Ismaila Adenoyi Sule, M. Saleh, M. Lawan, Abdulrahim Ali Bunawa, Farouq Mohammed Jibril
2-D resistivity imaging and physicochemical analysis were used to investigate the intrusion of leachates on groundwater quality around a dumpsite in Tarauni Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) imaging traverse lines were established and Wenner configuration was adopted using an electrode spacing from 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 to 60.0 m. Data collected from the imaging were inverted using AGI EarthImager 2D software and the results obtained were used to construct the Geologic model section using Surfer 9.0 software. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected for the physicochemical analysis from in and around the study area. The results indicated the presence and the range of the following parameters: pH (6.86-8.1), electrical conductivity (E.C) (305 -1239 μS/cm), total dissolved solid (TDS) (215 – 747 mg/L), nitrite (NO2-) (0.18 - 0.59 mg/L), phosphate (PO4) (2.4 - 7.16 mg/L), cadmium (Cd) (0.003 - 0.3 mg/L), chromium (Cr) (0.020 - 0.79 mg/L), copper (Cu) (0.125 - 02.273 mg/L) and iron (Fe3+) (0.10 - 0.25 mg/L). All the parameters analysed were found to be above permissible limit in the control sample; this shows that the dumpsite was the source of the groundwater contamination. Traverse 3 and 4 were the mostly affected. In Traverse 3 the contamination reached a depth of about 17.1 m between 160 and 175 m along the profile while in Traverse 4 it reached a depth of about 26 m which extends from 5 to 85 m along the profile. Groundwater samples in the study area were found to be inadmissible for human consumption when results were compared with specification from WHO (2008) and NSDQW (2007) standard. Both results of the resistivity imaging and physicochemical analysis indicated the presence of contamination in the subsurface water. Key words Dumpsite, resistivity imaging, leachate, groundwater contamination, physicochemical analysis.
{"title":"Assessment of groundwater quality condition at Tarauni dumpsite area, Kano Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"Ismaila Adenoyi Sule, M. Saleh, M. Lawan, Abdulrahim Ali Bunawa, Farouq Mohammed Jibril","doi":"10.5897/ijps2018.4784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2018.4784","url":null,"abstract":"2-D resistivity imaging and physicochemical analysis were used to investigate the intrusion of leachates on groundwater quality around a dumpsite in Tarauni Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) imaging traverse lines were established and Wenner configuration was adopted using an electrode spacing from 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 to 60.0 m. Data collected from the imaging were inverted using AGI EarthImager 2D software and the results obtained were used to construct the Geologic model section using Surfer 9.0 software. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected for the physicochemical analysis from in and around the study area. The results indicated the presence and the range of the following parameters: pH (6.86-8.1), electrical conductivity (E.C) (305 -1239 μS/cm), total dissolved solid (TDS) (215 – 747 mg/L), nitrite (NO2-) (0.18 - 0.59 mg/L), phosphate (PO4) (2.4 - 7.16 mg/L), cadmium (Cd) (0.003 - 0.3 mg/L), chromium (Cr) (0.020 - 0.79 mg/L), copper (Cu) (0.125 - 02.273 mg/L) and iron (Fe3+) (0.10 - 0.25 mg/L). All the parameters analysed were found to be above permissible limit in the control sample; this shows that the dumpsite was the source of the groundwater contamination. Traverse 3 and 4 were the mostly affected. In Traverse 3 the contamination reached a depth of about 17.1 m between 160 and 175 m along the profile while in Traverse 4 it reached a depth of about 26 m which extends from 5 to 85 m along the profile. Groundwater samples in the study area were found to be inadmissible for human consumption when results were compared with specification from WHO (2008) and NSDQW (2007) standard. Both results of the resistivity imaging and physicochemical analysis indicated the presence of contamination in the subsurface water. \u0000 \u0000 Key words Dumpsite, resistivity imaging, leachate, groundwater contamination, physicochemical analysis.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88820608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, monthly means of cosmic ray count rates from two mid latitude (Hermanus and Rome), and two higher latitude (Inuvik and Oulu) neutron monitors (NM) were employed and their variability was compared with geomagnetic stations that are in close proximity to the NMs. The data spans 1966 to 2008 and covers four solar cycles. The difference (CRdiff) between the mean count rate of all days and the mean of the five quietest days for each month was compared with the Dst-related disturbance (Hdiff) derived from the nearby geomagnetic stations. Zeroth- and First-correlation between the cosmic ray parameters and geomagnetic parameters was performed to ascertain statistical association and test for spurious association. The present results show that solar activity is generally strongly correlated (>0.75) with mean strength of GCR count rate and geomagnetic field during individual solar cycles. The correlation between mean strength of cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic field strength is spurious and is basically moderated by the solar activity. The signature of convection driven disturbances at high latitude geomagnetic stations was evident during the declining phase of the solar cycles close to the solar minimums. The absence of this feature in the slow-time varying cosmic ray count rates in all stations and in the mid latitude geomagnetic stations suggests that the local geomagnetic disturbance do not play a significant role in modulating the cosmic ray flux. Key words: Geomagnetic field variability, solar activity, galactic cosmic rays, cosmic ray modulation.
