Hanan A. Ibraheem, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Emad Yousif, Dina S. Ahmed, Hassan Hashim, Benson M. Kariuki
For practical application, it is crucial to ensure that polymeric materials are protected against degradation due to aging and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. A range of advancements in developing novel photostabilizers has been made in the last few years. Another approach is the alteration of polymer structures to enhance their ability to resist photodegradation and photooxidation on exposure to UV light for extended periods in harsh conditions. Polymeric chain modifications have proved to be efficient in increasing the photostability of materials. The current work deals with the surface functionalization of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by incorporating organotin moieties on the polymer backbone. PMMA reacts with ethylenediamine to attach amino groups to the polymer chains. The amino group reacts with 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde to produce the corresponding Schiff base. Adding trisubstituted (methyl, butyl, and phenyl) tin chloride led to the addition of organometallic residence to the polymeric chains. Thin films of the modified PMMA were made and irradiated with ultraviolet light for long durations to test the effect of chain modification on the photostability of polymeric materials. The effect of the substituent on the tin atom on the photostability of PMMA has been analyzed. Various methods were used for assessment, including infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, surface morphology, and roughness factor. The modified polymers showed increased resistance to photodegradation and had lower roughness factor, weight reduction, surface damages, and small fragments generated compared to the blank PMMA. The polymer containing phenyl substituents showed the most apparent photostabilization effect and the least destructive changes in the PMMA surface on photoirradiation.
{"title":"Investigation of the Impact of Chemical Modifications on the Photostability of Polymethyl Methacrylate","authors":"Hanan A. Ibraheem, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Emad Yousif, Dina S. Ahmed, Hassan Hashim, Benson M. Kariuki","doi":"10.1155/2024/3354280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3354280","url":null,"abstract":"For practical application, it is crucial to ensure that polymeric materials are protected against degradation due to aging and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. A range of advancements in developing novel photostabilizers has been made in the last few years. Another approach is the alteration of polymer structures to enhance their ability to resist photodegradation and photooxidation on exposure to UV light for extended periods in harsh conditions. Polymeric chain modifications have proved to be efficient in increasing the photostability of materials. The current work deals with the surface functionalization of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by incorporating organotin moieties on the polymer backbone. PMMA reacts with ethylenediamine to attach amino groups to the polymer chains. The amino group reacts with 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde to produce the corresponding Schiff base. Adding trisubstituted (methyl, butyl, and phenyl) tin chloride led to the addition of organometallic residence to the polymeric chains. Thin films of the modified PMMA were made and irradiated with ultraviolet light for long durations to test the effect of chain modification on the photostability of polymeric materials. The effect of the substituent on the tin atom on the photostability of PMMA has been analyzed. Various methods were used for assessment, including infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, surface morphology, and roughness factor. The modified polymers showed increased resistance to photodegradation and had lower roughness factor, weight reduction, surface damages, and small fragments generated compared to the blank PMMA. The polymer containing phenyl substituents showed the most apparent photostabilization effect and the least destructive changes in the PMMA surface on photoirradiation.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"346 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139753349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Santhosh Kumar, P. Kamaraj, P. A. Vivekanand, Govindasami Periyasami, Mostafizur Rahaman, Perumal Karthikeyan, U. T. Uthappa, Selvakumar Palaniappan
The monomer 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanoacrylate (IANOPA) and monomer 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanomethacrylate (IANOPMA) were synthesized by treating 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol with acryloylchloride/methacryloyl chloride. The above esterification reactions were carried out in the presence of triethylamine. By employing the free radical polymerization method, the synthesized monomers were converted into polymers by using an initiator 2, 2-azobisisobutyronitrile in the presence of nitrogen environment at °C. The monomers and polymers were characterized by various techniques such as FT-IR, UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses. Further, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to estimate the glass transition temperature (). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to estimate the molecular weight of the polymers. In addition, monomer and polymer surfaces’ morphology was analyzed using SEM analysis. As a primary application, the effectiveness of synthesized monomers and polymers was explored as antibacterial agents against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which were measured from their inhibitory zone diameters. Further, the synthesized polymers, poly-IANOPA and poly-IANOPMA, were utilized for the uptake ability study of heavy metal ions such as Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ present in water sources by equilibrium method.
