Pub Date : 2012-06-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.2.49
K. Kim, Mi-Kyung Lee
Background: The female genital tract is equipped to deal with a variety of foreign substances including a wide array of microorganisms. It is important to consider Candida-bacterial interactions in balance between healthy colonization versus vaginitis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between microorganism distribution and vaginitis, and to investigate the possibility of an interaction between vaginal Candida and other microorganisms in female genital tract. Methods: A total of 516 vaginal secretions were collected between October 2008 and June 2010 from patients with suspected vaginitis. Identification of Candida species and detection of 6 fastidious microorganisms (Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) were performed using a VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO, USA) and multiplex PCR (Seegene, Biotechnology, Inc., Seoul, Korea), respectively. Results: M. genitalium, U. urealyticum, and C. trachomatis were more often detected in association with vaginal candidiasis. A statistically significant association between Candida and M. genitalium was observed (P<0.05). N. gonorrhoeae was detected less often in women with vaginal candidiasis. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the possibility that vaginal Candida may associate with some microorganisms in patients with vaginitis. Further studies will be required to define the Candida-bacterial interactions and its mechanisms. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:49-53)
{"title":"Vaginal Candida and Microorganisms Related to Sexual Transmitted Diseases in Women with Symptoms of Vaginitis","authors":"K. Kim, Mi-Kyung Lee","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.2.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.2.49","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The female genital tract is equipped to deal with a variety of foreign substances including a wide array of microorganisms. It is important to consider Candida-bacterial interactions in balance between healthy colonization versus vaginitis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between microorganism distribution and vaginitis, and to investigate the possibility of an interaction between vaginal Candida and other microorganisms in female genital tract. Methods: A total of 516 vaginal secretions were collected between October 2008 and June 2010 from patients with suspected vaginitis. Identification of Candida species and detection of 6 fastidious microorganisms (Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) were performed using a VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO, USA) and multiplex PCR (Seegene, Biotechnology, Inc., Seoul, Korea), respectively. Results: M. genitalium, U. urealyticum, and C. trachomatis were more often detected in association with vaginal candidiasis. A statistically significant association between Candida and M. genitalium was observed (P<0.05). N. gonorrhoeae was detected less often in women with vaginal candidiasis. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the possibility that vaginal Candida may associate with some microorganisms in patients with vaginitis. Further studies will be required to define the Candida-bacterial interactions and its mechanisms. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:49-53)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126923111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.1
I. K. Bae, S. Jeong, Kyungwon Lee
Clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. in Korea exhibit higher antimicrobial resistance rates than in foreign countries and frequently show multi-drug resistance. Approximately 67% (272/405) of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected from 19 hospitals in Korea in 2008 exhibited intermediate susceptibility or resistance to imipenem and/or meropenem. The most important mechanisms in acquiring carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii in Korea are production of OXA-23 and overproduction of OXA-51, while that in non-baumannii Acinetobacter is the production of metallo-β-lactamases. All the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates were identified as clonal complex 92 and belonged to worldwide clone 2. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:1-8)
{"title":"Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","authors":"I. K. Bae, S. Jeong, Kyungwon Lee","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. in Korea exhibit higher antimicrobial resistance rates than in foreign countries and frequently show multi-drug resistance. Approximately 67% (272/405) of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected from 19 hospitals in Korea in 2008 exhibited intermediate susceptibility or resistance to imipenem and/or meropenem. The most important mechanisms in acquiring carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii in Korea are production of OXA-23 and overproduction of OXA-51, while that in non-baumannii Acinetobacter is the production of metallo-β-lactamases. All the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates were identified as clonal complex 92 and belonged to worldwide clone 2. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:1-8)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116505017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.14
Hae-Sun Chung, Hyukmin Lee, Yangsoon Lee, D. Yong, S. Jeong, B. Lee, Sukchan Jung, Suk-kyung Lim, Kyungwon Lee, Y. Chong