{"title":"On the slow-time geomagnetic field modulation of cosmic rays","authors":"Egbunu Friday, O. Chukwudi","doi":"10.5897/ijps2019.4837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2019.4837","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, monthly means of cosmic ray count rates from two mid latitude (Hermanus and Rome), and two higher latitude (Inuvik and Oulu) neutron monitors (NM) were employed and their variability was compared with geomagnetic stations that are in close proximity to the NMs. The data spans 1966 to 2008 and covers four solar cycles. The difference (CRdiff) between the mean count rate of all days and the mean of the five quietest days for each month was compared with the Dst-related disturbance (Hdiff) derived from the nearby geomagnetic stations. Zeroth- and First-correlation between the cosmic ray parameters and geomagnetic parameters was performed to ascertain statistical association and test for spurious association. The present results show that solar activity is generally strongly correlated (>0.75) with mean strength of GCR count rate and geomagnetic field during individual solar cycles. The correlation between mean strength of cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic field strength is spurious and is basically moderated by the solar activity. The signature of convection driven disturbances at high latitude geomagnetic stations was evident during the declining phase of the solar cycles close to the solar minimums. The absence of this feature in the slow-time varying cosmic ray count rates in all stations and in the mid latitude geomagnetic stations suggests that the local geomagnetic disturbance do not play a significant role in modulating the cosmic ray flux. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Geomagnetic field variability, solar activity, galactic cosmic rays, cosmic ray modulation.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"171-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74100876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to derive a numerical solver for first order initial value problems of ordinary differential equation via the combination of Chebyshev polynomial and exponential function.Methodology: A new numerical method for solving Initial Value Problems of first order ordinary differential equation is developed. The method is based on finite difference method with a combination of Chebyshev polynomials and exponential function as interpolant. The accuracy, stability, consistency and convergence of the derived scheme were investigated. Numerical experiment was carried out by solving some test problems using the derived scheme.Findings: Results of the numerical experiment revealed that the derived method compared favourably with exact solutions and also performs better than some existing methods for solving initial value problems of first order. Unique Contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study therefore concludes that the method solves problems to expected level of accuracy and can thus be considered among the numerous methods suitable for solving IVPs of first order.