{"title":"Design of Novel Poly(Propranolol) Acrylate and Methacrylate Polymers through Radical Polymerization for Antibacterial Activity and Metal Ion Absorption","authors":"John Santhosh Kumar, P. Kamaraj, P. A. Vivekanand, Govindasami Periyasami, Mostafizur Rahaman, Perumal Karthikeyan, U. T. Uthappa, Selvakumar Palaniappan","doi":"10.1155/2024/6626223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6626223","url":null,"abstract":"The monomer 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanoacrylate (IANOPA) and monomer 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanomethacrylate (IANOPMA) were synthesized by treating 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol with acryloylchloride/methacryloyl chloride. The above esterification reactions were carried out in the presence of triethylamine. By employing the free radical polymerization method, the synthesized monomers were converted into polymers by using an initiator 2, 2<span><svg height=\"7.86364pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.04981995pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -7.81382 4.53621 7.86364\" width=\"4.53621pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g></svg>-</span>azobisisobutyronitrile in the presence of nitrogen environment at <span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 23.019 8.69875\" width=\"23.019pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.242,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.388,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"25.8741838 -8.34882 6.436 8.69875\" width=\"6.436pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.924,0)\"></path></g></svg></span>°C. The monomers and polymers were characterized by various techniques such as FT-IR, UV, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopic analyses. Further, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to estimate the glass transition temperature (<span><svg height=\"14.4911pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-5.52898pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.96212 13.0802 14.4911\" width=\"13.0802pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.132)\"></path></g></svg>).</span> Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to estimate the molecular weight of the polymers. In addition, monomer and polymer surfaces’ morphology was analyzed using SEM analysis. As a primary application, the effectiveness of synthesized monomers and polymers was explored as antibacterial agents against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which were measured from their inhibitory zone diameters. Further, the synthesized polymers, poly-IANOPA and poly-IANOPMA, were utilized for the uptake ability study of heavy metal ions such as Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup> present in water sources by equilibrium method.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139583084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin N. Muigano, Sylvester E. Anami, Justus M. Onguso, Godfrey O. Mauti
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible polymers that are produced by microorganisms as storage materials under limited nutrition and excess carbon. These PHAs have been found to be ideal for replacing synthetic plastics for use in packaging and biomedical applications. In this study, an alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic bacterium <i>Halomonas alkalicola</i> Ext was isolated from Lake Simbi Nyaima in western Kenya and investigated for PHA production. Sudan Black B and Nile Red A staining showed that bacterium had distinct ability for accumulation of PHAs. To optimize PHA production, the bacterium was grown in submerged fermentation under varying culture conditions and different sources and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. With one-factor-at-a-time (OFTA) approach, optimal PHA yields were obtained after 72 hours at a pH of 10.0, temperature of 35°C, and 2.5% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) NaCl. The bacterium yielded the highest biomass, and PHA amounts on 2% galactose and 0.1% ammonium sulfate as sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. A record PHA yield of 0.071 g g<sup>-1</sup> with a titer of <span><svg height="12.6917pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40337pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 38.462 12.6917" width="38.462pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.831,0)"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height="12.6917pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40337pt" version="1.1" viewbox="41.317183799999995 -9.28833 35.324 12.6917" width="35.324pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.367,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.571,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.811,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-58"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.228,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.335,0)"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height="12.6917pt" style="vertical-align:-3.40337pt" version="1.1" viewbox="76.6461838 -9.28833 7.347 12.6917" width="7.347pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.696,0)"></path></g></svg></span> was achieved from 3.397 g/L of biomass, equivalent to 41.8% PHA content. Using response surface methodology, PHA titer was increased by 1.5% to 1.44 g/L, while PHA content was improved 1.1-fold to 45.57%. Polymer analysis revealed that the extracted PHA was a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydrox
