Pub Date : 2022-02-12DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i330842
Rahul Kumar, A. Jaulkar, S. Srivastava, V. Singh
Objective: An evaluation of technical efficiency and garret ranking technique of paddy and wheat farmers has been conducted. Methods: Multistage random sampling method was used to acquire sample farmer. A list of paddy and wheat growing farmers was prepared from Dabra block and twenty villages were selected randomly thereafter, a list of paddy and wheat farmers from each selected village was prepared then classified into five major categories on the basis of their land holding i.e. marginal(less than 1ha), small (1-2 ha), semi medium (2-4 ha), medium (4-10 ha), and large (greater than 10 ha). Then a sample of 30 farmers were selected in each category by simple random sampling technique under proportionate allocation from 20 villages treated as strata thus, 150 paddy and 150 wheat farmers were selected hence total sample size were 300. Finding: The likelihood test ratio (LR test) for the inefficiency term on paddy farms was observed at 32.91 which was significant and suggesting that the inefficiency component is present in the model. In the case of wheat farms, the likelihood test ratio (LR test) was noted 1.02 which was insignificant and suggesting that the inefficiency component is not present in the model. The highest technical efficiency (88%) was found on the paddy farms as comparison to wheat farms (72%).This implied that on an average 12 per cent and 28 per cent of the technical potential was not achieved by paddy and wheat growers respectively. Novelty: The studies establish that wheat farmers have more opportunity to amplify the yield by adopting modern crop management practices, training activities as compared to paddy farmers.
{"title":"An Evaluation of Technical Efficiency and Garret Ranking Technique of Paddy and Wheat Farmers in Dabra Block Gwalior District M.P.","authors":"Rahul Kumar, A. Jaulkar, S. Srivastava, V. Singh","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i330842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i330842","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: An evaluation of technical efficiency and garret ranking technique of paddy and wheat farmers has been conducted. \u0000Methods: Multistage random sampling method was used to acquire sample farmer. A list of paddy and wheat growing farmers was prepared from Dabra block and twenty villages were selected randomly thereafter, a list of paddy and wheat farmers from each selected village was prepared then classified into five major categories on the basis of their land holding i.e. marginal(less than 1ha), small (1-2 ha), semi medium (2-4 ha), medium (4-10 ha), and large (greater than 10 ha). Then a sample of 30 farmers were selected in each category by simple random sampling technique under proportionate allocation from 20 villages treated as strata thus, 150 paddy and 150 wheat farmers were selected hence total sample size were 300. \u0000Finding: The likelihood test ratio (LR test) for the inefficiency term on paddy farms was observed at 32.91 which was significant and suggesting that the inefficiency component is present in the model. In the case of wheat farms, the likelihood test ratio (LR test) was noted 1.02 which was insignificant and suggesting that the inefficiency component is not present in the model. The highest technical efficiency (88%) was found on the paddy farms as comparison to wheat farms (72%).This implied that on an average 12 per cent and 28 per cent of the technical potential was not achieved by paddy and wheat growers respectively. \u0000Novelty: The studies establish that wheat farmers have more opportunity to amplify the yield by adopting modern crop management practices, training activities as compared to paddy farmers.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75266395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230839
R. Sowmiya, R. Krishnan, R. Karthikeyan, S. Jeyarani, C. Chandrasekhar
The present investigation was undertaken during the Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2019 to study the influence of different sowing windows and intercropping of legumes on the level of infestation of fall armyworm on maize crop. Three dates of sowing were adopted in each season and intercrops like cowpea, soybean, sunnhemp, and tephrosia were included besides sole maize with and without insecticide sprays. The results showed that the maize sown during July and October months has reported less FAW infestation and provided a higher grain yield than the rest of the sowing windows taken in Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively. The maize intercropped with cowpea and sunnhemp has performed well in terms of yield and the leaf damage was also found to be lower apart from the insecticide applied maize crop.
