, and inulin compound presence analysis. From all prepared coagulants, the maximum coagulation efficiency obtained was 86.3% at the optimum conditions, such as 0.55 M (NaCl) of solvent concentration, 1.25 mm particle size, and 20 min of extraction time. The characterized coagulant had 6.2 points of zero charge value and also had various types of functional groups. Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that the coagulant prepared from banana stems (Musa acuminate) was an efficient natural coagulant that could be applied to treat wastewater.
用化学混凝剂处理废水有各种各样的缺点，包括污泥管理、成本、对人体健康的关注和环境污染。鉴于此，本研究旨在确定香蕉植物茎(Musa acuminate)制成的混凝剂是否能有效降低废水的浊度(NTU)。本研究采用常规提取方法，采用NaCl(0.1、0.5、1 M)溶剂从香蕉茎中提取混凝剂。提取后，根据各混凝剂对样品废水的浊度去除率(%)计算其混凝效率。采样废水的平均浊度值为893 NTU。采用响应面法(RSM)和中心复合设计(CCD)研究了NaCl溶剂浓度(M)、萃取时间(min)和粒径(mm)对萃取混凝剂混凝效率(%)的影响。此外，还对混凝剂进行了FTIR分析、零电荷点测定和菊粉化合物存在分析等表征。在溶剂浓度为0.55 M (NaCl)、粒径为1.25 mm、萃取时间为20 min的最佳条件下，混凝剂的混凝效率为86.3%。所表征的混凝剂具有6.2点零电荷值，并具有多种类型的官能团。本研究结果表明，以香蕉茎为原料制备的混凝剂是一种高效的天然混凝剂，可用于废水处理。
{"title":"Extraction and Characterization of Natural Coagulant Made from Banana Plant Stems (Musa acuminate) for the Removal of Turbidity from Wastewater","authors":"Getachew Semegn Tiruneh, Wondalem Misganaw Golie, Fasil Alemayehu Hailu, Assefa Melaku Endris, Getahun Demeke","doi":"10.1155/2023/5574706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5574706","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatment with chemical coagulants has a variety of drawbacks, including sludge management, cost, concerns for human health, and environmental pollution. In light of this, a study was conducted to determine whether banana plant stem (Musa acuminate) made coagulant can effectively reduce turbidity (NTU) of wastewater. In this study, conventional extraction method was used to extract the coagulant from the banana plant stem by using NaCl (0.1, 0.5, 1 M) solvent. After extraction, the coagulation efficiency of each produced coagulant was computed in terms of their turbidity removal efficiency (%) from sampled wastewater. The sampled wastewater had an average turbidity value of 893 NTU. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to study the effects of NaCl solvent concentration (M), extraction time (min), and particle size (mm) on the coagulation efficiency (%) of the extracted coagulant. In addition, the coagulant was characterized such as FTIR analysis, point of zero charge value determination, and inulin compound presence analysis. From all prepared coagulants, the maximum coagulation efficiency obtained was 86.3% at the optimum conditions, such as 0.55 M (NaCl) of solvent concentration, 1.25 mm particle size, and 20 min of extraction time. The characterized coagulant had 6.2 points of zero charge value and also had various types of functional groups. Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that the coagulant prepared from banana stems (Musa acuminate) was an efficient natural coagulant that could be applied to treat wastewater.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"9 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136159309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hailemariam Biratu, Mengistu Gelaw, Kiran Shahapurkar, Venkatesh Chenrayan, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, Vineet Tirth, Ali Algahtani, Tawfiq Al-Mughanam
The present research investigates the wear characteristics of an epoxy composite reinforced with a novel Caesalpinia decapetala (CD) shell. The CD is available abundantly worldwide, especially in Ethiopia, particularly in East and West Oromia near West Harar. The composite specimens were processed in the open mould casting technique by varying the vol.% of CD in 10, 20, and 30. EDS is used to evaluate the important elements present in the CD. The density of composites increases with the increase in the content of CD, while the void content estimations reveal good control over the composite fabrication. The wear response of composites is investigated by varying the sliding distance and load and by maintaining a fixed velocity (5 m/s). At a 5 km slide distance and 50 N load, the 30 vol.% Caesalpinia decapetala composition depicts better wear resistance and friction coefficient than other compositions. Experimental results are used to envisage the ideal wear factors and to assess the influence of parameters over the two wear objectives, wear rate and CoF. The grey relational analysis- (GRA-) coupled artificial neural network (ANN) hybrid technique was employed for the prediction and validation. It has been observed that a trivial error of 0.49% amidst GRA and ANN estimation is observed.