{"title":"Optimized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) Production by Moderately Haloalkaliphilic Bacterium Halomonas alkalicola Ext","authors":"Martin N. Muigano, Sylvester E. Anami, Justus M. Onguso, Godfrey O. Mauti","doi":"10.1155/2024/6667843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6667843","url":null,"abstract":"Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible polymers that are produced by microorganisms as storage materials under limited nutrition and excess carbon. These PHAs have been found to be ideal for replacing synthetic plastics for use in packaging and biomedical applications. In this study, an alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic bacterium <i>Halomonas alkalicola</i> Ext was isolated from Lake Simbi Nyaima in western Kenya and investigated for PHA production. Sudan Black B and Nile Red A staining showed that bacterium had distinct ability for accumulation of PHAs. To optimize PHA production, the bacterium was grown in submerged fermentation under varying culture conditions and different sources and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. With one-factor-at-a-time (OFTA) approach, optimal PHA yields were obtained after 72 hours at a pH of 10.0, temperature of 35°C, and 2.5% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) NaCl. The bacterium yielded the highest biomass, and PHA amounts on 2% galactose and 0.1% ammonium sulfate as sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. A record PHA yield of 0.071 g g<sup>-1</sup> with a titer of <span><svg height=\"12.6917pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.40337pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 38.462 12.6917\" width=\"38.462pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.831,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"12.6917pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.40337pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"41.317183799999995 -9.28833 35.324 12.6917\" width=\"35.324pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.367,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.607,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.571,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.811,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-58\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.228,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.335,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"12.6917pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.40337pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"76.6461838 -9.28833 7.347 12.6917\" width=\"7.347pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,76.696,0)\"></path></g></svg></span> was achieved from 3.397 g/L of biomass, equivalent to 41.8% PHA content. Using response surface methodology, PHA titer was increased by 1.5% to 1.44 g/L, while PHA content was improved 1.1-fold to 45.57%. Polymer analysis revealed that the extracted PHA was a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydrox","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139501394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nghiem Thi Thuong, Nguyen Ba Lam, Pham Anh Son, Nguyen Ba Chien, Nguyen Pham Duy Linh, Chu Thi Hai Nam, Nguyen Anh Vu
In the present work, AlN was modified with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), and its effect on the properties of a thermally conductive composite of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), and AlN was investigated. Three composites, HIPS/AlN5, HIPS/AlN9, and HIPS/moAlN9, were prepared by mixing HIPS and AlN in a toluene solution, followed by hot pressing. The HIPS/AlN composite was characterized by tensile test, impact strength, flexural strength, and hardness shore D. The sample HIPS/moAlN9 showed the improvement of these properties compared to that of the HIPS/AlN9 sample. The increment of those mechanical properties was due to the good interaction between the modified AlN and HIPS resin matrix, which was revealed by morphology observation by SEM. Incorporating modified AlN into the HIPS matrix was also found to enhance the thermal conductivity by about 20%, from 0.15 for HIPS to 0.18 (W/m·K) for HIPS/moAlN9. It was explained due to the good adherence of AlN to the HIPS, which provided more thermal conductive routes than HIPS/AlN. This approach provides a possible strategy to prepare thermally conductive HIPS composite, which may be suitable for electronic device that required heat dissipation.