Pub Date : 2024-02-12DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4660
Debarath Das, Kishore D, Lakshmana R, Pravin Dhas, S. N, Malarmannan M
This prospective observational study, conducted at the Department of General Surgery, SRM Medical College and Hospital, aimed to assess the effectiveness of tissue culture and sensitivity compared to swab culture and sensitivity in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers through antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms. Between May 2016 and August 2017, 160 subjects with diabetic foot ulcers were randomly assigned treatment based on either swab or tissue culture findings. Patients were followed at 15-day intervals for up to 60 days. Results showed positive swab cultures in 76.88% and positive tissue cultures in 92.50% of the study population. The most prevalent organism in swab cultures was Proteus (14.38%), while Pseudomonas (16.88%) dominated in tissue cultures. The cumulative proportion of subjects developing granulation tissue was faster in the tissue culture group, reaching 57.50% at 15 to 30 days and 99% at 31 to 45 days. The swab culture group exhibited proportions of 48.80%, 75%, and 93.80% at the same intervals. In conclusion, diabetic foot ulcer treatment based on tissue culture showed slightly faster healing rates compared to swab culture. However, both groups achieved good ulcer healing within the 60-day follow-up period. These findings emphasize the importance of choosing an appropriate culture method for effective management of diabetic foot ulcers.
{"title":"Comparative study of tissue culture and sensitivity versus swab culture and sensitivity of microorganisms in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers","authors":"Debarath Das, Kishore D, Lakshmana R, Pravin Dhas, S. N, Malarmannan M","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4660","url":null,"abstract":"This prospective observational study, conducted at the Department of General Surgery, SRM Medical College and Hospital, aimed to assess the effectiveness of tissue culture and sensitivity compared to swab culture and sensitivity in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers through antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms. Between May 2016 and August 2017, 160 subjects with diabetic foot ulcers were randomly assigned treatment based on either swab or tissue culture findings. Patients were followed at 15-day intervals for up to 60 days. Results showed positive swab cultures in 76.88% and positive tissue cultures in 92.50% of the study population. The most prevalent organism in swab cultures was Proteus (14.38%), while Pseudomonas (16.88%) dominated in tissue cultures. The cumulative proportion of subjects developing granulation tissue was faster in the tissue culture group, reaching 57.50% at 15 to 30 days and 99% at 31 to 45 days. The swab culture group exhibited proportions of 48.80%, 75%, and 93.80% at the same intervals. In conclusion, diabetic foot ulcer treatment based on tissue culture showed slightly faster healing rates compared to swab culture. However, both groups achieved good ulcer healing within the 60-day follow-up period. These findings emphasize the importance of choosing an appropriate culture method for effective management of diabetic foot ulcers.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"66 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139844287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-06DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4658
Pavankumar Dhoble, Bharat Tekade, Vishal Bodke, Mohan Kale
Because of their low solubility, pharmaceutical researchers encounter tremendous difficulties in creating sustainable and more soluble drugs (BCS class II). About 40% of oral dosage forms have formulation and development problems due to water insolubility. The rate of dissolving, absorption, distribution, and excretion of an active medicinal substance is determined by its solubility parameters. Based on their solubility, drugs are divided into four kinds under the BCS categorization system. BCS Class II and Class IV drugs have problems with solubility. Increasing both the bioavailability and the solubility of poorly soluble medications can be accomplished in several ways. Some techniques—like solid dispersion, solid complexation, liquisolid, hydrotropy, sonocrystallization, and self-emulsifying techniques—are commonly used for solubility augmentation. Until an orally active medication dissolves in the lining of the stomach and/or intestinal fluids, it cannot pass through the GI tract membrane and enter the bloodstream. Therefore, a medication that is insoluble in water will typically exhibit limited absorption by dissolution, and a medication that is weakly permeabilized via membranes would typically exhibit limited absorption through permeation. Consequently, improving the oral bioavailability of active substances is the focus of two areas of pharmaceutical research: (i) accelerating the process of dissolution and solubility of drugs that are poorly soluble in water, and (ii) accelerating the permeability of poorly permeable drugs.