Background: The emergence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) with decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolone, ampicillin, or ceftriaxone has been reported worldwide. However, current surveillance studies of resistance among NTS in Korea are limited. Thus, the antimicrobial susceptibilities; resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (PABL), and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR); and molecular epidemiologic characteristics were investigated in the present study. Methods: National Institute of Health and National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service collected NTS strains from 219 clinical and 293 non-clinical specimens from 2006 to 2008. The antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute disk diffusion test. ESBL, PABL, and qnr genotyping were performed using PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used for the molecular epidemiologic study. Results: The resistance to ampicillin in clinical and non-clinical NTS was 49% and 18 to 47%, respectively. The resistance rates to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in clinical and non-clinical NTS were 8% and 0 to 41%, respectively. The rates to extendedspectrum cephalosporin were 0 to 1%. One CTX-M15-producing isolate and four CMY-2-producing isolates were detected. Notably, PFGE analysis showed four isolates carrying blaCMY-2, including one non-clinical strain had high clonality. Although the rate of ciprofloxacin resistance was very low, two qnrS1-carrying NTS strains were detected in non-clinical specimens. Conclusion: The resistance rates to ampicillin in both clinical and non-clinical NTS were high, while those to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole varied depending on the specimen. NTS strains harboring CTX-M-15type ESBL or CMY-2-type PABL were detected even though the resistance rates to cephalosporins were very low. Four NTS strains carrying the blaCMY-2gene implied zoonotic infection. Continuous effort to minimize transfer of resistance genes in NTS is necessary. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:14-20)
{"title":"A Korean Nationwide Surveillance Study for Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolated in Humans and Food Animals from 2006 to 2008: Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase, Plasmid-Mediated AmpC β-Lactamase, and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance qnr Genes","authors":"Hae-Sun Chung, Hyukmin Lee, Yangsoon Lee, D. Yong, S. Jeong, B. Lee, Sukchan Jung, Suk-kyung Lim, Kyungwon Lee, Y. Chong","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The emergence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) with decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolone, ampicillin, or ceftriaxone has been reported worldwide. However, current surveillance studies of resistance among NTS in Korea are limited. Thus, the antimicrobial susceptibilities; resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (PABL), and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR); and molecular epidemiologic characteristics were investigated in the present study. Methods: National Institute of Health and National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service collected NTS strains from 219 clinical and 293 non-clinical specimens from 2006 to 2008. The antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute disk diffusion test. ESBL, PABL, and qnr genotyping were performed using PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used for the molecular epidemiologic study. Results: The resistance to ampicillin in clinical and non-clinical NTS was 49% and 18 to 47%, respectively. The resistance rates to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in clinical and non-clinical NTS were 8% and 0 to 41%, respectively. The rates to extendedspectrum cephalosporin were 0 to 1%. One CTX-M15-producing isolate and four CMY-2-producing isolates were detected. Notably, PFGE analysis showed four isolates carrying blaCMY-2, including one non-clinical strain had high clonality. Although the rate of ciprofloxacin resistance was very low, two qnrS1-carrying NTS strains were detected in non-clinical specimens. Conclusion: The resistance rates to ampicillin in both clinical and non-clinical NTS were high, while those to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole varied depending on the specimen. NTS strains harboring CTX-M-15type ESBL or CMY-2-type PABL were detected even though the resistance rates to cephalosporins were very low. Four NTS strains carrying the blaCMY-2gene implied zoonotic infection. Continuous effort to minimize transfer of resistance genes in NTS is necessary. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:14-20)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128920949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.9
K. Hong, S. Joo, E. Kim, Sue Shin, E. Roh, J. Yoon