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Thermally Conductive High Impact Polystyrene/AlN Composite","authors":"Nghiem Thi Thuong, Nguyen Ba Lam, Pham Anh Son, Nguyen Ba Chien, Nguyen Pham Duy Linh, Chu Thi Hai Nam, Nguyen Anh Vu","doi":"10.1155/2024/2723981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2723981","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, AlN was modified with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), and its effect on the properties of a thermally conductive composite of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), and AlN was investigated. Three composites, HIPS/AlN5, HIPS/AlN9, and HIPS/moAlN9, were prepared by mixing HIPS and AlN in a toluene solution, followed by hot pressing. The HIPS/AlN composite was characterized by tensile test, impact strength, flexural strength, and hardness shore D. The sample HIPS/moAlN9 showed the improvement of these properties compared to that of the HIPS/AlN9 sample. The increment of those mechanical properties was due to the good interaction between the modified AlN and HIPS resin matrix, which was revealed by morphology observation by SEM. Incorporating modified AlN into the HIPS matrix was also found to enhance the thermal conductivity by about 20%, from 0.15 for HIPS to 0.18 (W/m·K) for HIPS/moAlN9. It was explained due to the good adherence of AlN to the HIPS, which provided more thermal conductive routes than HIPS/AlN. This approach provides a possible strategy to prepare thermally conductive HIPS composite, which may be suitable for electronic device that required heat dissipation.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139498262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emmanuel Nangor, Lucas N. W. Damoah, Ebenezer Annan, David Sasu Konadu, Bismark Mensah, Yaw Delali Bensah
This study was to determine the suitability of recycled waste polyethylene (WPE) processed into water-oil emulsion for lightweight concrete applications. The processed WPE in the form of polyethylene emulsion (PE-e) is to promote physical interaction between the polymeric material and the cementitious matrix. The PE-e used was also to partially replace concrete mix composition by PE-e_1, PE-e_2.5, PE-e_5, and PE-e_10 percents for reference concrete and to introduce plasticity into the mechanical behaviour of the concrete. The PE was processed into PE-e to promote affinity for water, and this hydrophilicity was prominent in PE-e_1 and PE-e_2.5 percent concretes. Concretes with PE-e_1 and PE-e_2.5 percent formed good miscibility with the cementitious matrix. The density of the PE-e concrete decreased to 13.68% with 10% PE-e at 28 days. The replacement of mix constituents of PE-e_1, PE-e_2.5, and PE-e_5 percent induced elastic to plastic behaviour in the concrete coupled with low water absorption. The FTIR data showed characteristic peaks of 3378 cm-1, 1740 cm-1, and 1148 cm-1 in the PE-e. Using optical microscopy, it was shown that the PE particles were homogenously dispersed in the concrete matrix. The study shows the feasibility of using PE-e_1 percent to produce structural lightweight concrete and up to PE-e_10 percent for nonstructural applications mainly for light non-load-bearing partitions.
{"title":"The Use of Recycled Polyethylene in Water-Oil Emulsion for Lightweight Concrete","authors":"Emmanuel Nangor, Lucas N. W. Damoah, Ebenezer Annan, David Sasu Konadu, Bismark Mensah, Yaw Delali Bensah","doi":"10.1155/2024/8872370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8872370","url":null,"abstract":"This study was to determine the suitability of recycled waste polyethylene (WPE) processed into water-oil emulsion for lightweight concrete applications. The processed WPE in the form of polyethylene emulsion (PE-e) is to promote physical interaction between the polymeric material and the cementitious matrix. The PE-e used was also to partially replace concrete mix composition by PE-e_1, PE-e_2.5, PE-e_5, and PE-e_10 percents for reference concrete and to introduce plasticity into the mechanical behaviour of the concrete. The PE was processed into PE-e to promote affinity for water, and this hydrophilicity was prominent in PE-e_1 and PE-e_2.5 percent concretes. Concretes with PE-e_1 and PE-e_2.5 percent formed good miscibility with the cementitious matrix. The density of the PE-e concrete decreased to 13.68% with 10% PE-e at 28 days. The replacement of mix constituents of PE-e_1, PE-e_2.5, and PE-e_5 percent induced elastic to plastic behaviour in the concrete coupled with low water absorption. The FTIR data showed characteristic peaks of 3378 cm<sup>-1</sup>, 1740 cm<sup>-1</sup>, and 1148 cm<sup>-1</sup> in the PE-e. Using optical microscopy, it was shown that the PE particles were homogenously dispersed in the concrete matrix. The study shows the feasibility of using PE-e_1 percent to produce structural lightweight concrete and up to PE-e_10 percent for nonstructural applications mainly for light non-load-bearing partitions.