International Journal of Production Economics最新文献_第10页

Environmental uncertainties and reciprocal investments within coopetition: The contingent role of appropriability mechanisms 环境不确定性与合作中的互惠投资：适当性机制的偶然作用

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109811

Chandrasekararao Seepana , Antony Paulraj , Aneesh Datar

This study investigates the effects of market and technology uncertainties on reciprocal investments and the subsequent moderating role of appropriability mechanisms (i.e., patents, contracts, lead time, knowledge complexity). The study forwards several hypotheses that draw upon transaction cost economics and contingency theory. These hypotheses are tested using survey data of 313 firms that engage in horizontal coopetition relationships. Results suggest that both market and technology uncertainties lead rival partners to commit to reciprocal investments. The results further indicate that partners’ use of formal appropriability negatively moderates the relationship between market uncertainty and reciprocal investments, while informal appropriability positively moderates this relationship. Alternatively, formal appropriability positively moderates the relationship between technology uncertainty and investments, whereas informal appropriability negatively moderates this relationship. Contrary to the prevailing practice of viewing appropriability as a standalone mechanism, our findings point towards the significance of viewing appropriability mechanisms dichotomously, especially in the case of uncertain environments. As the findings suggest, employing more relevant appropriability mechanisms based on the type of uncertainties in which partners operate could lead to better outcomes for the partners pursuing coopetition relationships.

本研究探讨了市场和技术不确定性对互惠投资的影响，以及相应的适当性机制（即专利、合同、交货时间、知识复杂性）的调节作用。本文运用交易成本经济学和权变理论提出了若干假设。这些假设通过对313家从事横向合作关系的企业的调查数据进行检验。结果表明，市场和技术的不确定性导致竞争伙伴承诺互惠投资。结果进一步表明，合作伙伴使用正式可占性负向调节市场不确定性与互惠投资之间的关系，而非正式可占性正向调节这种关系。另外，正式的适宜性正向调节技术不确定性与投资之间的关系，而非正式的适宜性则负向调节这种关系。与将适当性视为一种独立机制的普遍做法相反，我们的研究结果指出了二分法看待适当性机制的重要性，特别是在不确定环境的情况下。正如研究结果所表明的那样，根据合作伙伴所处的不确定性类型，采用更相关的适宜性机制，可能会为追求合作关系的合作伙伴带来更好的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic optimization of onboard carbon capture and storage for maritime supply chain management 船舶碳捕集与封存在海上供应链管理中的战略优化

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109808

Yuan Liu , Shuaian Wang , Lu Zhen

The shipping industry is essential to global supply chain management, acting as a fundamental driver of international commerce and economic growth. However, its significant carbon emissions pose a serious threat to the environment, exacerbating climate change and necessitating immediate action to reduce its environmental impact. In this context, Onboard Carbon Capture and Storage (OCCS) has emerged as a critical solution, providing an effective measure to lower emissions and support the transition toward green supply chain in shipping industry. Considering the interdependent decisions of ports and shipping companies, our research focuses on selecting ports and timing for carbon processing systems to maximize ports revenue, identifying vessels on specific routes for OCCS installation, and determining optimal ports for offloading captured carbon to minimize processing costs. To address these problems, we develop an integer programming model to optimize the decisions of both ports and shipping companies. Furthermore, to validate the model’s effectiveness, we conduct extensive numerical experiments and perform sensitivity analyses to evaluate how parameters related to carbon processing prices and costs, influence optimal decisions. Finally, we provide valuable insights for future research on OCCS optimization and scheduling in the maritime industry.

航运业对全球供应链管理至关重要，是国际贸易和经济增长的根本推动力。然而，其大量的碳排放对环境构成了严重威胁，加剧了气候变化，需要立即采取行动减少其对环境的影响。在这种背景下，船上碳捕集与封存（OCCS）已成为一种关键的解决方案，为降低排放和支持航运业向绿色供应链过渡提供了有效措施。考虑到港口和航运公司的相互依赖决策，我们的研究重点是选择港口和碳处理系统的时间，以最大限度地提高港口收入，确定在特定路线上安装OCCS的船只，并确定卸载捕获碳的最佳港口，以最大限度地降低处理成本。为了解决这些问题，我们开发了一个整数规划模型来优化港口和航运公司的决策。此外，为了验证模型的有效性，我们进行了大量的数值实验并进行敏感性分析，以评估与碳加工价格和成本相关的参数如何影响最优决策。最后，本文为未来航运业OCCS优化和调度的研究提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