{"title":"Impact of Different Sowing Windows and Legume Intercrops on the Incidence of Fall Army Worm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) and Yield of Hybrid Maize in Western Agro Climatic Zone of Tamil Nadu","authors":"R. Sowmiya, R. Krishnan, R. Karthikeyan, S. Jeyarani, C. Chandrasekhar","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230839","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation was undertaken during the Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2019 to study the influence of different sowing windows and intercropping of legumes on the level of infestation of fall armyworm on maize crop. Three dates of sowing were adopted in each season and intercrops like cowpea, soybean, sunnhemp, and tephrosia were included besides sole maize with and without insecticide sprays. The results showed that the maize sown during July and October months has reported less FAW infestation and provided a higher grain yield than the rest of the sowing windows taken in Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively. The maize intercropped with cowpea and sunnhemp has performed well in terms of yield and the leaf damage was also found to be lower apart from the insecticide applied maize crop.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91384603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230838
R. Ranjithkumar, M. Kalaynasundaram, M. Kannan, J. Kennedy, C. Chinnamuthu, P. Paramaguru
Aims: Bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against the Tea mosquito bug (TMB) in Tea. Study Design: CRD Place and Duration of Study: R&D center, Parry Agro Industries Limited, Murugali Tea Estate, Valparai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu between September 2019 and September 2021. Methodology: Field populations of H. theivora were collected and Bouquet bioassay method was used to assess the efficacy. Eleven insecticides with three replications (15 shoots/ replication) and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was followed. The treatments includes viz.,T1- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3ml/lit., T2- Spirotetramate +Imidacoprid 11.01 SC @ 2ml/litre., T3 - Thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 1ml/lit., T4 - Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.5gm/lit., T5- Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.5ml/lit., T6- Dinotefuran 20 SG @ 0.5g/lit., T7- Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.5g/lit., T8- Buprofezin 25 SC @ 3ml/lit., T9- Sulfaxaflor 21.8 SC @ 1.8ml/lit., T10- Tolfenpyrad 15% EC @ 2ml/lit., and T11- Control (Water). The shoots were sprayed with hand atomizer and observations on the % adult mortality and Feeding puncture/ shoots were recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment (HAT). Moribund insects were consider as dead and taken for the count and data were analyzed statistically. Results: Among all the treatments tested, tolfenpyrad 15% EC after 72 HAT treated tea shoots having less no of feeding punctures (85.33 Nos) and maximum 100 percent adult mortality followed by dinotefuran 20 SG (100.00%), sulfaxaflor 21.8 SC (93.33%), emamectin benzoate 5 SG (90.00%), thiacloprid 21.7 SC (88.33%), spirotetramate + imidacoprid 11.01 SC (81.67%), buprofezin 25 SC (75.00%), thiamethoxam 25 WG (71.67%), chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC(68.33%), spinosad 45 SC (61.67 %). The feeding punctures were maximum in untreated control (167.22 Nos). Conclusion: The present study revealed the application of Tolfenpyrad 15% EC @ 2ml/lit. is the optimum dose for the effective control of Helopeltis theivora under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"Bioefficacy of Newer Molecules Insecticides against Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse under Laboratory Condition","authors":"R. Ranjithkumar, M. Kalaynasundaram, M. Kannan, J. Kennedy, C. Chinnamuthu, P. Paramaguru","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230838","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against the Tea mosquito bug (TMB) in Tea. \u0000Study Design: CRD \u0000Place and Duration of Study: R&D center, Parry Agro Industries Limited, Murugali Tea Estate, Valparai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu between September 2019 and September 2021. \u0000Methodology: Field populations of H. theivora were collected and Bouquet bioassay method was used to assess the efficacy. Eleven insecticides with three replications (15 shoots/ replication) and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was followed. The treatments includes viz.,T1- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3ml/lit., T2- Spirotetramate +Imidacoprid 11.01 SC @ 2ml/litre., T3 - Thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 1ml/lit., T4 - Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.5gm/lit., T5- Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.5ml/lit., T6- Dinotefuran 20 SG @ 0.5g/lit., T7- Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.5g/lit., T8- Buprofezin 25 SC @ 3ml/lit., T9- Sulfaxaflor 21.8 SC @ 1.8ml/lit., T10- Tolfenpyrad 15% EC @ 2ml/lit., and T11- Control (Water). The shoots were sprayed with hand atomizer and observations on the % adult mortality and Feeding puncture/ shoots were recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment (HAT). Moribund insects