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139482667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Tufail, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Ikram Ullah Khan, Kamran Ahmad Khan, Shefaat Ullah Shah, Faisal Rashid, Jahangir Khan, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Abdullah F. Alasmari, Muhammad Shahid Riaz
The present study is aimed at designing bilayer-floating tablets to improve the drug concentration in the stomach for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The tablets are comprised of an upper layer of levofloxacin (466.5 mg) and a lower layer of famotidine (133.5 mg). Five formulations (F1-F5) were developed by using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose grades (K4M, K15M, and K100M) along with Carbopol 934. In the case of the effervescent system (F1-F3), sodium bicarbonate was added to impart buoyancy to the tablets; while in the case of noneffervescent formulations (F4 & F5), guar gum and xanthan gum were incorporated to induce flotation and swelling and retard the release of a drug. The precompression characteristics of tablets depict the suitability of all formulation powder for direct compression. The ATR-FTIR analyses have shown that the components of both effervescent and noneffervescent tablets are compatible with each other. The total weight of each tablet was 600 mg, with a weight variation of about ≤10 mg. Both the layers were smooth and flat with a thickness ranging from <span><svg height="8.69875pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 32.221 8.69875" width="32.221pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.59,0)"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height="8.69875pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" version="1.1" viewbox="35.076183799999995 -8.34882 21.975 8.69875" width="21.975pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.126,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.33,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)"></path></g></svg></span> to <span><svg height="8.69875pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 32.221 8.69875" width="32.221pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.59,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height="8.69875pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" version="1.1" viewbox="35.0771838 -8.34882 45.523 8.69875" width="45.523pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transfo
{"title":"Controlled Release Bilayer Floating Effervescent and Noneffervescent Tablets Containing Levofloxacin and Famotidine","authors":"Muhammad Tufail, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Ikram Ullah Khan, Kamran Ahmad Khan, Shefaat Ullah Shah, Faisal Rashid, Jahangir Khan, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Abdullah F. Alasmari, Muhammad Shahid Riaz","doi":"10.1155/2024/1243321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1243321","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is aimed at designing bilayer-floating tablets to improve the drug concentration in the stomach for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The tablets are comprised of an upper layer of levofloxacin (466.5 mg) and a lower layer of famotidine (133.5 mg). Five formulations (F1-F5) were developed by using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose grades (K4M, K15M, and K100M) along with Carbopol 934. In the case of the effervescent system (F1-F3), sodium bicarbonate was added to impart buoyancy to the tablets; while in the case of noneffervescent formulations (F4 & F5), guar gum and xanthan gum were incorporated to induce flotation and swelling and retard the release of a drug. The precompression characteristics of tablets depict the suitability of all formulation powder for direct compression. The ATR-FTIR analyses have shown that the components of both effervescent and noneffervescent tablets are compatible with each other. The total weight of each tablet was 600 mg, with a weight variation of about ≤10 mg. Both the layers were smooth and flat with a thickness ranging from <span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 32.221 8.69875\" width=\"32.221pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.59,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"35.076183799999995 -8.34882 21.975 