From invisible to visible: How artificial intelligence facilitates generativity in product architecture 从不可见到可见：人工智能如何促进产品架构的生成

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109807

Jianyu Zhao , Yingbo Xu , Bo Zou , Xi Xi , Wei Liu

Artificial intelligence (AI) reshapes the business landscape. The role of AI applications in product innovation has received much attention, yet the impact of AI technologies on the product itself remains insufficient. To address this question, we developed a theoretical framework around the resource-based view and the concept of generativity. We theorize and investigate the impact of AI application on generativity in a product architecture and whether generativity promotes product sales. Using a new energy vehicle (NEV) as a sample, we set a research context of digital manufacturing in which we argue that AI applications facilitate the generation of intelligent functions in NEVs, and intelligent functions promote vehicle sales. We further find that AI–large language model (LLM) adoption weakens the positive relationship between intelligent functions and vehicle sales. We aim to contribute to AI application and generativity studies, and we provide evidence for manufacturers to develop appropriate AI system strategies.

人工智能（AI）重塑了商业格局。人工智能应用在产品创新中的作用备受关注，但人工智能技术对产品本身的影响仍然不足。为了解决这个问题，我们围绕资源基础观点和生成概念开发了一个理论框架。我们理论化并研究了人工智能应用对产品架构中生成性的影响，以及生成性是否促进了产品销售。本文以新能源汽车为例，设定了数字化制造的研究背景，认为人工智能应用促进了新能源汽车智能功能的生成，智能功能促进了汽车的销售。我们进一步发现，人工智能大语言模型（LLM）的采用削弱了智能功能与汽车销量之间的正相关关系。我们的目标是为人工智能应用和生成性研究做出贡献，并为制造商制定适当的人工智能系统策略提供证据。

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the efficacy of emerging third-party logistics role: An examination of potential limitations 评估新兴第三方物流角色的有效性：对潜在局限性的审查

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109805

Chaorui Huang, Xin Wen, Sai-Ho Chung

Some third-party logistics (3 PL) companies recently take on a new role to help achieve advance payment. Specifically, 3 PL helps pay supplier soon after receiving the logistics fee and order payment from retailer. However, the retailer may incur opportunity cost via paying earlier to the 3 PL if considering the time value of cash. In contrast to the current literature that demonstrates possible advantages brought by 3 PLs, we instead find that when supply chain players face a homogeneous time value of cash, the 3 PL's advance payment brings no profit growth for all players under the 3 PL's leadership. The supplier cannot enjoy a profit increase as the retailer reduces the wholesale price to compensate for the opportunity cost loss. The 3 PL has to lower the service fee to attract the retailer to join the game, thus weakening its profitability. Furthermore, we extend our study to two scenarios. The first is when the retailer dominates the supply chain and the second is when the 3 PL offers discount coupons to the retailer. In the first extension, we identify that the merit of the 3 PL's new role only exists for the 3 PL when players face a heterogeneous time value of cash under certain conditions. Alternatively, the second extension illustrates that only a small-scale coupon creates a triple-win situation and facilitates flexibility in making decisions. In summary, based on the 3 PL's existing practice, this study points out its potential limitations when involved in supply chain cash flows.

一些第三方物流（3pl）公司最近扮演了一个新的角色，帮助实现预付款。具体来说，第三方物流帮助在收到物流费用和零售商的订单付款后立即向供应商付款。然而，如果考虑到现金的时间价值，零售商可能会通过提前支付给第三方物流而产生机会成本。与目前证明第三方物流可能带来的优势的文献相反，我们发现当供应链参与者面临均匀的现金时间价值时，第三方物流的预付款不会给第三方物流领导下的所有参与者带来利润增长。供应商不能享受到利润的增加，因为零售商降低批发价格来弥补机会成本的损失。第三方物流不得不降低服务费用来吸引零售商加入游戏，从而削弱了其盈利能力。此外，我们将研究扩展到两个场景。第一种是零售商主导供应链，第二种是第三方物流向零售商提供折扣券。在第一个扩展中，我们发现，只有当玩家在特定条件下面对不同时间价值的现金时，第三方物流的新角色才存在价值。另外，第二个扩展说明，只有小规模的优惠券才能创造三赢的局面，并促进决策的灵活性。总之，基于第三方物流的现有实践，本研究指出了其在涉及供应链现金流时的潜在局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Manufacturer encroachment in car per-use rental: The role of partial integration of supply chain 汽车租赁中的厂商侵占：供应链部分整合的作用