were consider as dead and taken for the count and data were analyzed statistically. \u0000Results: Among all the treatments tested, tolfenpyrad 15% EC after 72 HAT treated tea shoots having less no of feeding punctures (85.33 Nos) and maximum 100 percent adult mortality followed by dinotefuran 20 SG (100.00%), sulfaxaflor 21.8 SC (93.33%), emamectin benzoate 5 SG (90.00%), thiacloprid 21.7 SC (88.33%), spirotetramate + imidacoprid 11.01 SC (81.67%), buprofezin 25 SC (75.00%), thiamethoxam 25 WG (71.67%), chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC(68.33%), spinosad 45 SC (61.67 %). The feeding punctures were maximum in untreated control (167.22 Nos). \u0000Conclusion: The present study revealed the application of Tolfenpyrad 15% EC @ 2ml/lit. is the optimum dose for the effective control of Helopeltis theivora under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89687896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230837
G. Madhuri, Siddharth Kumar Palai, P. Tripathy, S. Beura
The present study was conducted to control phenols in the media during in vitro cultures using flower stalk explants of Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar Oriana. MS medium + BAP (1.00 ppm) + NAA (0.50 ppm) + 3% sucrose (w/v) was used commonly for all the treatment. Results revealed that inclusion of 500 ppm citric acid in the media, rinsing the explants with citric acid 500 ppm for 20 minutes before inoculation, keeping culture in dark for 20 days and sub-culturing at 4, 6 and 8 days after inoculation were found to be significantly reducing the browning intensity (very low browning) in medium. The explants remained green even after 4th week of culture with significantly minimum percentage of blackening of cultures (10.00%), minimum percentage of dead cultures (20.00%) and maximum percentage of cultures survived (80.00%).Inclusion of 500 ppm citric acid in the media, rinsing of explant with citric acid 500 ppm for 20 minutes before inoculation, incubating the culture in dark for 20 days and subculturing at an interval of 4, 6, and 8 day after inoculation in case of flower stalk explants were observed to control phenols in the media during in vitro cultures of Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar Oriana.
{"title":"Effect of Antioxidants, Culture Conditions and Frequency of Subculture to Control Phenols during in vitro Culture of Phalaenopsis Hybrid Cultivar ORIANA","authors":"G. Madhuri, Siddharth Kumar Palai, P. Tripathy, S. Beura","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230837","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to control phenols in the media during in vitro cultures using flower stalk explants of Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar Oriana. MS medium + BAP (1.00 ppm) + NAA (0.50 ppm) + 3% sucrose (w/v) was used commonly for all the treatment. Results revealed that inclusion of 500 ppm citric acid in the media, rinsing the explants with citric acid 500 ppm for 20 minutes before inoculation, keeping culture in dark for 20 days and sub-culturing at 4, 6 and 8 days after inoculation were found to be significantly reducing the browning intensity (very low browning) in medium. The explants remained green even after 4th week of culture with significantly minimum percentage of blackening of cultures (10.00%), minimum percentage of dead cultures (20.00%) and maximum percentage of cultures survived (80.00%).Inclusion of 500 ppm citric acid in the media, rinsing of explant with citric acid 500 ppm for 20 minutes before inoculation, incubating the culture in dark for 20 days and subculturing at an interval of 4, 6, and 8 day after inoculation in case of flower stalk explants were observed to control phenols in the media during in vitro cultures of Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar Oriana.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83305536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230836
K. S. Baig, V. Chinchane, A. Gaikwad, S. M. Munde
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is the only oilseed crop having richest source of quality protein (~ 40%) apart from 20% edible and having share of 22 % edible oil requirement of the country. The present study was carried out to estimate the important genetic parameters such as genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV), heritability (h2) and expected genetic advance (EGA).Thirty-five soybean genotypes collected from different centers of the country were studied for nine yield, yield contributing and morphological characters at All India Coordinated Research Project on Soybean during kharif ,2013. The analysis of variance revealed that the sufficient variability was present in the material for all the characters. The value of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) is greater than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). The high GCV and PCV were observed for number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, seed yield per plant and plant height. High heritability estimates coupled with high expected genetic advance were observed for the characters seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant and plant height indicating the presence of additive gene action. Therefore, more emphasis should be focused on these traits during selection for genetic improvement of soybean.