8.69875\" width=\"21.975pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.126,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.366,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.33,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.57,0)\"></path></g></svg></span> to <span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 32.221 8.69875\" width=\"32.221pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-52\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.204,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-53\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.59,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-37\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"35.0771838 -8.34882 45.523 8.69875\" width=\"45.523pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transfo","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139422759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using Nafion212 membrane and TEOS solution as raw materials, Nafion212/SiO2 composite membranes were prepared. In the in situ sol-gel reaction process, a series of Nafion/SiO2 composite membranes were prepared by varying the reaction temperature and reaction time. The effects of different modification schemes on Nafion/SiO2 composite membranes were studied using SEM, EDS, TEM, TGA, XRD, and mechanical tensile experiments, among other methods. The results show that Nafion/SiO2 composite membranes prepared at 3°C exhibit a well-separated phase structure and excellent water retention properties, with a water uptake of 29.23% and a swelling ratio of 24.25%. These membranes also demonstrate outstanding physical and chemical performance, with a maximum tensile stress of 13.6 MPa and an elongation at a break of 270%. At 110°C, the proton conductivity of the Nafion/SiO2 composite membrane reaches 0.172 S/cm, meeting the requirements for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
{"title":"Impact of SiO2 Modification on the Performance of Nafion Composite Membrane","authors":"Shuangjie Liu, Jialin Yu, Yongping Hao, Feng Gao, Mo Zhou, Lijun Zhao","doi":"10.1155/2024/6309923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6309923","url":null,"abstract":"Using Nafion212 membrane and TEOS solution as raw materials, Nafion212/SiO<sub>2</sub> composite membranes were prepared. In the in situ sol-gel reaction process, a series of Nafion/SiO<sub>2</sub> composite membranes were prepared by varying the reaction temperature and reaction time. The effects of different modification schemes on Nafion/SiO<sub>2</sub> composite membranes were studied using SEM, EDS, TEM, TGA, XRD, and mechanical tensile experiments, among other methods. The results show that Nafion/SiO<sub>2</sub> composite membranes prepared at 3°C exhibit a well-separated phase structure and excellent water retention properties, with a water uptake of 29.23% and a swelling ratio of 24.25%. These membranes also demonstrate outstanding physical and chemical performance, with a maximum tensile stress of 13.6 MPa and an elongation at a break of 270%. At 110°C, the proton conductivity of the Nafion/SiO<sub>2</sub> composite membrane reaches 0.172 S/cm, meeting the requirements for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139398425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles Kuranchie, Abu Yaya, Fred Aboagye-Antwi, Yaw Delali Bensah
Polyurethane foams are a versatile class of polymeric materials whose physico-chemical structure and properties can be modified by incorporating additives. This study examined the effect of naturally occurring insect-repelling additives such as neem oil (NO) and clove powder (CP) on the formulation and morphology of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) composites. The foams were prepared by the prepolymer method using a box test as applied in the foam industry. The composite material was formulated by varying the isocyanate index (103 and 108) as an excess amount of isocyanate was required to react with the additives. The formulation at 103 was unsuccessful as the foams collapsed immediately after rising. However, at 108, two main categories of foams were successfully prepared: foams containing either NO or CP and the other containing both additives. The effect of these additives on the formulation was examined by monitoring the foam reaction using the cream, tack-free, and rising times. It was observed that the cream, tack-free, and rising times increased with increasing NO/CP content. Conversely, the morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope (OP). The SEM images revealed disruption of the foam network with 1 wt% NO, likewise those containing 1 wt% CP. The cellular network of the foams with simultaneous addition of NO and CP was similar to that of the neat foams and had no broken cell joints and struts due to better dispersion of the additives in the polyurethane matrix. The study indicates that the combined addition of NO and CP modifies the morphology of FPUF, which can influence their physico-mechanical properties.