{"title":"A Numerical Solver for First Order Initial Value Problems of Ordinary Differential Equation Via the Combination of Chebyshev Polynomial and Exponential Function","authors":"R. Ogunrinde, K. S. Olayemi, I. Isah, A. Salawu","doi":"10.47941/JPS.479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/JPS.479","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study is to derive a numerical solver for first order initial value problems of ordinary differential equation via the combination of Chebyshev polynomial and exponential function.Methodology: A new numerical method for solving Initial Value Problems of first order ordinary differential equation is developed. The method is based on finite difference method with a combination of Chebyshev polynomials and exponential function as interpolant. The accuracy, stability, consistency and convergence of the derived scheme were investigated. Numerical experiment was carried out by solving some test problems using the derived scheme.Findings: Results of the numerical experiment revealed that the derived method compared favourably with exact solutions and also performs better than some existing methods for solving initial value problems of first order. Unique Contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study therefore concludes that the method solves problems to expected level of accuracy and can thus be considered among the numerous methods suitable for solving IVPs of first order.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83178648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every aspect of oil and gas operations poses significant negative impacts on the environment in varying levels, these environmental impacts have economic and public health consequences on the indigenes of the operation locality. Produced water discharge is one of such aspects of the upstream oil and gas operation whose potential for environmental degradation has necessitated both local and international regulations for its governance. This research focuses on the environmental assessment of heavy metal pollution on marine sediments receiving treated produced water in Delta state, Nigeria. Sediment samples were obtained from produced water discharge area at various distances from the disposal point. Heavy metals (Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Chromium, Vanadium, Barium, Nickel and Manganese) concentrations in the sediment were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. In the sediment, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, cadmium and zinc were detected in all the locations and showed no significant difference across the various locations. Barium and vanadium were detected in some location although no statistical difference was established across the locations. Iron concentration showed significant difference across the various locations. The results of heavy metals contamination factor in marine sediments ranged from low contamination to very high contamination (CF<1; 3 ≤ CF ≥ 6). High contamination values were recorded for vanadium (Location SD16, 21 and 22) and barium locations (SD8 and 21). The enrichment factor of heavy metals ranged from minimal to moderate, significant and very high enrichment. Barium, Nickel and Manganese showed the highest variation in enrichment factor. Other than cadmium and barium that showed moderate risk (40 ≤ Er <80) and very high risk (Er ≥ 320) at some locations respectively, the Ecological Risk Index of heavy metals based on the criteria for risk assessment showed low risk (Er<40) for most of the locations. Key words: Assessment, environmental impact, produced water, pollution, heavy metal, contamination, sediments.
{"title":"Assessment of heavy metal pollution in marine sediments receiving produced water, Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Ngwoke, O. Igwe, O. Ozioko","doi":"10.5897/IJPS2019.4827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2019.4827","url":null,"abstract":"Every aspect of oil and gas operations poses significant negative impacts on the environment in varying levels, these environmental impacts have economic and public health consequences on the indigenes of the operation locality. Produced water discharge is one of such aspects of the upstream oil and gas operation whose potential for environmental degradation has necessitated both local and international regulations for its governance. This research focuses on the environmental assessment of heavy metal pollution on marine sediments receiving treated produced water in Delta state, Nigeria. Sediment samples were obtained from produced water discharge area at various distances from the disposal point. Heavy metals (Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Chromium, Vanadium, Barium, Nickel and Manganese) concentrations in the sediment were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. In the sediment, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, cadmium and zinc were detected in all the locations and showed no significant difference across the various locations. Barium and vanadium were detected in some location although no statistical difference was established across the locations. Iron concentration showed significant difference across the various locations. The results of heavy metals contamination factor in marine sediments ranged from low contamination to very high contamination (CF<1; 3 ≤ CF ≥ 6). High contamination values were recorded for vanadium (Location SD16, 21 and 22) and barium locations (SD8 and 21). The enrichment factor of heavy metals ranged from minimal to moderate, significant and very high enrichment. Barium, Nickel and Manganese showed the highest variation in enrichment factor. Other than cadmium and barium that showed moderate risk (40 ≤ Er <80) and very high risk (Er ≥ 320) at some locations respectively, the Ecological Risk Index of heavy metals based on the criteria for risk assessment showed low risk (Er<40) for most of the locations. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Assessment, environmental impact, produced water, pollution, heavy metal, contamination, sediments.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"88 1","pages":"152-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89053393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adane Tadesse Dado, Yoseph Alresawum Asresahegn, K. Goroya
Caffeine is one of the compounds found in coffee beans and other parts of coffee plant. However, the relative caffeine content in different coffee plant parts is least researched. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the content of caffeine in green coffee leaves and beans. In this work, we report content of caffeine in green coffee beans and leaves of Coffea arabica using UV/Vis spectrophotometer with liquid-liquid extraction method. Obtained results indicated that the content of caffeine in green coffee beans and leaves are in the range of 9.94±0.20 to 11.46±0.10 mg/g and 2.53±0.07 to 2.73±0.16 mg/g, respectively. On top of that, the percentage of caffeine content in green coffee beans is more than in leaves in the range of 73.44 to 77.31%. These results show that there is statistically significant different content of caffeine in green coffee beans than its green leaves in a given coffee plant. Key words: Caffeine, green coffee beans, green coffee leaves, UV/Vis spectrometer.