{"title":"Genetic Parameters Studies for Yield, Yield Contributing and Morphological Traits in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)","authors":"K. S. Baig, V. Chinchane, A. Gaikwad, S. M. Munde","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230836","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is the only oilseed crop having richest source of quality protein (~ 40%) apart from 20% edible and having share of 22 % edible oil requirement of the country. The present study was carried out to estimate the important genetic parameters such as genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV), heritability (h2) and expected genetic advance (EGA).Thirty-five soybean genotypes collected from different centers of the country were studied for nine yield, yield contributing and morphological characters at All India Coordinated Research Project on Soybean during kharif ,2013. The analysis of variance revealed that the sufficient variability was present in the material for all the characters. The value of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) is greater than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). The high GCV and PCV were observed for number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, seed yield per plant and plant height. High heritability estimates coupled with high expected genetic advance were observed for the characters seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant and plant height indicating the presence of additive gene action. Therefore, more emphasis should be focused on these traits during selection for genetic improvement of soybean.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91143065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230835
Amit Kumar Sharma, V. Kumari, Amit Rana
Aims: To determine the best selection indices for seed yield improvement in Brassica crops Place of Study: Experimental Farm of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur, during rabi 2018-19. Methodology: The experimental material for the investigation comprised of twenty five advanced breeding lines including released varieties of four different Brassica species laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications which were evaluated for correlation (genotypic and phenotypic) studies, direct and indirect effects using various growth parameters and yield contributing traits. Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic variances for all the growth parameters and seed yield components under study except for Leaf Area Index (LAI), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, siliquae per plant and harvest index. Correlation coefficients at phenotypic level indicated that seed yield per plant had significant positive correlations with relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), number of secondary branches per plant, siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index while it had significant negative association with specific leaf weight (SLW), days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity and number of primary branches per plant. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield per plant followed by harvest index had high positive direct as well as indirect effects on seed yield. Conclusion: Biological yield per plant and harvest index could be considered most important characters for improvement of seed yield both directly and indirectly in different Brassica species. Therefore, these traits could be preferred as the best selection indices in future for genetic improvement of rapeseed-mustard.
{"title":"Early Generation Selection Parameters for Genetic Improvement using Morpho-physiological and Seed Yield Components in Brassica species","authors":"Amit Kumar Sharma, V. Kumari, Amit Rana","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230835","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To determine the best selection indices for seed yield improvement in Brassica crops \u0000Place of Study: Experimental Farm of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur, during rabi 2018-19. \u0000Methodology: The experimental material for the investigation comprised of twenty five advanced breeding lines including released varieties of four different Brassica species laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications which were evaluated for correlation (genotypic and phenotypic) studies, direct and indirect effects using various growth parameters and yield contributing traits. \u0000Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic variances for all the growth parameters and seed yield components under study except for Leaf Area Index (LAI), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, siliquae per plant and harvest index. Correlation coefficients at phenotypic level indicated that seed yield per plant had significant positive correlations with relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), number of secondary branches per plant, siliquae per plant, seeds per siliqua, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index while it had significant negative association with specific leaf weight (SLW), days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity and number of primary branches per plant. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield per plant followed by harvest index had high positive direct as well as indirect effects on seed yield. \u0000Conclusion: Biological yield per plant and harvest index could be considered most important characters for improvement of seed yield both directly and indirectly in different Brassica species. Therefore, these traits could be preferred as the best selection indices in future for genetic improvement of rapeseed-mustard.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88433383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230834
C. N. Kumar, S. P. Selvam, S. Ramanathan, S. Kalarani, G. Nagarajan, S. Duraisamy
Aims: The main aim of the study is to reduce the irrigation quantity for maize and intercrop adds extra value to the sole crop by generating additional income to the farmers. Study Design: Factorial Randomised Block Design (FRBD). Place and Duration of Study: Eastern block farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during summer and Kharif 2021. Methodology: Maize as a sole crop and inter crop was grown under drip and flooded conditions. To quantify the irrigation with different set of irrigation as treatments (75% PE, 100% PE and 125% PE) was followed. Irrigation under flooded conditions was quantified using parshall flume. Different inter crops like Lab Lab, Green gram, Black Gram and Cow pea was raised within the rows of maize. The duration of inter crops was less than 60 days than that of maize. Results: During its peak cob formation stage (61-90 days), the quantity of water applied to the plant was higher with 125 % PE (205858.8 l/day) followed by 100% PE (123515.3 l/day) and 75 % PE (164687.1 l/day). The higher plant height was observed with 280.5 cm in Maize + Lab Lab followed by black gram, green gram and cowpea. Irrigation level varied significantly with 100% open pan evaporation on plant growth (254.8 cm) followed by 75% open pan evaporation. Interaction effect was significant in Maize + Lab Lab cropping system alone, irrespective of the irrigation treatments (75, 100, 125 % PE and flooding). Conclusion: Water requirement with the month and stage wise during the crop growth clearly indicates that the minimum amount of water is required for the crop growth and development.
