Sadaji Hayama, M. Ito, Nobuhisa Ootake, Junichi Fujita, Tetsuro Kurokawa, Y. Kakino
When the feed direction of the slides is changed, lost motion ensues in the feed drive system, of NC machine tools. Such lost motion is usually step type and easily compensated for by using the backlash compensation function of NC. However, special cases involve an exponential type lost motion which cannot be compensated for by this method. As a result, machining accuracy of the machine tools is adversely affected. Such lost motion often occurs in large size machine tools with linear ball guides and wiper seals. This paper presents research concerning the generation mechanism and the effective compensation method of the exponential type lost motion by using the existing large size machine tools and the teststands.
{"title":"A study on the generation mechanism and the compensation for the exponential-type lost motion for feed drive system of NC machine tools","authors":"Sadaji Hayama, M. Ito, Nobuhisa Ootake, Junichi Fujita, Tetsuro Kurokawa, Y. Kakino","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.247","url":null,"abstract":"When the feed direction of the slides is changed, lost motion ensues in the feed drive system, of NC machine tools. Such lost motion is usually step type and easily compensated for by using the backlash compensation function of NC. However, special cases involve an exponential type lost motion which cannot be compensated for by this method. As a result, machining accuracy of the machine tools is adversely affected. Such lost motion often occurs in large size machine tools with linear ball guides and wiper seals. This paper presents research concerning the generation mechanism and the effective compensation method of the exponential type lost motion by using the existing large size machine tools and the teststands.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"59 1","pages":"51-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82047898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kawasaki, Norikazu Marumo, Tatsuhiko Nishioka, A. Kubo
{"title":"Development of a New Production System for High-precision, Low-cost Gears of Automobile Manual Transaxles under High-volume Production","authors":"Y. Kawasaki, Norikazu Marumo, Tatsuhiko Nishioka, A. Kubo","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.929","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"128 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81819696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sakuta, M. Adachi, K. Ogawa, Ueda Katsunobu, N. Takasu, K. Taira, T. Nakano
The purpose of this paper is to present a design outline and describe the characteristics of the table control system of a high density optical disk mastering machine. The table control system consists of a friction drive, a double guide air-pressurized slider, a laser interferometer and a controller. Friction drive makes it possible to position the table with 10 nm accuracy over 200 mm travel. The laser interferometer system is designed to measure the position of an optical head, exposure point, using the special laser optics configuration with two reflectors, between which the optical head is located. The table is positioned with a standard deviation of 2.9 nm (a) in a ramp command of 10 μm/s and the steady-state error and the settling time are better than 10 nm and 0.15 second, respectively, in 1 μm step response. The mastering machine has made pits and grooves with a track pitch of 0.65 μm and a pit width of 0.3 μm.
{"title":"Precision table control system using friction drive for optical disk mastering machine","authors":"S. Sakuta, M. Adachi, K. Ogawa, Ueda Katsunobu, N. Takasu, K. Taira, T. Nakano","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.1444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.1444","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present a design outline and describe the characteristics of the table control system of a high density optical disk mastering machine. The table control system consists of a friction drive, a double guide air-pressurized slider, a laser interferometer and a controller. Friction drive makes it possible to position the table with 10 nm accuracy over 200 mm travel. The laser interferometer system is designed to measure the position of an optical head, exposure point, using the special laser optics configuration with two reflectors, between which the optical head is located. The table is positioned with a standard deviation of 2.9 nm (a) in a ramp command of 10 μm/s and the steady-state error and the settling time are better than 10 nm and 0.15 second, respectively, in 1 μm step response. The mastering machine has made pits and grooves with a track pitch of 0.65 μm and a pit width of 0.3 μm.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":"122-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81523695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the effect of the polarity of the surfactant on lapping behavior such as stock removal and the amount of minute powders adhered to or embedded in the lapping surface which arise out of the lapping plate and the workpiece. Brass, steel, glass and other materials are lapped by surfactants with different polarity and varied lapping plates. The following experimental results are confirmed : Most anion surfactants appear to be better mediums than cation or nonion surfactants for preventing any adhesion of the minute powders and increasing stock removal. When the silver surface is lapped by using fine aluminium oxide abrasive grains in n-dodecyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride solution (cation) on the glass lapping plate, it is highly resistant to wear, but the rigid glass lapping plate wears out.