Background: Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is challenging, and clinical, radiological and microbiological criteria should be met. Traditionally, culture results on solid media have been reported semi-quantitatively, but no study exists regarding the clinical significance of low-colony count culture reports. The authors of the present study analyzed the clinical significance of low-colony count specimens of NTM with a greater than three-year follow-up period. Methods: A total of 341 clinical isolates were evaluated among the isolates at Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Borame Hospital from October 2005 to September 2006. Colony count less than 50 was considered a low-colony count specimen. Identifications of NTM from all the isolates were performed using a DNA chip (PCR reverse hybridization, LG Life Science, Korea). Clinical significance was analyzed by reviewing the medical records of patients with greater than three years of follow-up data after NTM isolation from respiratory samples. Results: NTM lung disease was observed in 27.0% of the patients with low-colony count specimens among 167 patients with respiratory samples, and 70.4% of the patients were treated. The low-colony count patients had less NTM lung disease, longer incubation period, and less acid fast bacilli-positivity than patients with a colony count greater than 50. Conclusion: The prevalence of NTM lung disease with a low-colony count specimen was greater than 25%. In a clinical setting, NTM lung disease should not be excluded only on the basis of a low-colony count. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:9-13)
{"title":"Low-Colony Counts of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: Clinical Significance Analysis","authors":"K. Hong, S. Joo, E. Kim, Sue Shin, E. Roh, J. Yoon","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is challenging, and clinical, radiological and microbiological criteria should be met. Traditionally, culture results on solid media have been reported semi-quantitatively, but no study exists regarding the clinical significance of low-colony count culture reports. The authors of the present study analyzed the clinical significance of low-colony count specimens of NTM with a greater than three-year follow-up period. Methods: A total of 341 clinical isolates were evaluated among the isolates at Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Borame Hospital from October 2005 to September 2006. Colony count less than 50 was considered a low-colony count specimen. Identifications of NTM from all the isolates were performed using a DNA chip (PCR reverse hybridization, LG Life Science, Korea). Clinical significance was analyzed by reviewing the medical records of patients with greater than three years of follow-up data after NTM isolation from respiratory samples. Results: NTM lung disease was observed in 27.0% of the patients with low-colony count specimens among 167 patients with respiratory samples, and 70.4% of the patients were treated. The low-colony count patients had less NTM lung disease, longer incubation period, and less acid fast bacilli-positivity than patients with a colony count greater than 50. Conclusion: The prevalence of NTM lung disease with a low-colony count specimen was greater than 25%. In a clinical setting, NTM lung disease should not be excluded only on the basis of a low-colony count. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:9-13)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114785007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.37
Hyekyung Kang, Seong Chun Kim, Sunjoo Kim
Background: Reducing skin contamination rate and improving the positive rate in blood culture is essential for the correct diagnosis and management of sepsis. Chlorhexidine-alcohol was compared with povidone-iodine for the efficiency of disinfection. Positive rates were compared between the collection of 10 mL and 20 mL of blood per sample. Methods: The study population included adult patients ≥ 18 years old requested for blood culture in the Emergency Department. Povidone-iodine (10%) was used for antiseptic skin preparation from March to June 2011, and 0.5% chlorhexidine-alcohol from July to October 2011. The standard for blood collection was 10 mL in the first period and 20 mL in the second period. The dedicated phlebotomists had been educated on the optimal skin preparation and sample collection. Results: After 10% povidone-iodine application, 31 of 2,755 samples (1.1%) were considered to be contaminated; whereas, a total of 60 of 3,064 samples (2.0%) were contaminated (P=0.011) after application of 0.5% chlorhexidine-alcohol. The positive rate of blood culture was 12.5% (345/2,755) in the first period versus 17.1% (524/3,064) in the second period (P <0.001). Conclusion: Both disinfectants appeared acceptable for skin preparation for blood culture collection, although chlorhexidine-alcohol had a higher contamination rate than povidone-iodine. The positive rate of blood culture was in accordance with the amount of sample collected. Continuous education and monitoring are needed for the proper collection and management of blood culture. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:37-42)
{"title":"Comparison of Chlorhexidine-Alcohol and Povidone-Iodine for Skin Antisepsis and the Effect of Increased Blood Volume in Blood Culture","authors":"Hyekyung Kang, Seong Chun Kim, Sunjoo Kim","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.37","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Reducing skin contamination rate and improving the positive rate in blood culture is essential for the correct diagnosis and management of sepsis. Chlorhexidine-alcohol was compared with povidone-iodine for the efficiency of disinfection. Positive rates were compared between the collection of 10 mL and 20 mL of blood per sample. Methods: The study population included adult patients ≥ 18 years old requested for blood culture in the Emergency Department. Povidone-iodine (10%) was used for antiseptic skin preparation from March to June 2011, and 0.5% chlorhexidine-alcohol from July to October 2011. The