{"title":"Comparative study of caffeine content in beans and leaves of Coffea arabica using UV/Vis spectrophotometer","authors":"Adane Tadesse Dado, Yoseph Alresawum Asresahegn, K. Goroya","doi":"10.5897/IJPS2019.4814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2019.4814","url":null,"abstract":"Caffeine is one of the compounds found in coffee beans and other parts of coffee plant. However, the relative caffeine content in different coffee plant parts is least researched. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the content of caffeine in green coffee leaves and beans. In this work, we report content of caffeine in green coffee beans and leaves of Coffea arabica using UV/Vis spectrophotometer with liquid-liquid extraction method. Obtained results indicated that the content of caffeine in green coffee beans and leaves are in the range of 9.94±0.20 to 11.46±0.10 mg/g and 2.53±0.07 to 2.73±0.16 mg/g, respectively. On top of that, the percentage of caffeine content in green coffee beans is more than in leaves in the range of 73.44 to 77.31%. These results show that there is statistically significant different content of caffeine in green coffee beans than its green leaves in a given coffee plant. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Caffeine, green coffee beans, green coffee leaves, UV/Vis spectrometer.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"72 1","pages":"171-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81342712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reaffirms the basic agreement of the material space theory: (1) Space is a physical existence; (2) "Force" is the action to space, and "force" is equal to the reciprocal value of "time"; in the absence of special description, "force" is the reciprocal of time; (3) There is a steady velocity field in three-dimensional space, whose intensity is the speed of light C; (4) Mass is a property of space produced by force acting on space, there are one-dimensional to four-dimensional masses in the universe, which correspond to velocities, light, electricity and gravitational masses; (5) The "causality principle" of physical changes; (6) The "simplicity principle" of physical changes; (7) The micro world and the macro world follow the same legal system. In this paper, magnetic field and electric field are defined respectively from space vector and space curvature. Studied the properties of magnetic and electric fields. This paper studies the properties of magnetic and electric fields, and in the field of micro electromagnetic interaction are described. Based on the basic principle of the material space theory, this paper proposes a method to calculate the spin magnetic moment of electrons and protons by using the magnetic field strength, and calculates the spin magnetic moment of protons and electrons under specific parameters. The calculated spin magnetic moment of the proton is 4.04035412*10-26J/T, it is close to the reported value of 1.41049964*10-26J/T, the spin magnetic moment of electrons is 6.69044591*10-27 J/T, which is far from the reference value of 9.28674762*10-24J/T, However, if the radius of the electron charge is set as 1.553794368*10-15m, the spin magnetic moment of the electron will be consistent with the reported value in the literature. The research results show that when the magnetic moment of elementary particles is known, the spatial structure of the charge of elementary particles can be calculated by using the method in this paper. This also provides an experimental method to verify the correctness of the proposed method. Key words: Space vector, space curvature, magnetic moment, spin, electron, proton.