聚氨酯泡沫是一类用途广泛的聚合材料，其物理化学结构和性能可通过加入添加剂进行改变。本研究考察了天然驱虫添加剂（如印楝油（NO）和丁香粉（CP））对柔性聚氨酯泡沫（FPUF）复合材料的配方和形态的影响。泡沫是通过预聚物法制备的，采用的是泡沫行业中应用的箱式试验。由于需要过量的异氰酸酯与添加剂发生反应，因此通过改变异氰酸酯指数（103 和 108）来配制复合材料。103 指数下的配方并不成功，因为泡沫在上升后立即坍塌。然而，在 108 条件下，成功制备了两大类泡沫：一类是含有 NO 或 CP 的泡沫，另一类是同时含有这两种添加剂的泡沫。通过使用奶油、无粘性和上升时间监测泡沫反应，研究了这些添加剂对配方的影响。结果表明，随着 NO/CP 含量的增加，起泡时间、无粘性和上升时间也随之增加。相反，使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和光学显微镜（OP）对形态进行了研究。扫描电子显微镜图像显示，NO 含量为 1 wt%的泡沫网络被破坏，CP 含量为 1 wt%的泡沫网络也是如此。由于添加剂在聚氨酯基质中的分散性更好，同时添加了 NO 和 CP 的泡沫的蜂窝网络与纯泡沫相似，没有断裂的蜂窝接头和支柱。研究表明，同时添加 NO 和 CP 会改变 FPUF 的形态，从而影响其物理机械性能。
{"title":"Synthesis and Morphology of Flexible Polyurethane Foams Containing Neem Oil and Clove Powder","authors":"Charles Kuranchie, Abu Yaya, Fred Aboagye-Antwi, Yaw Delali Bensah","doi":"10.1155/2024/5047916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5047916","url":null,"abstract":"Polyurethane foams are a versatile class of polymeric materials whose physico-chemical structure and properties can be modified by incorporating additives. This study examined the effect of naturally occurring insect-repelling additives such as neem oil (NO) and clove powder (CP) on the formulation and morphology of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) composites. The foams were prepared by the prepolymer method using a box test as applied in the foam industry. The composite material was formulated by varying the isocyanate index (103 and 108) as an excess amount of isocyanate was required to react with the additives. The formulation at 103 was unsuccessful as the foams collapsed immediately after rising. However, at 108, two main categories of foams were successfully prepared: foams containing either NO or CP and the other containing both additives. The effect of these additives on the formulation was examined by monitoring the foam reaction using the cream, tack-free, and rising times. It was observed that the cream, tack-free, and rising times increased with increasing NO/CP content. Conversely, the morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope (OP). The SEM images revealed disruption of the foam network with 1 wt% NO, likewise those containing 1 wt% CP. The cellular network of the foams with simultaneous addition of NO and CP was similar to that of the neat foams and had no broken cell joints and struts due to better dispersion of the additives in the polyurethane matrix. The study indicates that the combined addition of NO and CP modifies the morphology of FPUF, which can influence their physico-mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139105335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study involved the synthesis and characterization of nanocomposites (NCs) consisting of MgFe2O4-chitosan-ZSM-5 zeolite (MgF-Cs-Ze), NiFe2O4-chitosan-ZSM-5 zeolite (NiF-Cs-Ze), and MgFe2O4@ NiFe2O4-chitosan-ZSM-5 zeolite (MgF@NiF-Cs-Ze). These NCs were investigated for their potential application as effective adsorbents in various environmental contexts. In order to investigate the composition and physical properties of the NCs, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and TEM techniques were utilized. The present study is aimed at evaluating acid red (AR) dye adsorption behavior from aqueous solutions onto MgF-CS-Ze and NiF-CS-Ze NCs under different experimental circumstances. The study revealed that the NCs MgF-CS-Ze and NiF-CS-Ze exhibited maximum capacity for adsorption of 55.55 mg g-1 and 41.66 mg g-1, respectively, in that regard when tested with AR dye. These findings underscore the significant adsorption capabilities of these NCs. Examining the adsorption kinetics revealed that AR dye adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Resulting from thermodynamic studies, it was discovered that the adsorption of AR dye onto MgF-CS-Ze and NiF-CS-Ze NC process was an exothermic and spontaneous.