standard for blood collection was 10 mL in the first period and 20 mL in the second period. The dedicated phlebotomists had been educated on the optimal skin preparation and sample collection. Results: After 10% povidone-iodine application, 31 of 2,755 samples (1.1%) were considered to be contaminated; whereas, a total of 60 of 3,064 samples (2.0%) were contaminated (P=0.011) after application of 0.5% chlorhexidine-alcohol. The positive rate of blood culture was 12.5% (345/2,755) in the first period versus 17.1% (524/3,064) in the second period (P <0.001). Conclusion: Both disinfectants appeared acceptable for skin preparation for blood culture collection, although chlorhexidine-alcohol had a higher contamination rate than povidone-iodine. The positive rate of blood culture was in accordance with the amount of sample collected. Continuous education and monitoring are needed for the proper collection and management of blood culture. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:37-42)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133376053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.21
Hyekyung Kang, Sunjoo Kim
Background: Previous antibiotic exposure may inhibit the growth of microorganisms in blood culture bottles. The authors investigated the frequency of previous antibiotic usage and analyzed the relationships among antibiotic usage, microbiological culture results and mortality of sepsis patients. Methods: From April to May 2011, all blood cultures requested from inpatients were analyzed according to the admitted ward and antibiotic prescription records. The BacT/Alert 3D system (bioMerieux Inc.) was used with a standard bottle (SA, SN) for blood culture. Results: Of 900 inpatients, 48% had been receiving antimicrobial agents when blood cultures were ordered. This group had a significantly higher mortality rate (36.2%) compared to the patients who had not received antibiotics (11.1%). Gram-negative rod bacteremia (37.1%) and candidemia (100%) resulted in a significantly higher mortality rate compared to Grampositive cocci bacteremia (16.4%). In the analysis of 21 cases resulting in death, 15 (71.4%) patients died before or on the date when blood culture results were reported. Conclusion: Patients who receive antibiotics prior to blood collection may be at a higher risk for mortality. In the present study, Gram-negative rod bacteremia and candidemia cases showed a rapid progression of sepsis as indicated by Gram staining and thus should be regarded seriously. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:21-26)
{"title":"Clinical Features Associated with Blood Cultures According to the Use of Antimicrobial Agents Prior to Blood Collection","authors":"Hyekyung Kang, Sunjoo Kim","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Previous antibiotic exposure may inhibit the growth of microorganisms in blood culture bottles. The authors investigated the frequency of previous antibiotic usage and analyzed the relationships among antibiotic usage, microbiological culture results and mortality of sepsis patients. Methods: From April to May 2011, all blood cultures requested from inpatients were analyzed according to the admitted ward and antibiotic prescription records. The BacT/Alert 3D system (bioMerieux Inc.) was used with a standard bottle (SA, SN) for blood culture. Results: Of 900 inpatients, 48% had been receiving antimicrobial agents when blood cultures were ordered. This group had a significantly higher mortality rate (36.2%) compared to the patients who had not received antibiotics (11.1%). Gram-negative rod bacteremia (37.1%) and candidemia (100%) resulted in a significantly higher mortality rate compared to Grampositive cocci bacteremia (16.4%). In the analysis of 21 cases resulting in death, 15 (71.4%) patients died before or on the date when blood culture results were reported. Conclusion: Patients who receive antibiotics prior to blood collection may be at a higher risk for mortality. In the present study, Gram-negative rod bacteremia and candidemia cases showed a rapid progression of sepsis as indicated by Gram staining and thus should be regarded seriously. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:21-26)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114499241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.32
Kyutaeg Lee, W. Kim, Dong Lyul Kim, Jae Hyang Kim, M. Chong
Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Currently, no study exists regarding the frequency of the mycoplasmal antibody on Jeju Island. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of mycoplasmal antibody among children living on Jeju Island. Methods: From March 2009 to February 2011, the frequency of mycoplasmal antibody among 1580 pediatric ( 1:40, 20.8% in an antibody titer >1:320, and 10.7% in an antibody titer >1:640. The positive rates of each antibody titer were lowest in children under the age of 6 months, and the positive rates increased gradually with age until 4 years, where the frequency showed a “plateau.” There were minor cyclic increases of positive rate (>1:320, >1:640) every three months from August 2009 to June 2010, and there was a major increase of positive rate (>1:320, >1:640) from July 2010 to January 2011. However, there was no positive rate cyclic pattern of mycoplasmal antibody in the lower titer (>1:40) patients. Conclusion: The frequency of mycoplasmal antibody titer is lowest under the age of 6 months. The positive rates rise gradually with age until the age of 4 years. The present study showed minor peaks of mycoplasmal antibody titer every three months and a major peak of mycoplasmal antibody titer. The results can be helpful for the interpretation and diagnosis of MP among pediatric patients on Jeju Island. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:32-36)