{"title":"The magnetic moment of elementary particles is studied by space vector and space curvature","authors":"Haitao Gao","doi":"10.5897/IJPS2019.4838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2019.4838","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reaffirms the basic agreement of the material space theory: (1) Space is a physical existence; (2) \"Force\" is the action to space, and \"force\" is equal to the reciprocal value of \"time\"; in the absence of special description, \"force\" is the reciprocal of time; (3) There is a steady velocity field in three-dimensional space, whose intensity is the speed of light C; (4) Mass is a property of space produced by force acting on space, there are one-dimensional to four-dimensional masses in the universe, which correspond to velocities, light, electricity and gravitational masses; (5) The \"causality principle\" of physical changes; (6) The \"simplicity principle\" of physical changes; (7) The micro world and the macro world follow the same legal system. In this paper, magnetic field and electric field are defined respectively from space vector and space curvature. Studied the properties of magnetic and electric fields. This paper studies the properties of magnetic and electric fields, and in the field of micro electromagnetic interaction are described. Based on the basic principle of the material space theory, this paper proposes a method to calculate the spin magnetic moment of electrons and protons by using the magnetic field strength, and calculates the spin magnetic moment of protons and electrons under specific parameters. The calculated spin magnetic moment of the proton is 4.04035412*10-26J/T, it is close to the reported value of 1.41049964*10-26J/T, the spin magnetic moment of electrons is 6.69044591*10-27 J/T, which is far from the reference value of 9.28674762*10-24J/T, However, if the radius of the electron charge is set as 1.553794368*10-15m, the spin magnetic moment of the electron will be consistent with the reported value in the literature. The research results show that when the magnetic moment of elementary particles is known, the spatial structure of the charge of elementary particles can be calculated by using the method in this paper. This also provides an experimental method to verify the correctness of the proposed method. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Space vector, space curvature, magnetic moment, spin, electron, proton.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"144-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81364672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Muztaza, N. A. Nawawi, H. Hisham, M. T. Zakaria, A. T. Olugbenga
An outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. In recent years, outcrop studies have become very important to understand the geology of the earth. The lack of studies on outcrops depends on the interpretations and observations at the surface of the earth only. Besides that, lack of specific physical value for the type of materials can cause misinterpretation of data. Therefore, 2-D resistivity and ground penetrating radar (GPR) were integrated to characterize the sedimentary outcrop. There are three study areas with the exposed outcrops located at Northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, which are Bukit Chondong, Guar Jentik and Bukit Kukus. The 2-D resistivity survey was performed using SAS4000 Terrameter with Pole-dipole array configuration while for GPR, the frequency of the antenna used is 250 MHz. The uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation at Bukit Chondong consists of repetitive facies of sandstone and mudstone. The mudstone and sandstone exhibit resistivity value of 20 to 130 and 100 to 400 Ωm, respectively whereas GPR shows contrast image in a reflection of the signal strength when the radar wave penetrates through different mediums of mudstone and sandstone. The resistivity value at Guar Jentik shows red mudstone with low resistivity value (10 - 150 Ωm) and sandstone gives higher resistivity (500 - 700 Ωm). The low contrast reflectivity in GPR is interpreted as red mudstone and the high contrast is sandstone. At Bukit Kukus, the chert facies give resistivity value of 1400 to 45000 Ωm while claystone gives 400 to 1000 Ωm, respectively. The chert area is low attenuation, thus permitting high contrast image in the radargram of the GPR and the low contrast is interpreted as claystone. The results show that 2-D resistivity and GPR methods well characterized the geological features of sedimentary outcrops. The inversion model of 2-D resistivity shows that the trend of contouring resistivity value is successfully matched with the outcrops’ geological features. The radargram from the GPR showed compatibility to sedimentary structures in the outcrops. Therefore, both methods will give great potential for further studies on sedimentary outcrop. Key words: 2-D resistivity, ground penetrating radar (GPR), features, Bukit Chondong, Guar Jentik, Bukit Kukus.