{"title":"Chitosan and Ferrite Nanoparticles Modified Zeolite (ZSM-5) as Adsorbent for the Removal of Acid Red Dye from Water","authors":"Hanan K. Alzahrani, Dina F. Katowah","doi":"10.1155/2024/1899137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1899137","url":null,"abstract":"The present study involved the synthesis and characterization of nanocomposites (NCs) consisting of MgFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-chitosan-ZSM-5 zeolite (MgF-Cs-Ze), NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-chitosan-ZSM-5 zeolite (NiF-Cs-Ze), and MgFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-chitosan-ZSM-5 zeolite (MgF@NiF-Cs-Ze). These NCs were investigated for their potential application as effective adsorbents in various environmental contexts. In order to investigate the composition and physical properties of the NCs, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and TEM techniques were utilized. The present study is aimed at evaluating acid red (AR) dye adsorption behavior from aqueous solutions onto MgF-CS-Ze and NiF-CS-Ze NCs under different experimental circumstances. The study revealed that the NCs MgF-CS-Ze and NiF-CS-Ze exhibited maximum capacity for adsorption of 55.55 mg g<sup>-1</sup> and 41.66 mg g<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, in that regard when tested with AR dye. These findings underscore the significant adsorption capabilities of these NCs. Examining the adsorption kinetics revealed that AR dye adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Resulting from thermodynamic studies, it was discovered that the adsorption of AR dye onto MgF-CS-Ze and NiF-CS-Ze NC process was an exothermic and spontaneous.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139104753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hussain, A. Imad, A. Saouab, A. Abbas, T. Kanit, S. Shahid, Y. Nawab
Adhesion properties of metal-composite bonds are crucial in defining composite capability with other metallic components, and failures could lead to severe accidents. Hence, the study is aimed at the development and characterization of metal-composite bonds using different rigid adherends and adhesive materials (thermoset and thermoplastics). Among natural fibers, jute was used, while aramid, carbon, and glass woven reinforcements were employed from synthetic fibers. A simultaneous comparison of both thermoset and thermoplastic matrices was done using epoxy, polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl butadiene (PVB) as adhesive materials. Floating roller delamination characterization proved variation in adhesion qualities governing different failure modes by varying adhesive even in a single rigid adherend. The highest fracture toughness was observed for aluminum-jute bonds made with PP and PVB that was due to toughness of matrix and intralaminar failure. Carbon being brittle in nature showed the most fluctuated performance with a 90% difference between the highest value of carbon-PVB and the lowest value of carbon-epoxy. Thermoplastic matrices owing to plasticity offered overall more fracture toughness than brittle thermoset resin. Furthermore, intralaminar was the dominant failure mechanism in the jute-based bond made with thermoplastic matrix.
{"title":"Delamination Characteristics of Aluminum-Composite Bonds: Impact of Reinforcements and Matrices","authors":"M. Hussain, A. Imad, A. Saouab, A. Abbas, T. Kanit, S. Shahid, Y. Nawab","doi":"10.1155/2023/6020509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6020509","url":null,"abstract":"Adhesion properties of metal-composite bonds are crucial in defining composite capability with other metallic components, and failures could lead to severe accidents. Hence, the study is aimed at the development and characterization of metal-composite bonds using different rigid adherends and adhesive materials (thermoset and thermoplastics). Among natural fibers, jute was used, while aramid, carbon, and glass woven reinforcements were employed from synthetic fibers. A simultaneous comparison of both thermoset and thermoplastic matrices was done using epoxy, polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl butadiene (PVB) as adhesive materials. Floating roller delamination characterization proved variation in adhesion qualities governing different failure modes by varying adhesive even in a single rigid adherend. The highest fracture toughness was observed for aluminum-jute bonds made with PP and PVB that was due to toughness of matrix and intralaminar failure. Carbon being brittle in nature showed the most fluctuated performance with a 90% difference between the highest value of carbon-PVB and the lowest value of carbon-epoxy. Thermoplastic matrices owing to plasticity offered overall more fracture toughness than brittle thermoset resin. Furthermore, intralaminar was the dominant failure mechanism in the jute-based bond made with thermoplastic matrix.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139072108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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