{"title":"Frequency of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Antibodies in Children Living on Jeju Island","authors":"Kyutaeg Lee, W. Kim, Dong Lyul Kim, Jae Hyang Kim, M. Chong","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Currently, no study exists regarding the frequency of the mycoplasmal antibody on Jeju Island. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of mycoplasmal antibody among children living on Jeju Island. Methods: From March 2009 to February 2011, the frequency of mycoplasmal antibody among 1580 pediatric ( 1:40, 20.8% in an antibody titer >1:320, and 10.7% in an antibody titer >1:640. The positive rates of each antibody titer were lowest in children under the age of 6 months, and the positive rates increased gradually with age until 4 years, where the frequency showed a “plateau.” There were minor cyclic increases of positive rate (>1:320, >1:640) every three months from August 2009 to June 2010, and there was a major increase of positive rate (>1:320, >1:640) from July 2010 to January 2011. However, there was no positive rate cyclic pattern of mycoplasmal antibody in the lower titer (>1:40) patients. Conclusion: The frequency of mycoplasmal antibody titer is lowest under the age of 6 months. The positive rates rise gradually with age until the age of 4 years. The present study showed minor peaks of mycoplasmal antibody titer every three months and a major peak of mycoplasmal antibody titer. The results can be helpful for the interpretation and diagnosis of MP among pediatric patients on Jeju Island. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:32-36)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133399364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.27
S. Hong, B. Son, K. Shin
Background: This study compared three non-molecular methods for the detection of methicillin-resistance directly from blood cultures containing Staphylococcus aureus: penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a latex agglutination (LA), PBP2a immunochromatographic assay (ICA) and MRSA chromogenic medium (CM). Methods: Fifty methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 50 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) were seeded into blood-culture bottles. When isolates returned a positive signal, 5 mL of culture was added to serum separator tubes and centrifuged at 1,300 g for 10 min. The pellets were then used as the inoculum for the PBP2a LA, MRSA-CM and PBP2a ICA. The pure colony was used for PBP2a LA test, additionally. Results: The respective sensitivities and specificities were 98 and 100% for PBP2a ICA, and 100 and 100% for MRSA-CM in direct detection of MRSA from positive blood culture. The results of PBP2a LA test using pure colony were entirely compatible with those by mecA gene PCR but the PBP2a LA test using the pellets directly isolated from positive blood culture showed sometimes ambiguous agglutination; its sensitivity and specificity were 78 and 100%, if ambiguous results were scored as negative, and were 90 and 92%, if ambiguous results were scored as positive, respectively. Conclusion: For direct detection of MRSA in positive blood culture, MRSA-CM and PBP2a ICA provided excellent results. The PBP2a LA test using pure colony also gave excellent results but the PBP2a LA test by the direct method using pellet of positive blood culture was slightly less sensitive than the other two methods. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:27-31)
{"title":"Direct Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Blood Cultures Using Three Non-Molecular Methods: PBP2a Latex Agglutination, PBP2a Rapid Immunochromatographic Assay and MRSA-Chromogenic Medium","authors":"S. Hong, B. Son, K. Shin","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2012.15.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study compared three non-molecular methods for the detection of methicillin-resistance directly from blood cultures containing Staphylococcus aureus: penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a latex agglutination (LA), PBP2a immunochromatographic assay (ICA) and MRSA chromogenic medium (CM). Methods: Fifty methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 50 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) were seeded into blood-culture bottles. When isolates returned a positive signal, 5 mL of culture was added to serum separator tubes and centrifuged at 1,300 g for 10 min. The pellets were then used as the inoculum for the PBP2a LA, MRSA-CM and PBP2a ICA. The pure colony was used for PBP2a LA test, additionally. Results: The respective sensitivities and specificities were 98 and 100% for PBP2a ICA, and 100 and 100% for MRSA-CM in direct detection of MRSA from positive blood culture. The results of PBP2a LA test using pure colony were entirely compatible with those by mecA gene PCR but the PBP2a LA test using the pellets directly isolated from positive blood culture showed sometimes ambiguous agglutination; its sensitivity and specificity were 78 and 100%, if ambiguous results were scored as negative, and were 90 and 92%, if ambiguous results were scored as positive, respectively. Conclusion: For direct detection of MRSA in positive blood culture, MRSA-CM and PBP2a ICA provided excellent results. The PBP2a LA test using pure colony also gave excellent results but the PBP2a LA test by the direct method using pellet of positive blood culture was slightly less sensitive than the other two methods. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:27-31)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129162870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.4.131