{"title":"Effect of Caesalpinia decapetala on the Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Epoxy Composites","authors":"Hailemariam Biratu, Mengistu Gelaw, Kiran Shahapurkar, Venkatesh Chenrayan, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, Vineet Tirth, Ali Algahtani, Tawfiq Al-Mughanam","doi":"10.1155/2023/9379277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9379277","url":null,"abstract":"The present research investigates the wear characteristics of an epoxy composite reinforced with a novel Caesalpinia decapetala (CD) shell. The CD is available abundantly worldwide, especially in Ethiopia, particularly in East and West Oromia near West Harar. The composite specimens were processed in the open mould casting technique by varying the vol.% of CD in 10, 20, and 30. EDS is used to evaluate the important elements present in the CD. The density of composites increases with the increase in the content of CD, while the void content estimations reveal good control over the composite fabrication. The wear response of composites is investigated by varying the sliding distance and load and by maintaining a fixed velocity (5 m/s). At a 5 km slide distance and 50 N load, the 30 vol.% Caesalpinia decapetala composition depicts better wear resistance and friction coefficient than other compositions. Experimental results are used to envisage the ideal wear factors and to assess the influence of parameters over the two wear objectives, wear rate and CoF. The grey relational analysis- (GRA-) coupled artificial neural network (ANN) hybrid technique was employed for the prediction and validation. It has been observed that a trivial error of 0.49% amidst GRA and ANN estimation is observed.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brillant Djomsi Wembe, Nfor Clins Wiryikfu, Guy Edgar Ntamack, Bienvenue Kenmeugne, Theodore Tchotang, Djomi Rolland, Tido Tiwa Stanislas
The presence of floating plants is becoming an uncontrollable issue on the banks of Douala, Cameroon, notably in the city of Bonaberi, where the water hyacinth is expanding incredibly quickly. The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and physicochemical performance of water hyacinth fibers for pulp manufacture. To this end, tensile tests on fiber bundles in accordance with ISO 13934-1:2013, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical composition evaluation in accordance with ASTM 1972 and 1977, and absorption rate were carried out. The results obtained indicate that the fiber is composed of a variety of fibrils with irregular cross-sections, with an average diameter ranging from 0.02 to 0.09 mm. The fibers absorb 42.03% of their weight in water, and their density ranges from 1.23 to 1.45 g/cm3. According to mechanical tests, the fiber has a maximum tensile strength of around 0.64 MPa, a specific modulus of 6.45 MPa/g/cm3, and an elongation at break of 1.8%. For the chemical characteristics of the fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents are 68.3%, 11.3%, and 7.4%, respectively, while pectin and ash content concentrations are 4.8% and 7.8%, respectively. Thus, in order to determine whether the plant is suitable for making pulp and paper, this investigation was conducted to examine its fiber properties. It was found that the water hyacinth fibers were superior to flax straw and jute fibers in all qualities, but not as good as silk cotton and bagasse fibers. Given the information above, water hyacinth has been recognized as a potential raw material for the pulp and paper industries, though.