目的:本研究的主要目的是减少玉米的灌溉量，间作通过为农民创造额外收入来增加唯一作物的额外价值。研究设计:因子随机分组设计(FRBD)。学习地点和时间:东部区块农场，泰米尔纳德邦农业大学，哥印拜陀，夏季和2021年秋季。方法:玉米作为唯一作物和间作在滴灌和淹水条件下种植。分别采用75% PE、100% PE和125% PE三种不同灌水方式对灌水量进行量化。利用parshall水槽对淹水条件下的灌溉进行了量化。不同的间种作物，如拉布拉布、绿克兰、黑克兰和豇豆，在玉米垄内种植。间作期比玉米短60 d。结果:在雄蕊形成高峰期(61 ~ 90 d)，植株的施水量最高，为125% PE (205858.8 l/d)，其次为100% PE (123515.3 l/d)和75% PE (164687.1 l/d)。玉米+拉布拉布株高最高，达到280.5 cm，其次是黑克、绿克和豇豆。在254.8 cm处，蒸发量为100%，蒸发量为75%，灌溉水平变化显著。无论灌溉处理(75%、100%、125% PE和淹水)如何，玉米+实验室种植系统的互作效应均显著。结论:作物生长需水量随月份和阶段的变化明显表明作物生长发育所需水量最小。
{"title":"Effect of Drip Irrigation and Inter Cropping Systems on Growth Characters of Maize","authors":"C. N. Kumar, S. P. Selvam, S. Ramanathan, S. Kalarani, G. Nagarajan, S. Duraisamy","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230834","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The main aim of the study is to reduce the irrigation quantity for maize and intercrop adds extra value to the sole crop by generating additional income to the farmers. \u0000Study Design: Factorial Randomised Block Design (FRBD). \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Eastern block farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during summer and Kharif 2021. \u0000Methodology: Maize as a sole crop and inter crop was grown under drip and flooded conditions. To quantify the irrigation with different set of irrigation as treatments (75% PE, 100% PE and 125% PE) was followed. Irrigation under flooded conditions was quantified using parshall flume. Different inter crops like Lab Lab, Green gram, Black Gram and Cow pea was raised within the rows of maize. The duration of inter crops was less than 60 days than that of maize. \u0000Results: During its peak cob formation stage (61-90 days), the quantity of water applied to the plant was higher with 125 % PE (205858.8 l/day) followed by 100% PE (123515.3 l/day) and 75 % PE (164687.1 l/day). The higher plant height was observed with 280.5 cm in Maize + Lab Lab followed by black gram, green gram and cowpea. Irrigation level varied significantly with 100% open pan evaporation on plant growth (254.8 cm) followed by 75% open pan evaporation. Interaction effect was significant in Maize + Lab Lab cropping system alone, irrespective of the irrigation treatments (75, 100, 125 % PE and flooding). \u0000Conclusion: Water requirement with the month and stage wise during the crop growth clearly indicates that the minimum amount of water is required for the crop growth and development.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73389480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230833
Okon, Regina Edet, E. Chimezie, Opiah, Joy Nora
This study examined Lasianthera africana P. Beauv based on, anatomical and palynological parameters. The anatomical studies were carried out with freehand sectioning. The species is hypostomatic, the epidermal cells are are irregular, with undulating anticlinal walls. The stomata types are anomocytic, and anisocytic. The midrib has bicollateral vascular bundles and the petiolar vascular bundle is arced with rib traces on both sides of the wings. Calcium oxalate and tannin occurred in the lamina, midrib, petiole and stem. The pollen grains are smooth, intectate, with thick exine, with tricolporate aperture, and with an equatorial diameter of 21.5-25.8 µm. These features are diagnostic and confirm the placement of this species in Stemonuraceae.