J. Sung, Hye Hyun Cho, K. Kwon, S. Koo
Background: Outbreaks of carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa give rise to significant therapeutic challenges for treating nosocomial infections. In this study, we analyzed carbapenem resistance mechanisms in carbapenem resistant and clonally different P. aeruginosa strains. We analyzed chromosomal alterations in the genes of OprD and efflux system regulatory proteins (MexR, NalC, NalD, MexT, and MexZ). We also investigated chromosomal alterations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) for quinolone resistance mechanisms. Methods: Twenty-one clonally different P. aeruginosa strains were isolated by repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR). PCR and DNA sequencing were conducted for the detection of β-lactamase genes and chromosomal alterations of efflux pump regulatory genes, oprD, and QRDR in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE. Results: Only one (P28) of the 21 strains harbored blaVIM-2. Two isolates had mutations in nalD or mexZ that were associated with efflux pump overexpression. Chromosomal alterations causing loss of OprD were found in 4 out of 21 carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Nine of 10 imipenem and ciprofloxacin resistant strains had alterations in gyrA and/or parC. Conclusion: Carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa was mediated by several mechanisms, including loss of the OprD, overexpression of efflux systems, and production of carbapenemase. Resistance to quinolone is frequently caused by point mutations in gyrA and/or parC. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2011;14: 131-137)
{"title":"Chromosomal Mutations in oprD, gyrA, and parC in Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"J. Sung, Hye Hyun Cho, K. Kwon, S. Koo","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.4.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.4.131","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Outbreaks of carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa give rise to significant therapeutic challenges for treating nosocomial infections. In this study, we analyzed carbapenem resistance mechanisms in carbapenem resistant and clonally different P. aeruginosa strains. We analyzed chromosomal alterations in the genes of OprD and efflux system regulatory proteins (MexR, NalC, NalD, MexT, and MexZ). We also investigated chromosomal alterations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) for quinolone resistance mechanisms. Methods: Twenty-one clonally different P. aeruginosa strains were isolated by repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR). PCR and DNA sequencing were conducted for the detection of β-lactamase genes and chromosomal alterations of efflux pump regulatory genes, oprD, and QRDR in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE. Results: Only one (P28) of the 21 strains harbored blaVIM-2. Two isolates had mutations in nalD or mexZ that were associated with efflux pump overexpression. Chromosomal alterations causing loss of OprD were found in 4 out of 21 carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Nine of 10 imipenem and ciprofloxacin resistant strains had alterations in gyrA and/or parC. Conclusion: Carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa was mediated by several mechanisms, including loss of the OprD, overexpression of efflux systems, and production of carbapenemase. Resistance to quinolone is frequently caused by point mutations in gyrA and/or parC. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2011;14: 131-137)","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133734057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.4.126
K. Lee, W. Song, Min-Jeong Park, Jeongwon Hyun, H. S. Kim, K. Lee
Blood samples were collected for culture from pediatric patients who were hospitalized during 2010 at a university hospital. BACTEC Peds Plus and BacT/Alert PF bottles were placed in the BACTEC FX and BacT/Alert 3D blood culture system, respectively, and tested for 5 days. Bottles flagged by instruments as positive were removed from the instruments and the TTDs were recorded.
{"title":"Comparison of the BACTEC Peds Plus Pediatric Blood Culture Bottle to the BacT/Alert PF Pediatric Blood Culture Bottle for Culturing Blood from Pediatric Patients","authors":"K. Lee, W. Song, Min-Jeong Park, Jeongwon Hyun, H. S. Kim, K. Lee","doi":"10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.4.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.4.126","url":null,"abstract":"Blood samples were collected for culture from pediatric patients who were hospitalized during 2010 at a university hospital. BACTEC Peds Plus and BacT/Alert PF bottles were placed in the BACTEC FX and BacT/Alert 3D blood culture system, respectively, and tested for 5 days. Bottles flagged by instruments as positive were removed from the instruments and the TTDs were recorded.","PeriodicalId":143093,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Clinical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128861453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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