{"title":"Integrated geophysical approach for imaging sedimentary outcrop at Northwestern Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"N. Muztaza, N. A. Nawawi, H. Hisham, M. T. Zakaria, A. T. Olugbenga","doi":"10.5897/IJPS2019.4824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2019.4824","url":null,"abstract":"An outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth. In recent years, outcrop studies have become very important to understand the geology of the earth. The lack of studies on outcrops depends on the interpretations and observations at the surface of the earth only. Besides that, lack of specific physical value for the type of materials can cause misinterpretation of data. Therefore, 2-D resistivity and ground penetrating radar (GPR) were integrated to characterize the sedimentary outcrop. There are three study areas with the exposed outcrops located at Northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, which are Bukit Chondong, Guar Jentik and Bukit Kukus. The 2-D resistivity survey was performed using SAS4000 Terrameter with Pole-dipole array configuration while for GPR, the frequency of the antenna used is 250 MHz. The uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation at Bukit Chondong consists of repetitive facies of sandstone and mudstone. The mudstone and sandstone exhibit resistivity value of 20 to 130 and 100 to 400 Ωm, respectively whereas GPR shows contrast image in a reflection of the signal strength when the radar wave penetrates through different mediums of mudstone and sandstone. The resistivity value at Guar Jentik shows red mudstone with low resistivity value (10 - 150 Ωm) and sandstone gives higher resistivity (500 - 700 Ωm). The low contrast reflectivity in GPR is interpreted as red mudstone and the high contrast is sandstone. At Bukit Kukus, the chert facies give resistivity value of 1400 to 45000 Ωm while claystone gives 400 to 1000 Ωm, respectively. The chert area is low attenuation, thus permitting high contrast image in the radargram of the GPR and the low contrast is interpreted as claystone. The results show that 2-D resistivity and GPR methods well characterized the geological features of sedimentary outcrops. The inversion model of 2-D resistivity shows that the trend of contouring resistivity value is successfully matched with the outcrops’ geological features. The radargram from the GPR showed compatibility to sedimentary structures in the outcrops. Therefore, both methods will give great potential for further studies on sedimentary outcrop. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: 2-D resistivity, ground penetrating radar (GPR), features, Bukit Chondong, Guar Jentik, Bukit Kukus.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83523612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eslemhoum Jiddou Abdi, M. M. Ali, B. Bilal, N. Dia, M. Ndongo, Ckeikh Mohamed Fadel Kebe, P. Ndiaye
This paper proposes a method to evaluate solar energy on flat ground for different state of sky (clear sky, moderately covered sky and covered sky). Four semi-empirical models (Link Cloudiness Factor (LCF), Perrin-Brichambaut (PB), Ghouard (GD), Bird Hulstrom (BH)) have been considered to predict solar radiation. An influence analysis of the seasonal variation on the quality of solar energy potential was carried out. In this study, two seasons (dry seasons and rainy season) were identified for the site of Nouakchott. Results of the study showed three cases: The first one is the clear sky, which includes two cases one was during the rainy season, where the model of the LCF was the best with Normalized Mean Square Error NMSE (0.073) and Correlation Coefficient R (0.975), and the other was during the dry season, where the model of BH was most suitable with NMSE (0.069) and R (0.973). The second case is the moderately covered sky, where the GD model was the best model during the dry season whereas BH showed the best results with NMSE (0.242) and R (0.911) during the rainy season. The third case is the covered sky, where GD model with NMSE (0.880) and R (0.831) in the dry season and PB model with NMSE (0.615) and R (0.831) in the rainy season were the most adapted ones. Keywords: Solar energy, state of sky, prediction, solar radiation, clearness index.