本研究基于解剖学和孢粉学参数对非洲Lasianthera P. Beauv进行了研究。解剖研究采用徒手切片进行。本种下气孔，表皮细胞不规则，具有起伏的背斜壁。气孔类型为无型和各型。中脉有双侧维管束，叶端维管束呈弧形，翅两侧有肋痕。草酸钙和单宁主要分布在叶片、中脉、叶柄和茎中。花粉粒光滑，完整，外壁厚，三合胞孔，赤道直径21.5 ~ 25.8µm。这些特征是诊断性的，并确定了该物种在龙葵科中的位置。
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Pub Date : 2022-02-05DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230832
Saher H. Rashed, S. Sorour, Dalia Aelhag, M. Amer
Ensuring food security under climate change scenario requisites amending degraded soils and sustainably boost staple crops yield in a biologically viable way through effective plant nutrition management strategies. Two multi-year lysimeter experiments at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt, were conducted to investigate the impact of soil organic substances and foliar application of nano-Silica on physico-chemical soil properties and yield of wheat in salt affected soils (2017/18 and 2018/19 winter seasons). The experiment was executed in split plot with three replicates having organic substances (Molas (M),Compost tea (CT), K-humate (KH), M+CT, M+KH, CT + KH, M+CT+KH and control treatment in main plots while sub plots had foliar application of (tab water and nano-Silica).The results showed that physico-chemical properties (bulk density, porosity , cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage etc.) and fertility (availability of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium ) of the soil were significantly influenced by all organic substances, however co-application of molas+K-humate+compost tea remained unmatched. The same treatment combination also remained effective in boosting Nitrogen and protein in grain along with wheat yield during both seasons. With foliage applied nano Silica remained superior by recording the highest yield attributes and grain yield of wheat. Therefore, it is inferred that co-application of organic substances and foliage applied of nano-Silica could be developed as an effective approach to restore and conserve the soil and increase wheat productivity in salt affected soils environment arid and semi-arid regions.
确保气候变化情景下的粮食安全，需要通过有效的植物营养管理战略，以生物上可行的方式修复退化的土壤，并可持续地提高主要作物产量。在埃及Kafr El Sheikh的Sakha农业研究站进行了两项多年溶蚀仪试验，研究了土壤有机质和叶面施用纳米二氧化硅对盐影响土壤理化性质和小麦产量的影响(2017/18和2018/19冬季)。试验分3个重复，主区施用有机物质(Molas (M)、堆肥茶(CT)、腐植酸钾(KH)、M+CT、M+KH、CT+KH、M+CT+KH和对照处理，次区叶面施用(tab water)和纳米二氧化硅。结果表明:土壤理化性质(容重、孔隙度、阳离子交换量、电导率、交换钠率等)和肥力(氮、磷、钾的有效性)均受有机质影响显著，但molas+ k -腐植酸+堆肥茶配施效果不明显;同一处理组合在两个季节均能有效提高籽粒氮和蛋白质含量及小麦产量。叶面施用纳米二氧化硅，记录了小麦的最高产量属性和籽粒产量。综上所述，在盐害土壤环境干旱半干旱区，有机物质与纳米二氧化硅叶面配施可作为恢复和保持土壤、提高小麦产量的有效途径。
{"title":"Effect of Some Organic Substances and Foliar Application of Nano-Silica on Physico-Chemical Soil Properties and Yield of Wheat in Salt Affected Soils","authors":"Saher H. Rashed, S. Sorour, Dalia Aelhag, M. Amer","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230832","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring food security under climate change scenario requisites amending degraded soils and sustainably boost staple crops yield in a biologically viable way through effective plant nutrition management strategies. Two multi-year lysimeter experiments at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt, were conducted to investigate the impact of soil organic substances and foliar application of nano-Silica on physico-chemical soil properties and yield of wheat in salt affected soils (2017/18 and 2018/19 winter seasons). The experiment was executed in split plot with three replicates having organic substances (Molas (M),Compost tea (CT), K-humate (KH), M+CT, M+KH, CT + KH, M+CT+KH and control treatment in main plots while sub plots had foliar application of (tab water and nano-Silica).The results showed that physico-chemical properties (bulk density, porosity , cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage etc.) and fertility (availability of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium ) of the soil were significantly influenced by all organic substances, however co-application of molas+K-humate+compost tea remained unmatched. The same treatment combination also remained effective in boosting Nitrogen and protein in grain along with wheat yield during both seasons. With foliage applied nano Silica remained superior by recording the highest yield attributes and grain yield of wheat. Therefore, it is inferred that co-application of organic substances and foliage applied of nano-Silica could be developed as an effective approach to restore and conserve the soil and increase wheat productivity in salt affected soils environment arid and semi-arid regions.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85931485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230831