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Solubility Enhancement Techniques Used for BCS Class II & IV","authors":"Pavankumar Dhoble, Bharat Tekade, Vishal Bodke, Mohan Kale","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4658","url":null,"abstract":"Because of their low solubility, pharmaceutical researchers encounter tremendous difficulties in creating sustainable and more soluble drugs (BCS class II). About 40% of oral dosage forms have formulation and development problems due to water insolubility. The rate of dissolving, absorption, distribution, and excretion of an active medicinal substance is determined by its solubility parameters. Based on their solubility, drugs are divided into four kinds under the BCS categorization system. BCS Class II and Class IV drugs have problems with solubility. Increasing both the bioavailability and the solubility of poorly soluble medications can be accomplished in several ways. Some techniques—like solid dispersion, solid complexation, liquisolid, hydrotropy, sonocrystallization, and self-emulsifying techniques—are commonly used for solubility augmentation. Until an orally active medication dissolves in the lining of the stomach and/or intestinal fluids, it cannot pass through the GI tract membrane and enter the bloodstream. Therefore, a medication that is insoluble in water will typically exhibit limited absorption by dissolution, and a medication that is weakly permeabilized via membranes would typically exhibit limited absorption through permeation. Consequently, improving the oral bioavailability of active substances is the focus of two areas of pharmaceutical research: (i) accelerating the process of dissolution and solubility of drugs that are poorly soluble in water, and (ii) accelerating the permeability of poorly permeable drugs.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"23 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-06DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4659
Ravindran Karuppaiyan, Anitha Gunavel, Kasthuri Bai Solai, Prabha Thangavelu
Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly form of human malaria. It is associated with a number of mutations in P. falciparum. Chloroquine-resistant transporter is a protein that serves as a transporter in the parasite's digesting vacuole membrane. In order to combat chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strains (NF54), this study employs QSAR modelling to examine possible structural alterations of 2-amino-thiazole derivatives. The traditional QSAR model was built using the PaDEL descriptor via QSARINS software. The model was found to have an internal cross-validation value of Q2loo = 0.7890 and an external validation parameter of RMSE ext = 0.6938. The predicted pIC50 values from the QSAR techniques for the case study chemicals were compared and found to be well fitted to the model and well predicted for the external set of compounds. The outcome demonstrates the value of using the suggested method in the creation of new medication candidates could fill the critical gap in scientific knowledge and open up novel possibilities for pharmaceutical development.
{"title":"Identification of a 2-aminothiazole framework using classical QSAR model targeting chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum","authors":"Ravindran Karuppaiyan, Anitha Gunavel, Kasthuri Bai Solai, Prabha Thangavelu","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4659","url":null,"abstract":"Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly form of human malaria. It is associated with a number of mutations in P. falciparum. Chloroquine-resistant transporter is a protein that serves as a transporter in the parasite's digesting vacuole membrane. In order to combat chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strains (NF54), this study employs QSAR modelling to examine possible structural alterations of 2-amino-thiazole derivatives. The traditional QSAR model was built using the PaDEL descriptor via QSARINS software. The model was found to have an internal cross-validation value of Q2loo = 0.7890 and an external validation parameter of RMSE ext = 0.6938. The predicted pIC50 values from the QSAR techniques for the case study chemicals were compared and found to be well fitted to the model and well predicted for the external set of compounds. The outcome demonstrates the value of using the suggested method in the creation of new medication candidates could fill the critical gap in scientific knowledge and open up novel possibilities for pharmaceutical development.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"16 S15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-06DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4658
Pavankumar Dhoble, Bharat Tekade, Vishal Bodke, Mohan Kale
Because of their low solubility, pharmaceutical researchers encounter tremendous difficulties in creating sustainable and more soluble drugs (BCS class II). About 40% of oral dosage forms have formulation and development problems due to water insolubility. The rate of dissolving, absorption, distribution, and excretion of an active medicinal substance is determined by its solubility parameters. Based on their solubility, drugs are divided into four kinds under the BCS categorization system. BCS Class II and Class IV drugs have problems with solubility. Increasing both the bioavailability and the solubility of poorly soluble medications can be accomplished in several ways. Some techniques—like solid dispersion, solid complexation, liquisolid, hydrotropy, sonocrystallization, and self-emulsifying techniques—are commonly used for solubility augmentation. Until an orally active medication dissolves in the lining of the stomach and/or intestinal fluids, it cannot pass through the GI tract membrane and enter the bloodstream. Therefore, a medication that is insoluble in water will typically exhibit limited absorption by dissolution, and a medication that is weakly permeabilized via membranes would typically exhibit limited absorption through permeation. Consequently, improving the oral bioavailability of active substances is the focus of two areas of pharmaceutical research: (i) accelerating the process of dissolution and solubility of drugs that are poorly soluble in water, and (ii) accelerating the permeability of poorly permeable drugs.