{"title":"Seasonal analyses of solar radiation on flat ground for different stat of sky: Case of Nouakchott, Mauritania","authors":"Eslemhoum Jiddou Abdi, M. M. Ali, B. Bilal, N. Dia, M. Ndongo, Ckeikh Mohamed Fadel Kebe, P. Ndiaye","doi":"10.5897/IJPS2019.4830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2019.4830","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a method to evaluate solar energy on flat ground for different state of sky (clear sky, moderately covered sky and covered sky). Four semi-empirical models (Link Cloudiness Factor (LCF), Perrin-Brichambaut (PB), Ghouard (GD), Bird Hulstrom (BH)) have been considered to predict solar radiation. An influence analysis of the seasonal variation on the quality of solar energy potential was carried out. In this study, two seasons (dry seasons and rainy season) were identified for the site of Nouakchott. Results of the study showed three cases: The first one is the clear sky, which includes two cases one was during the rainy season, where the model of the LCF was the best with Normalized Mean Square Error NMSE (0.073) and Correlation Coefficient R (0.975), and the other was during the dry season, where the model of BH was most suitable with NMSE (0.069) and R (0.973). The second case is the moderately covered sky, where the GD model was the best model during the dry season whereas BH showed the best results with NMSE (0.242) and R (0.911) during the rainy season. The third case is the covered sky, where GD model with NMSE (0.880) and R (0.831) in the dry season and PB model with NMSE (0.615) and R (0.831) in the rainy season were the most adapted ones. \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: Solar energy, state of sky, prediction, solar radiation, clearness index.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"173 1","pages":"125-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79546021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
General relativity has been very successful as a model for space and gravity. It is supported from a range of experimental results. With the advent of the detection of gravitational waves, another platform exists to trumpet its triumph. The merger of black holes has provided evidence in support of the theory of Einstein. Furthermore, the one neutron star merger so far detected provides much more information because of the multi-messenger discovery of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation in conjunction with gravitational waves. Key words: Gravitational waves, general relativity, black hole mergers, neutron star merger
{"title":"Gravitational waves as a test of general relativity","authors":"K. Treschman","doi":"10.5897/IJPS2019.4818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2019.4818","url":null,"abstract":"General relativity has been very successful as a model for space and gravity. It is supported from a range of experimental results. With the advent of the detection of gravitational waves, another platform exists to trumpet its triumph. The merger of black holes has provided evidence in support of the theory of Einstein. Furthermore, the one neutron star merger so far detected provides much more information because of the multi-messenger discovery of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation in conjunction with gravitational waves. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Gravitational waves, general relativity, black hole mergers, neutron star merger","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"94 1","pages":"139-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75925054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clay minerals are form over long periods of time, through weathering as a result of gradual chemical breakdown of rocks rich in feldspar. The extent of weathering is determined by many factors. Most common constituent mineral of clays is often one of the members of the mica mineral group. They include illite, sericite, muscovite, and biotite. Others are kaolinite, smectite, mixed-layer clays and chlorite. This paper characterizes eight clay samples from Panyam, North-Central Nigeria. The characterization is based on their mineralogy and major oxide chemistry. This is aimed at determining the extent of weathering and/or maturity and origin or source of the clay materials. Compositional mineralogical and oxide analysis was performed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) respectively. The X-ray data revealed that the primary constituents of the rocks such as feldspars, biotite and other minerals have been altered to Illite and kaolinite. Nesbitt and Young weathering trend model was used for characterizing the samples using their major oxides; four samples classified as muscovite, two as kaolinite and two as illite. From the Nesbitt and Young model, it was discovered that all samples had a granitic origin with a slower rate of weathering. Key words: Panyam, clay characterization, smectite, kaolinite, oxides.
{"title":"Mineralogical and major oxide characterization of Panyam clays, North - Central Nigeria","authors":"A. A. Umbugadu, O. Igwe","doi":"10.5897/IJPS2019.4804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2019.4804","url":null,"abstract":"Clay minerals are form over long periods of time, through weathering as a result of gradual chemical breakdown of rocks rich in feldspar. The extent of weathering is determined by many factors. Most common constituent mineral of clays is often one of the members of the mica mineral group. They include illite, sericite, muscovite, and biotite. Others are kaolinite, smectite, mixed-layer clays and chlorite. This paper characterizes eight clay samples from Panyam, North-Central Nigeria. The characterization is based on their mineralogy and major oxide chemistry. This is aimed at determining the extent of weathering and/or maturity and origin or source of the clay materials. Compositional mineralogical and oxide analysis was performed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) respectively. The X-ray data revealed that the primary constituents of the rocks such as feldspars, biotite and other minerals have been altered to Illite and kaolinite. Nesbitt and Young weathering trend model was used for characterizing the samples using their major oxides; four samples classified as muscovite, two as kaolinite and two as illite. From the Nesbitt and Young model, it was discovered that all samples had a granitic origin with a slower rate of weathering. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Panyam, clay characterization, smectite, kaolinite, oxides.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"108-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82911306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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