{"title":"Extraction and Physicochemical and Thermomechanical Characterizations of Water Hyacinth Fibers Eichhornia crassipes","authors":"Brillant Djomsi Wembe, Nfor Clins Wiryikfu, Guy Edgar Ntamack, Bienvenue Kenmeugne, Theodore Tchotang, Djomi Rolland, Tido Tiwa Stanislas","doi":"10.1155/2023/6652978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6652978","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of floating plants is becoming an uncontrollable issue on the banks of Douala, Cameroon, notably in the city of Bonaberi, where the water hyacinth is expanding incredibly quickly. The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and physicochemical performance of water hyacinth fibers for pulp manufacture. To this end, tensile tests on fiber bundles in accordance with ISO 13934-1:2013, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical composition evaluation in accordance with ASTM 1972 and 1977, and absorption rate were carried out. The results obtained indicate that the fiber is composed of a variety of fibrils with irregular cross-sections, with an average diameter ranging from 0.02 to 0.09 mm. The fibers absorb 42.03% of their weight in water, and their density ranges from 1.23 to 1.45 g/cm3. According to mechanical tests, the fiber has a maximum tensile strength of around 0.64 MPa, a specific modulus of 6.45 MPa/g/cm3, and an elongation at break of 1.8%. For the chemical characteristics of the fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents are 68.3%, 11.3%, and 7.4%, respectively, while pectin and ash content concentrations are 4.8% and 7.8%, respectively. Thus, in order to determine whether the plant is suitable for making pulp and paper, this investigation was conducted to examine its fiber properties. It was found that the water hyacinth fibers were superior to flax straw and jute fibers in all qualities, but not as good as silk cotton and bagasse fibers. Given the information above, water hyacinth has been recognized as a potential raw material for the pulp and paper industries, though.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"48 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135365445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sujeet Kumar Thakur, Seera Raviteja, Tayur N. Guru Row, Sambasivan Venkat Eswaran
Lignite humic acid on reaction with formaldehyde and aqueous alkali led to a polybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane. This was characterized spectroscopically using mass spectrometry, FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction, TEM, and NMR studies (1H-NMR, CP-MAS-SS-NMR) which though challenging were useful for confirming the structure of the BCN polymer. The product showed an envelope peak in its MALDI-MS spectrum, based on which M ̅ n , M ̅ w , and polydispersity index have been calculated. Based on the NMR spectrum of intermediate, the presence of the N-formyl group has been shown in it. The new polymer could be useful in agriculture in water-deficient areas. Most papers on humic acids include only broad and general information like elemental analysis (occasionally TEM, SEM, TGA, DSC, etc.). Very complicated structures have been proposed by scientists earlier. Only in very recent years, it has been recognized that these are relatively small molecules which masquerade as supramolecular structures. It is pointed out that most papers do not put down the structure of the compound and provide no concrete proof for proposing such structures. The novelty of our work is that we have characterized the precise molecular weights based on mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy along with a well-defined structure. This is not the case in most other publications.
褐煤腐殖酸与甲醛和碱水反应生成多双环[3.3.1]壬烷。通过质谱、FT-IR、粉末x射线衍射、TEM和NMR研究(1H-NMR、CP-MAS-SS-NMR)对其进行了光谱表征，这些研究虽然具有挑战性，但对确定BCN聚合物的结构很有用。产品在MALDI-MS谱上出现包络峰，据此计算出M′n、M′w和多分散性指数。通过对中间体的核磁共振谱分析，证实了n -甲酰基的存在。这种新型聚合物可用于缺水地区的农业。大多数关于腐植酸的论文只包括元素分析(偶尔有TEM, SEM, TGA, DSC等)等广泛和一般的信息。之前科学家们已经提出了非常复杂的结构。直到最近几年，人们才认识到这些相对较小的分子伪装成超分子结构。文章指出，大多数论文没有给出化合物的结构，也没有提供提出这种结构的具体证据。我们工作的新颖之处在于，我们已经根据质谱和核磁共振光谱以及定义明确的结构表征了精确的分子量。在大多数其他出版物中，情况并非如此。
{"title":"Base-Catalyzed Polymerization of a Substituted Methylenebicyclo[3.3.1]nonane","authors":"Sujeet Kumar Thakur, Seera Raviteja, Tayur N. Guru Row, Sambasivan Venkat Eswaran","doi":"10.1155/2023/5580382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5580382","url":null,"abstract":"Lignite humic acid on reaction with formaldehyde and aqueous alkali led to a polybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane. This was characterized spectroscopically using mass spectrometry, FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction, TEM, and NMR studies (1H-NMR, CP-MAS-SS-NMR) which though challenging were useful for confirming the structure of the BCN polymer. The product showed an envelope peak in its MALDI-MS spectrum, based on which M ̅ n , M ̅ w , and polydispersity index have been calculated. Based on the NMR spectrum of intermediate, the presence of the N-formyl group has been shown in it. The new polymer could be useful in agriculture in water-deficient areas. Most papers on humic acids include only broad and general information like elemental analysis (occasionally TEM, SEM, TGA, DSC, etc.). Very complicated structures have been proposed by scientists earlier. Only in very recent years, it has been recognized that these are relatively small molecules which masquerade as supramolecular structures. It is pointed out that most papers do not put down the structure of the compound and provide no concrete proof for proposing such structures. The novelty of our work is that we have characterized the precise molecular weights based on mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy along with a well-defined structure. This is not the case in most other publications.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136014389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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