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Solubility Enhancement Techniques Used for BCS Class II & IV","authors":"Pavankumar Dhoble, Bharat Tekade, Vishal Bodke, Mohan Kale","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4658","url":null,"abstract":"Because of their low solubility, pharmaceutical researchers encounter tremendous difficulties in creating sustainable and more soluble drugs (BCS class II). About 40% of oral dosage forms have formulation and development problems due to water insolubility. The rate of dissolving, absorption, distribution, and excretion of an active medicinal substance is determined by its solubility parameters. Based on their solubility, drugs are divided into four kinds under the BCS categorization system. BCS Class II and Class IV drugs have problems with solubility. Increasing both the bioavailability and the solubility of poorly soluble medications can be accomplished in several ways. Some techniques—like solid dispersion, solid complexation, liquisolid, hydrotropy, sonocrystallization, and self-emulsifying techniques—are commonly used for solubility augmentation. Until an orally active medication dissolves in the lining of the stomach and/or intestinal fluids, it cannot pass through the GI tract membrane and enter the bloodstream. Therefore, a medication that is insoluble in water will typically exhibit limited absorption by dissolution, and a medication that is weakly permeabilized via membranes would typically exhibit limited absorption through permeation. Consequently, improving the oral bioavailability of active substances is the focus of two areas of pharmaceutical research: (i) accelerating the process of dissolution and solubility of drugs that are poorly soluble in water, and (ii) accelerating the permeability of poorly permeable drugs.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"118 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139802037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-06DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4659
Ravindran Karuppaiyan, Anitha Gunavel, Kasthuri Bai Solai, Prabha Thangavelu
Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly form of human malaria. It is associated with a number of mutations in P. falciparum. Chloroquine-resistant transporter is a protein that serves as a transporter in the parasite's digesting vacuole membrane. In order to combat chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strains (NF54), this study employs QSAR modelling to examine possible structural alterations of 2-amino-thiazole derivatives. The traditional QSAR model was built using the PaDEL descriptor via QSARINS software. The model was found to have an internal cross-validation value of Q2loo = 0.7890 and an external validation parameter of RMSE ext = 0.6938. The predicted pIC50 values from the QSAR techniques for the case study chemicals were compared and found to be well fitted to the model and well predicted for the external set of compounds. The outcome demonstrates the value of using the suggested method in the creation of new medication candidates could fill the critical gap in scientific knowledge and open up novel possibilities for pharmaceutical development.
{"title":"Identification of a 2-aminothiazole framework using classical QSAR model targeting chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum","authors":"Ravindran Karuppaiyan, Anitha Gunavel, Kasthuri Bai Solai, Prabha Thangavelu","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4659","url":null,"abstract":"Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly form of human malaria. It is associated with a number of mutations in P. falciparum. Chloroquine-resistant transporter is a protein that serves as a transporter in the parasite's digesting vacuole membrane. In order to combat chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strains (NF54), this study employs QSAR modelling to examine possible structural alterations of 2-amino-thiazole derivatives. The traditional QSAR model was built using the PaDEL descriptor via QSARINS software. The model was found to have an internal cross-validation value of Q2loo = 0.7890 and an external validation parameter of RMSE ext = 0.6938. The predicted pIC50 values from the QSAR techniques for the case study chemicals were compared and found to be well fitted to the model and well predicted for the external set of compounds. The outcome demonstrates the value of using the suggested method in the creation of new medication candidates could fill the critical gap in scientific knowledge and open up novel possibilities for pharmaceutical development.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"184 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4549
Shailaja K, Fragrance Jemimah D, Aritta Hillari L S, Priyanka N
Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in global healthcare, particularly in middle and low-income countries, leading to increased hospitalizations, morbidity, mortality, and financial strain. Ranked third in the CDC's National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, SSIs have prompted a focus on preventive measures, notably surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP). However, SAP is often used inappropriately, contributing to the rise of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Addressing this, a six-month prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital to assess the adherence to SAP guidelines among 386 patients undergoing surgeries in various specialties. The study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of SAP practices and identify factors leading to non-compliance. Results showed that only 58.3% of patients fully adhered to the guidelines. While 100% compliance was observed in SAP indication, lower adherence was noted in the timing of administration (97.7%), choice of SAP (85%), and duration of prophylaxis (70.2%). These findings underscore a significant gap between recommended SAP practices and actual implementation. This gap highlights the need for stronger Institutional Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs and the critical role of clinical pharmacists in regularly evaluating SAP and prescribing practices. To combat the rise of antibiotic resistance while ensuring patient safety, enhancing SAP practices in line with national and international recommendations is essential. The study advocates for more active interventions at the time of order to optimize antibiotic use, thereby addressing the challenge of compliance in SAP guidelines.