{"title":"The Effect of Surfactant Properties on Lapping Behavior of Materials","authors":"S. Tomoda, A. Sugawara","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.1122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.1122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the effect of the polarity of the surfactant on lapping behavior such as stock removal and the amount of minute powders adhered to or embedded in the lapping surface which arise out of the lapping plate and the workpiece. Brass, steel, glass and other materials are lapped by surfactants with different polarity and varied lapping plates. The following experimental results are confirmed : Most anion surfactants appear to be better mediums than cation or nonion surfactants for preventing any adhesion of the minute powders and increasing stock removal. When the silver surface is lapped by using fine aluminium oxide abrasive grains in n-dodecyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride solution (cation) on the glass lapping plate, it is highly resistant to wear, but the rigid glass lapping plate wears out.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":"21-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89839193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many manufacturing systems, the role of skilled operators has been reduced down together with the progress of automatization technology. In some industries, however, the superiority of the manual operation to fully-automated system is reappraised recently. It is difficult to eliminate manual operations entirely from all manufacturing processes, because sophisticated sensitivity of human operators is indispensable in some kind of process. In this case, the characteristics of the sensitivity should be investigated in detail for utilizing it efficiently. In this research. the authors aim at clarification of manual machine tool operation from the viewpoint of human engineering. Particularly, minute grooving operation with a lathe. in which operational accuracy and speed are dependent upon the perception of the operator, is discussed in the present paper. Firstly, an experimental apparatus “virtual lathe” is newly developed so that analyses may be done under simplified conditions. By using it, the operator gets cutting force, motion of cutting tool, cutting sound, etc. through his own perceptive organs as if he uses an actual machine. Applying the apparatus to the minute grooving, secondly, the skill learning process of six testees is investigated. Obtained conclusions are summarized as follows : The similarity between actual operation and virtual lathe operation is confirmed. The force sensory feedback is effective in improvement of learning speed. The skill acquired relevant to operating accuracy is difficult to lose compared with that relevant to operating speed.
{"title":"Skill learning in manual machine tool operation : Development of new virtual lathe and study on minute grooving by using it","authors":"H. Kato, Kazuhiko Kobayashi, Liu Shengli","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.999","url":null,"abstract":"In many manufacturing systems, the role of skilled operators has been reduced down together with the progress of automatization technology. In some industries, however, the superiority of the manual operation to fully-automated system is reappraised recently. It is difficult to eliminate manual operations entirely from all manufacturing processes, because sophisticated sensitivity of human operators is indispensable in some kind of process. In this case, the characteristics of the sensitivity should be investigated in detail for utilizing it efficiently. In this research. the authors aim at clarification of manual machine tool operation from the viewpoint of human engineering. Particularly, minute grooving operation with a lathe. in which operational accuracy and speed are dependent upon the perception of the operator, is discussed in the present paper. Firstly, an experimental apparatus “virtual lathe” is newly developed so that analyses may be done under simplified conditions. By using it, the operator gets cutting force, motion of cutting tool, cutting sound, etc. through his own perceptive organs as if he uses an actual machine. Applying the apparatus to the minute grooving, secondly, the skill learning process of six testees is investigated. Obtained conclusions are summarized as follows : The similarity between actual operation and virtual lathe operation is confirmed. The force sensory feedback is effective in improvement of learning speed. The skill acquired relevant to operating accuracy is difficult to lose compared with that relevant to operating speed.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"221-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81711486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a chatter vibration control and a recognition of cutting state in boring operation. A vibration control system consists of piezoelectric sensors, piezoelectric actuators and a controller. The signals of the tool vibration are detected by the piezoelectric sensors and modified into the rectangular waves which are applied to the piezoelectric actuators to drive the tip of a boring tool. A cutting state recognition system which is based on an artificial neural network is also proposed. In this system, power spectrums of the signals detected by piezoelectric sensors are calculated to identify the cutting state. The input data of the artificial neural network are normalized by the maximum value of the power spectrum. The normalized pattems are utilize to identify whether the cutting state is stable or unstable. The vibration control system and the cutting state recognition system have been examined in cutting tests. The test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed systems for practical application.
{"title":"Study on vibration control of boring tool and recognition of cutting state","authors":"Y. Kashimura, Yoshiaki Suzuki","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.105","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a chatter vibration control and a recognition of cutting state in boring operation. A vibration control system consists of piezoelectric sensors, piezoelectric actuators and a controller. The signals of the tool vibration are detected by the piezoelectric sensors and modified into the rectangular waves which are applied to the piezoelectric actuators to drive the tip of a boring tool. A cutting state recognition system which is based on an artificial neural network is also proposed. In this system, power spectrums of the signals detected by piezoelectric sensors are calculated to identify the cutting state. The input data of the artificial neural network are normalized by the maximum value of the power spectrum. The normalized pattems are utilize to identify whether the cutting state is stable or unstable. The vibration control system and the cutting state recognition system have been examined in cutting tests. The test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed systems for practical application.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"48 4 1","pages":"201-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89162375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In large scale problems of line balancing, a weak point is to spend a huge effort of calculation when branch and bound method is adopted to solve the problem. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the method which can seek the satisfactory solution by splitting the problem into some partitions. First, the whole problem is divided into several partial problems, the optimal line balancing is investigated in each partial problem, and the results in all partial problems are joined together to get a trial solution for the whole problem. Second, the trial solution is improved by line re-balancing in the joint area of partial problems to search for a satisfactory solution. Furthermore, a computer is used to obtain the satisfactory solution and the result is compared with the result of a conventional method to investigate the efficiency of this proposed method.