J. P. Jency, R. Ravikesavan
Mutation breeding is the defined approach used for crop production and has played a key role in the creation of several varieties. The present research was carried out to induce mutants in kodo millet variety CO 3 using a physical mutagen (gamma rays) and a chemical mutagen (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) for creating novelty. Seeds were treated with five doses of gamma-rays viz., 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, and 500 Gy at BARC, Kalpakam and with three concentrations of EMS viz., 24.15 mM, 32.20 mM and 40.25 mM. In the laboratory test, root and shoot lengths of seedlings were decreased with an increase in the dose of gamma rays and EMS. In field study, the germination percentage and survival rate of seedlings were decreased with an increase in the dose of gamma irradiation and EMS. In M2 generation, five types of chlorophyll mutations viz., albino, xantha, striata, chlorina and albomaculata were observed. Xantha and chlorina were observed in all treatments, whereas, striata and albomaculata were observed only in 200 Gy. Based on the biological damages on M2 plants, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were estimated. Both mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency reduced with the increase in the dose of irradiation. Regarding height reduction and lethality, the dose of 100 Gy in gamma treatment and 32.20 mM concentration in EMS treatment recorded maximum efficiency. The mutagenic effectiveness was found to be higher at gamma rays irradiated with 100 Gy and in EMS, in 24.15 mM concentration. The 100 Gray dose and 24.15 mM concentration was found to be highly effective for inducing mutation in kodo millet.
{"title":"Studies on Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and EMS in Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)","authors":"J. P. Jency, R. Ravikesavan","doi":"10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i230831","url":null,"abstract":"Mutation breeding is the defined approach used for crop production and has played a key role in the creation of several varieties. The present research was carried out to induce mutants in kodo millet variety CO 3 using a physical mutagen (gamma rays) and a chemical mutagen (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) for creating novelty. Seeds were treated with five doses of gamma-rays viz., 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, and 500 Gy at BARC, Kalpakam and with three concentrations of EMS viz., 24.15 mM, 32.20 mM and 40.25 mM. In the laboratory test, root and shoot lengths of seedlings were decreased with an increase in the dose of gamma rays and EMS. In field study, the germination percentage and survival rate of seedlings were decreased with an increase in the dose of gamma irradiation and EMS. In M2 generation, five types of chlorophyll mutations viz., albino, xantha, striata, chlorina and albomaculata were observed. Xantha and chlorina were observed in all treatments, whereas, striata and albomaculata were observed only in 200 Gy. Based on the biological damages on M2 plants, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were estimated. Both mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency reduced with the increase in the dose of irradiation. Regarding height reduction and lethality, the dose of 100 Gy in gamma treatment and 32.20 mM concentration in EMS treatment recorded maximum efficiency. The mutagenic effectiveness was found to be higher at gamma rays irradiated with 100 Gy and in EMS, in 24.15 mM concentration. The 100 Gray dose and 24.15 mM concentration was found to be highly effective for inducing mutation in kodo millet.","PeriodicalId":14335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant & Soil Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79611855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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