手术部位感染（SSI）是全球医疗保健领域的一个重大问题，尤其是在中低收入国家，它导致住院率、发病率、死亡率和经济压力的增加。SSI 在美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）的全国非社会性感染监测系统中排名第三，它促使人们关注预防措施，特别是外科抗菌药物预防（SAP）。然而，SAP 经常使用不当，导致抗菌素耐药性 (AMR) 的上升。针对这一问题，我们在一家三级医院开展了一项为期六个月的前瞻性观察研究，以评估 386 名接受不同专科手术的患者对 SAP 指南的遵守情况。该研究旨在评估 SAP 操作的适当性，并找出导致不遵守指南的因素。结果显示，只有 58.3% 的患者完全遵守了指南。虽然 SAP 适应症的依从性达到了 100%，但给药时间（97.7%）、SAP 的选择（85%）和预防时间（70.2%）的依从性较低。这些发现凸显了建议的 SAP 实践与实际执行之间的巨大差距。这一差距凸显了加强机构抗菌药物管理 (AMS) 计划的必要性，以及临床药师在定期评估 SAP 和处方实践中的关键作用。为了应对抗生素耐药性的上升，同时确保患者安全，必须根据国内和国际建议加强 SAP 实践。该研究提倡在开具处方时采取更积极的干预措施，以优化抗生素的使用，从而应对 SAP 指南合规性方面的挑战。
{"title":"Appropriateness of Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in a tertiary care hospital: A prospective observational study","authors":"Shailaja K, Fragrance Jemimah D, Aritta Hillari L S, Priyanka N","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4549","url":null,"abstract":"Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in global healthcare, particularly in middle and low-income countries, leading to increased hospitalizations, morbidity, mortality, and financial strain. Ranked third in the CDC's National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, SSIs have prompted a focus on preventive measures, notably surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP). However, SAP is often used inappropriately, contributing to the rise of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Addressing this, a six-month prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital to assess the adherence to SAP guidelines among 386 patients undergoing surgeries in various specialties. The study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of SAP practices and identify factors leading to non-compliance. Results showed that only 58.3% of patients fully adhered to the guidelines. While 100% compliance was observed in SAP indication, lower adherence was noted in the timing of administration (97.7%), choice of SAP (85%), and duration of prophylaxis (70.2%). These findings underscore a significant gap between recommended SAP practices and actual implementation. This gap highlights the need for stronger Institutional Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs and the critical role of clinical pharmacists in regularly evaluating SAP and prescribing practices. To combat the rise of antibiotic resistance while ensuring patient safety, enhancing SAP practices in line with national and international recommendations is essential. The study advocates for more active interventions at the time of order to optimize antibiotic use, thereby addressing the challenge of compliance in SAP guidelines.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139229467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4548
Pravanjan Kumar Tripathy, M. Mishra
Sarcostemma acidum Voigt, commonly known as Somlata, belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is a leafless plant with significant traditional medicinal use. Found mainly in Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, and South India, it thrives in dry rocky areas. The shrub, characterized by numerous branches and an absence of leaves, features green, cylindrical stems ranging from 2 to 4 meters in length and 0.5 cm to 1 cm in diameter. The plant's leaves, though present in opposite positions, are reduced to scales, rendering it leafless. The flowers are actinomorphic, displaying a light yellow or white hue. Microscopic analysis of the stem of Sarcostemma acidum reveals three primary components: the outer epidermis layer, cortex, and vascular bundles. The outermost epidermis consists of a single layer of cells, and the cortex comprises collenchyma and parenchymal cells. The aqueous extract of S. acidum contains a diverse array of compounds, including carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, free amino acids, steroids, triterpenoids, fixed oils, fats, mucilage, gums, and waxes. Different parts of S. acidum are utilized for various purposes, such as a natural restorative for health, ear drops in otitis, and application on wounds and cuts. The stem extract exhibits antipsychotic effects and inhibits spermatogenesis. Recent studies also highlight its analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiabetic properties. This plant holds promise for further research in isolating active constituents with therapeutic effects.