{"title":"Application of Branch and Bound Method in Divided Line Balancing Problem","authors":"Kenji Kurashige, Y. Yanagawa, S. Miyazaki","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.691","url":null,"abstract":"In large scale problems of line balancing, a weak point is to spend a huge effort of calculation when branch and bound method is adopted to solve the problem. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the method which can seek the satisfactory solution by splitting the problem into some partitions. First, the whole problem is divided into several partial problems, the optimal line balancing is investigated in each partial problem, and the results in all partial problems are joined together to get a trial solution for the whole problem. Second, the trial solution is improved by line re-balancing in the joint area of partial problems to search for a satisfactory solution. Furthermore, a computer is used to obtain the satisfactory solution and the result is compared with the result of a conventional method to investigate the efficiency of this proposed method.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"137-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88884790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conventional grinding method uses fluid that contains chlorine, sulfur and phosphorus which aggravates the working environment and increases costs for fluid replacement and disposal. We developed the cooling-air CBN grinding system, which performs grinding by supplying cooling air to the grinding point with a solid-lubricant-impregnated CBN wheel or a CBN wheel supplied with an extremely small amount of superfine vegetable oil. This method provides better grinding performance compared with grinding under fluid. The compressive residual stress of workpieces ground using our method are higher and deeper compared with CBN grinding under fluid, and the material strength of workpieces is higher even under high-efficiency grinding.
{"title":"Study of environmentally conscious CBN cooling-air grinding technology","authors":"M. Yokogawa, K. Yokogawa, H. Honma","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.1638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.1638","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional grinding method uses fluid that contains chlorine, sulfur and phosphorus which aggravates the working environment and increases costs for fluid replacement and disposal. We developed the cooling-air CBN grinding system, which performs grinding by supplying cooling air to the grinding point with a solid-lubricant-impregnated CBN wheel or a CBN wheel supplied with an extremely small amount of superfine vegetable oil. This method provides better grinding performance compared with grinding under fluid. The compressive residual stress of workpieces ground using our method are higher and deeper compared with CBN grinding under fluid, and the material strength of workpieces is higher even under high-efficiency grinding.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"187-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87261904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper facilitates the conception of signal flow graph theory, which makes it possible to determine, the angular velocity of the planetary gear trains. In design of the planetary gear train, the determination of the angular velocity of these is one of the important subjects. In almost the method used for kinematics analysis of planetary gear train are inherent for gearing itself and are tedius. In order to make these analysis of the planetary gear train understandable, the article proposes the representation by algebraic vector equation and graph theory for these problems. Moreover, the article presents examples of the application of this method for the complex type, 2K-H type and 3K type paradox gear trains.
{"title":"An application of graph theory to the kinematic analysis of planetary gear trains","authors":"S. Uematsu","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.1582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.1582","url":null,"abstract":"This paper facilitates the conception of signal flow graph theory, which makes it possible to determine, the angular velocity of the planetary gear trains. In design of the planetary gear train, the determination of the angular velocity of these is one of the important subjects. In almost the method used for kinematics analysis of planetary gear train are inherent for gearing itself and are tedius. In order to make these analysis of the planetary gear train understandable, the article proposes the representation by algebraic vector equation and graph theory for these problems. Moreover, the article presents examples of the application of this method for the complex type, 2K-H type and 3K type paradox gear trains.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"141-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76939826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a method for measuring tool wear parameters based on two dimensional image information. The tool wear images were obtained from an ITV camera with magnifying and lightening devices, and were analyzed using image processing techniques such as thresholding, noise filtering and boundary tracing. Thresholding was used to transform the captured gray scale image into a binary image for rapid sequential image processing. The threshold level was determined using a novel technique in which the brightness histograms of two concentric windows containing the tool wear image were compared. The use of noise filtering and boundary tracing to reduce the measuring errors was explored. Performance tests of the measurement precision and processing speed revealed that the direct method was highly effective in intermittent tool wear monitoring.
{"title":"AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT OF TOOL WEAR USING AN IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM","authors":"Nobushige Sawai, Joonyeob Song, Hwayoung Park","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.61.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.61.368","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a method for measuring tool wear parameters based on two dimensional image information. The tool wear images were obtained from an ITV camera with magnifying and lightening devices, and were analyzed using image processing techniques such as thresholding, noise filtering and boundary tracing. Thresholding was used to transform the captured gray scale image into a binary image for rapid sequential image processing. The threshold level was determined using a novel technique in which the brightness histograms of two concentric windows containing the tool wear image were compared. The use of noise filtering and boundary tracing to reduce the measuring errors was explored. Performance tests of the measurement precision and processing speed revealed that the direct method was highly effective in intermittent tool wear monitoring.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"112-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74653808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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