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109794

Jinyi Chen, ChenGuang Liu, Yongjie Dong

An innovative non-ownership business model, per-use rental, has emerged, in which consumers use products through renting and pay based on usage frequency. Although existing literature examines manufacturer encroachment in decentralized supply chains, recent practices demonstrate increasing partial vertical integration via shareholding among members. This paper investigates a supply chain consisting an upstream manufacturer and a downstream per-use rental platform, analyzing the manufacturer’s encroachment strategies under three scenarios: no partial integration, partial forward integration (PFI), and partial backward integration (PBI). Some important findings and managerial insights are obtained. First, we find that different partial integration scenarios may bring different impacts on the manufacturer’s encroachment strategies. Under no partial integration and PFI, the manufacturer will encroach when the fixed investment cost of a direct per-use rental channel is low. However, under PBI, additional factors, such as the maintenance cost and platform’s shareholding ratio, also influence the equilibrium strategies. In each scenario, encroachment can result in win-win, win-lose, lose-win, and lose-lose outcomes for the manufacturer and the platform. Second, the manufacturer’s wholesale price decreases with the shareholding ratio under PFI but increases under PBI, reflecting the impact of equity ownership, and the platform’s rental price follows a similar trend. These conclusions suggest that members can adapt to the impact of different equity structures and encroachment by adjusting prices, and the platform with more equity is more likely to benefit from manufacturer encroachment. Finally, two extensions, including different maintenance costs borne by the manufacturer and the platform, and the validity of partial integration, are considered to further verify the robustness of the proposed models.

一种创新的非所有权商业模式——按次租赁已经出现，在这种模式下，消费者通过租赁的方式使用产品，并根据使用频率付费。尽管现有文献研究了制造商对分散供应链的侵蚀，但最近的实践表明，通过成员之间的持股，部分垂直整合正在增加。本文研究了一个由上游制造商和下游按次租赁平台组成的供应链，分析了制造商在不部分整合、部分前向整合（PFI）和部分后向整合（PBI）三种情况下的入侵策略。获得了一些重要的发现和管理见解。首先，我们发现不同的部分集成场景会对制造商的入侵策略产生不同的影响。在没有部分整合和PFI的情况下，当直接的每次使用的租赁渠道的固定投资成本较低时，制造商将会入侵。然而，在PBI下，维护成本和平台持股比例等附加因素也会影响均衡策略。在每种情况下，入侵都可能导致制造商和平台的双赢、双输、双赢和双输结果。其次，PFI下制造商批发价格随持股比例的增加而降低，PBI下制造商批发价格随持股比例的增加而增加，反映了股权的影响，平台租赁价格也有类似的趋势。这些结论表明，成员可以通过调整价格来适应不同股权结构和侵蚀的影响，股权越多的平台更有可能从制造商的侵蚀中受益。最后，考虑了两种扩展，包括制造商和平台承担的不同维护成本，以及部分集成的有效性，进一步验证了所提模型的鲁棒性。

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引用次数: 0

Pricing and wage decisions for on-demand food delivery platforms with multiple customer classes and courier pools 具有多个客户类别和快递员池的按需食品配送平台的定价和工资决策