{"title":"Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Sacostemma acidum Voigt","authors":"Pravanjan Kumar Tripathy, M. Mishra","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4548","url":null,"abstract":"Sarcostemma acidum Voigt, commonly known as Somlata, belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is a leafless plant with significant traditional medicinal use. Found mainly in Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, and South India, it thrives in dry rocky areas. The shrub, characterized by numerous branches and an absence of leaves, features green, cylindrical stems ranging from 2 to 4 meters in length and 0.5 cm to 1 cm in diameter. The plant's leaves, though present in opposite positions, are reduced to scales, rendering it leafless. The flowers are actinomorphic, displaying a light yellow or white hue. Microscopic analysis of the stem of Sarcostemma acidum reveals three primary components: the outer epidermis layer, cortex, and vascular bundles. The outermost epidermis consists of a single layer of cells, and the cortex comprises collenchyma and parenchymal cells. The aqueous extract of S. acidum contains a diverse array of compounds, including carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, free amino acids, steroids, triterpenoids, fixed oils, fats, mucilage, gums, and waxes. Different parts of S. acidum are utilized for various purposes, such as a natural restorative for health, ear drops in otitis, and application on wounds and cuts. The stem extract exhibits antipsychotic effects and inhibits spermatogenesis. Recent studies also highlight its analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiabetic properties. This plant holds promise for further research in isolating active constituents with therapeutic effects.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139232286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4479
Selvi G
Autoimmunity is a misguided immune response that occurs when the immune system becomes disorganized and attacks the body. While autoimmunity is prevalent to some extent in most of us, it is often harmless. This immune response can sometimes cause a wide range of diseases known as autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases start when there is a development from submissive autoimmunity to pathogenic autoimmunity. This progression is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and mostly remains dormant for a period. A sudden recurrence of emergencies occurs with few options for survival. When T or B-cells or both get stimulated in the absence of infection, it results in a state where the immune system is unable to distinguish between self or non-self. This results in the efflux of immune cells leading to the destruction of self-molecules. The exact process governing this event is still inconclusive, but the research done so far predicts that genetics, habitat, and infections must be major causes of abnormal activation of the autoimmune reaction.
自身免疫是一种被误导的免疫反应，当免疫系统变得混乱并攻击身体时就会发生。虽然自身免疫在我们大多数人身上都普遍存在，但它通常是无害的。这种免疫反应有时会导致多种疾病，即所谓的自身免疫性疾病。自身免疫性疾病始于从顺从性自身免疫发展到致病性自身免疫。这种发展受遗传和环境因素的影响，大多会休眠一段时间。在几乎没有生存选择的情况下，紧急情况突然复发。当 T 细胞或 B 细胞或两者在没有感染的情况下受到刺激时，就会导致免疫系统无法区分自身或非自身。这导致免疫细胞外流，从而破坏自身分子。这一事件的确切过程尚无定论，但迄今为止的研究预测，遗传、生境和感染一定是导致自身免疫反应异常激活的主要原因。
{"title":"An insight into the little-known, menacing facts of autoimmune disorder","authors":"Selvi G","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4479","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmunity is a misguided immune response that occurs when the immune system becomes disorganized and attacks the body. While autoimmunity is prevalent to some extent in most of us, it is often harmless. This immune response can sometimes cause a wide range of diseases known as autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases start when there is a development from submissive autoimmunity to pathogenic autoimmunity. This progression is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and mostly remains dormant for a period. A sudden recurrence of emergencies occurs with few options for survival. When T or B-cells or both get stimulated in the absence of infection, it results in a state where the immune system is unable to distinguish between self or non-self. This results in the efflux of immune cells leading to the destruction of self-molecules. The exact process governing this event is still inconclusive, but the research done so far predicts that genetics, habitat, and infections must be major causes of abnormal activation of the autoimmune reaction.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"24 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139256584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.4454
None Deepak Nallaswamy, None Vishnu Priya V, None Gayathri R
Flipped classroom alters the conventional learning environment and brings out innovation and creativity in the teaching-learning process. The flipped classroom has begun to enhance the way the students receive information from their mentors. Audiovisual aids create a virtual classroom at home. Classroom time is more focused on student-centred learning activities, such as concept mapping, process-oriented guided inquiry learning, peer-led team-based learning, game-based learning, critical pedagogy. This improves better understanding of the subject, develop cognitive skills and enhance the conceptual learning of the students. Academic performance of the students exposed to flipped videos integrated with iBooks was evaluated and com- pared with the traditional learning environment.