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109795

Yoo Seok Seo, JeongWook Lim, Byeong Kwon Lee, Kun Soo Park

The recent proliferation of food delivery services with crowdsourced couriers (delivery workers) has introduced new problems in the operations of on-demand food delivery platforms. An increase in crowdsourced couriers has diversified delivery transportation modes such as motorcycle, bike, and walk, which results in mode-specific maximum delivery distances according to their speeds. In addition, it is necessary to manage various customer classes with specific delivery distances between restaurants and customers. For a food delivery platform with multiple customer classes and courier pools, it is essential to optimize the delivery price charged to each customer, the wage paid to couriers, and matching between them to complete the food delivery within a reasonable amount of time. Hence, we study the operations decisions for the online food delivery platform that faces price- and time-sensitive customers with heterogeneous delivery distances and earning-sensitive couriers with heterogeneous transportation speeds. We formulate this problem as a multi-class multi-pool queueing and allocation problem. We find that the objective function of this optimization problem is inherently complex with respect to the number of customer classes and courier pools, making it unsuitable for standard convex optimization techniques. Hence, we propose a new Utilization-Based Multipoint (UBM) heuristic that exploits multiple initial points to derive near-optimal results efficiently. Our numerical experiments on both generated instances and real delivery data demonstrate that the proposed heuristic algorithm significantly outperforms the benchmark for all experiments.

最近，众包快递员（外卖工人）的外卖服务激增，给按需外卖平台的运营带来了新的问题。随着众包快递员数量的增加，配送方式多样化，如摩托车、自行车、步行等，这就导致了根据他们的速度不同，有特定模式的最大配送距离。此外，有必要管理不同的客户类别，并规定餐厅与客户之间的特定送货距离。对于一个拥有多个客户类别和快递员池的外卖平台来说，优化每个客户的外卖价格、支付给快递员的工资以及他们之间的匹配，以在合理的时间内完成外卖。因此，我们研究了在线食品配送平台的运营决策，该平台面对的是具有不同配送距离的价格和时间敏感型客户，以及具有不同运输速度的收入敏感型快递员。我们将此问题表述为一个多类多池排队与分配问题。我们发现，该优化问题的目标函数在客户类别和快递池的数量方面具有固有的复杂性，使其不适合标准的凸优化技术。因此，我们提出了一种新的基于利用率的多点启发式算法，该算法利用多个初始点来有效地获得接近最优的结果。我们在生成实例和实际交付数据上的数值实验表明，所提出的启发式算法在所有实验中都明显优于基准。

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引用次数: 0

Shareholding or authorization? The choice of cooperation between original equipment manufacturers and independent remanufacturers 持股还是授权？原始设备制造商与独立再制造商之间的合作选择

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109801

Fei Cheng , Qiao Chen , Xiaoxi Liu , Yimeng Zhang

This study investigates the transformative role of equity participation in remanufacturing supply chains, where shareholding has emerged as a strategic complement to conventional authorization frameworks between original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and independent remanufacturers (IRs). By integrating shareholding into the remanufacturing supply chain, we focus on the impact of different remanufacturing modes on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for remanufactured products, and further discussing how these effects shape the cooperation choices of supply chain members. Using a game-theoretic model, we analyze three scenarios: competition, shareholding, and authorization. We reveal that shareholding incentivizes full remanufacturing engagement by the IR, whereas authorization suppresses such initiatives. This divergence stems from the structural capacity of equity participation while mitigating product cannibalization risks. When considering environmental impact, both shareholding and authorization can achieve a win-win-win situation on the triple bottom line under certain conditions. In addition, despite the potential for enhanced systemic efficiency under shareholding, persistent preference conflicts between the OEM (favoring the authorization mode) and the IR (preferring the shareholding mode) preclude Pareto-optimal outcomes. The OEM's active strategic behavior can solve this negotiation dilemma, including choosing to implement cost reduction strategy and equity structure adjustment strategy.

本研究探讨了股权参与在再制造供应链中的变革作用，其中股权已成为原始设备制造商（oem）和独立再制造商（IRs）之间传统授权框架的战略补充。通过将股权整合到再制造供应链中，重点研究了不同再制造模式对消费者再制造产品支付意愿的影响，并进一步探讨了这些影响如何影响供应链成员的合作选择。利用博弈论模型，我们分析了三种情况：竞争、持股和授权。我们发现，股权激励再制造企业充分参与再制造，而授权则抑制这种积极性。这种分化源于股权参与的结构性能力，同时减轻了产品同类相食的风险。在考虑环境影响的情况下，在一定条件下，股权和授权都可以在三重底线上实现三赢。此外，尽管在股权模式下有提高系统效率的潜力，但OEM（倾向于授权模式）和IR（倾向于股权模式）之间持续的偏好冲突排除了帕累托最优结果。主机厂的主动战略行为可以解决这一谈判困境，包括选择实施成本降低策略和股权结构调整策略。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable life cycle management of batteries in a closed-loop supply chain under hierarchical cost-sharing contracts and carbon policies 分级成本分担合同和碳政策下闭环供应链电池的可持续生命周期管理

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109799

Mohammad Reza Khodoomi , Babak Mohamadpour Tosarkani , Eric Ping Hung Li

Concerns about the environment have led to an increase in the number of electric vehicles, which has heightened the dependency on batteries. However, this dependence has also brought about issues such as environmental pollution and resource depletion. Therefore, addressing the battery life cycle and recycling is crucial. As electric vehicle battery capabilities gradually decrease over time, they can be repurposed for second-life usage in applications, such as energy-sharing systems, or recycled when their capacity is low. In line with sustainability goals, carbon emissions from battery production, remanufacturing, and recycling must also be considered. This research examines strategic decisions related to pricing, battery quality, and carbon emissions in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) for batteries. Notably, a holistic supply chain perspective is adopted to optimize both sustainability and economic performance across manufacturers, remanufacturers, and retailers within the CLSC. The study compares different scenarios, including carbon tax policies and carbon trading markets, while focusing on optimizing three dimensions of sustainability, namely economic, social, and environmental aspects. Since battery manufacturers are responsible for the life cycle of their products, this study introduces a hierarchical cost-sharing contract to establish a holding company for life cycle management and to improve coordination among supply chain entities. Thus, the models are analyzed in centralized, Stackelberg game decision-making structures, and a newly introduced contract is developed to improve coordination among supply chain members. Moreover, this study introduces a novel integration of a game theory model with a data-driven framework to address uncertainties in input parameters. The results indicate that the carbon trading market can be more profitable for supply chain members than the carbon tax policy, with the new contract further enhancing profitability.

对环境的担忧导致电动汽车的数量增加，这加剧了对电池的依赖。然而，这种依赖也带来了环境污染和资源枯竭等问题。因此，解决电池生命周期和回收问题至关重要。随着时间的推移，电动汽车电池的性能逐渐下降，它们可以在能源共享系统等应用中被重新利用，或者在容量不足时被回收利用。为了实现可持续发展目标，还必须考虑电池生产、再制造和回收过程中的碳排放。本研究考察了电池闭环供应链（CLSC）中与定价、电池质量和碳排放相关的战略决策。值得注意的是，采用了整体供应链的观点来优化CLSC内制造商、再制造商和零售商的可持续性和经济绩效。该研究比较了不同的情景，包括碳税政策和碳交易市场，同时侧重于优化可持续性的三个维度，即经济、社会和环境方面。由于电池制造商对其产品的生命周期负责，本研究引入分层成本分担契约，建立控股公司进行生命周期管理，以改善供应链实体之间的协调。因此，模型在集中的Stackelberg博弈决策结构中进行分析，并开发了一个新引入的契约来改善供应链成员之间的协调。此外，本研究引入了一种新的博弈论模型与数据驱动框架的集成，以解决输入参数的不确定性。结果表明，碳交易市场比碳税政策对供应链成员更有利，新合同进一步提高了供应链成员的盈利能力。

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引用次数: 0

ESG greenwashing behaviour in the electric vehicle supply chain: Insights from evolutionary game theory 电动汽车供应链中的ESG洗绿行为：来自进化博弈论的见解

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109798

Yuhang Gao , Mimi Zhang , Muhammad Ali Nasir , Yan Hao , Jinghui Wu , Lixiao Zhang

This study explores the governance of greenwashing behaviour within the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) framework of the New Energy Vehicle (NEV) supply chain. Employing an evolutionary game theory model, we examine the strategic interactions between NEV Components Suppliers (NEVSs), NEV Manufacturers (NEVMs), and Government Regulatory Agencies (GRAs). We derive the conditions for evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) and conduct sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of key factors on the evolution of optimal strategies. Our findings reveal the dynamic changes in ESG practices and greenwashing of supply chain enterprises under different market and regulatory environments. The results demonstrate that ESG practices in the supply chain exhibit distinct phased characteristics, transitioning from greenwashing behaviour in the initial stages to proactive ESG practices in the maturity stage. This research highlights the significant influence of market forces on companies' ESG strategic choices, suggesting that the government should implement appropriate regulatory and incentive strategies at different stages to guide enterprises from greenwashing towards authentic ESG practices. This study provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for policymakers and corporate strategists to promote sustainable development in the NEV industry.