{"title":"Flipped Classroom – A novel breakthrough in learning","authors":"None Deepak Nallaswamy, None Vishnu Priya V, None Gayathri R","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.4454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.4454","url":null,"abstract":"Flipped classroom alters the conventional learning environment and brings out innovation and creativity in the teaching-learning process. The flipped classroom has begun to enhance the way the students receive information from their mentors. Audiovisual aids create a virtual classroom at home. Classroom time is more focused on student-centred learning activities, such as concept mapping, process-oriented guided inquiry learning, peer-led team-based learning, game-based learning, critical pedagogy. This improves better understanding of the subject, develop cognitive skills and enhance the conceptual learning of the students. Academic performance of the students exposed to flipped videos integrated with iBooks was evaluated and com- pared with the traditional learning environment.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"48 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135511899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4452
Hana J. Al Khabbaz
Adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting is an important aspect of pharmacovigilance (PV) in ensuring drug safety during the post-marketing surveillance phase. Currently, the National Pharmacovigilance Center (NPC) established by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) is the regulatory authority receiving ADR reports in Saudi Arabia. Spontaneous ADR reports from healthcare professionals and the public are received by the NPC through an electronic platform known as the Saudi Vigilance System. Signal analysis of the received ADR reports aids the decision-making initiatives related to the reported drugs. Stakeholders’ contribution to ADR reporting, and implementation of effective electronic platforms are important factors affecting the national PV performance. The concept of stakeholders reporting on ADR is relatively new in Saudi Arabia, especially to the public. In this narrative review the national studies describing the stakeholders’ knowledge, perception and barriers toward ADR reporting, and the incidence of ADR reporting by healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia were evaluated. The findings indicate that more efforts are needed by the SFDA to educate stakeholders about the importance of ADR reporting. The study recommends ADR electronic systems integration between the SFDA and healthcare institutions to improve the frequency and quality of ADR reports, and regular feedback on decisions made about ADR reports should be provided by the SFDA to stakeholders to improve their awareness of the importance of ADR reporting and enhance their contribution to PV and ADR reporting process.
{"title":"Pharmacovigilance in Saudi Arabia: A Narrative Review on Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting","authors":"Hana J. Al Khabbaz","doi":"10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4452","url":null,"abstract":"Adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting is an important aspect of pharmacovigilance (PV) in ensuring drug safety during the post-marketing surveillance phase. Currently, the National Pharmacovigilance Center (NPC) established by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) is the regulatory authority receiving ADR reports in Saudi Arabia. Spontaneous ADR reports from healthcare professionals and the public are received by the NPC through an electronic platform known as the Saudi Vigilance System. Signal analysis of the received ADR reports aids the decision-making initiatives related to the reported drugs. Stakeholders’ contribution to ADR reporting, and implementation of effective electronic platforms are important factors affecting the national PV performance. The concept of stakeholders reporting on ADR is relatively new in Saudi Arabia, especially to the public. In this narrative review the national studies describing the stakeholders’ knowledge, perception and barriers toward ADR reporting, and the incidence of ADR reporting by healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia were evaluated. The findings indicate that more efforts are needed by the SFDA to educate stakeholders about the importance of ADR reporting. The study recommends ADR electronic systems integration between the SFDA and healthcare institutions to improve the frequency and quality of ADR reports, and regular feedback on decisions made about ADR reports should be provided by the SFDA to stakeholders to improve their awareness of the importance of ADR reporting and enhance their contribution to PV and ADR reporting process.","PeriodicalId":14285,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136032475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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