本研究探讨了在新能源汽车（NEV）供应链的环境、社会和治理（ESG）框架下对洗绿行为的治理。采用进化博弈论模型，我们研究了新能源汽车零部件供应商（ness）、新能源汽车制造商（nevm）和政府监管机构（GRAs）之间的战略互动。我们推导了进化稳定策略的条件，并进行了敏感性分析，以评估关键因素对最优策略进化的影响。研究结果揭示了不同市场和监管环境下供应链企业ESG实践和“漂绿”的动态变化。研究结果表明，供应链中的ESG实践呈现出明显的阶段性特征，从初始阶段的“漂绿”行为过渡到成熟阶段的主动ESG实践。本研究强调了市场力量对企业ESG战略选择的重要影响，建议政府应在不同阶段实施适当的监管和激励策略，引导企业从“漂绿”转向真正的ESG实践。本研究为政策制定者和企业战略制定者促进新能源汽车产业的可持续发展提供了理论见解和实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

Bilevel joint optimization for product design changes with a resilient supply chain based on deep reinforcement learning 基于深度强化学习的弹性供应链产品设计变更双层联合优化

IF 1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

International Journal of Production Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109791

Yujie Ma, Xin Xia, Peiyao Liu, Chen Zhang

High-tech supply chains are complex and capital-intensive, making them highly vulnerable to disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic and rising geopolitical tensions. Traditional risk management strategies — such as securing backup suppliers and stockpiling inventory — have revealed their limitations. In contrast, integrating product design change (PDC) strategies enables supply chains to adapt and restructure more flexibly, thereby enhancing resilience. This study emphasizes the critical interplay between PDC and resilient supply chains (RSC), proposing a design scheme that integrates both. Because PDC and RSC involve distinct decision-makers with hierarchical decision structures, we further construct a bilevel joint optimization (BJO) framework grounded in a Stackelberg game. To capture this dynamic, a novel bilevel 0–1 nonlinear programming model is formulated, and a bilevel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm is developed to solve it. The proposed DRL approach effectively handles multi-dimensional discrete decision variables and complex constraints. We conduct case studies on the smartphone industry. Comparative experiments reveal that the proposed BJO framework significantly outperforms traditional approaches. Moreover, our bilevel DRL algorithm achieves better results than conventional DRL and heuristic methods. Results from resilience-oriented experiments confirm that integrating both resilience and product design into supply chain activities significantly influences RSC decisions, thereby contributing to enterprise risk mitigation. We further conduct a sensitivity analysis on composite utility, design tolerance, and manufacturing adaptability tolerance parameters. The results show that changes in these parameters substantially affect the objectives of the decision-makers. Based on these findings, we offer practical managerial insights to guide real-world implementation.

高科技供应链是复杂和资本密集型的，因此极易受到COVID-19大流行和地缘政治紧张局势加剧等中断的影响。传统的风险管理策略——例如确保备用供应商和储备库存——已经暴露出它们的局限性。相比之下，集成产品设计变更（PDC）策略使供应链能够更灵活地适应和重组，从而增强弹性。本研究强调PDC和弹性供应链（RSC）之间的关键相互作用，提出了一种集成两者的设计方案。由于PDC和RSC涉及具有分层决策结构的不同决策者，我们进一步构建了基于Stackelberg博弈的双层联合优化（BJO）框架。为了捕捉这种动态，提出了一种新的两层0-1非线性规划模型，并开发了一种两层深度强化学习（DRL）算法来求解该模型。该方法能有效地处理多维离散决策变量和复杂约束。我们对智能手机行业进行案例研究。对比实验表明，所提出的BJO框架显著优于传统方法。此外，我们的双层DRL算法比传统的DRL和启发式方法取得了更好的效果。以弹性为导向的实验结果证实，将弹性和产品设计整合到供应链活动中会显著影响RSC决策，从而有助于降低企业风险。我们进一步对复合材料效用、设计公差和制造适应性公差参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明，这些参数的变化实质上影响了决策者的目标。基于这些发现，我们提供了实用的管理见解来指导现实世界的实施。

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引用次数: 0