Recently, the role of skilled operators in manufacturing systems is recognized again and the utilization of the mentality and flexibility of human operators to them is focused on with fresh interest. In order to apply the manual operation to a manufacturing system effectively, it is important to investigate the skill learning characteristics of the operators and derive a reasonable skill training method for them. The virtual reality techniques appear to be very useful to carry out this investigation, though the actual manufacturing system is not necessarily suitable for it. In the present paper, the objective manual operation is small-diameter deep-hole machining of an aluminum workpiece with a bench-mounted drilling machine, which is known as a difficult operation requiring operator's sensitivity highly. Firstly, a simple simulator of the drilling machine or a virtual machine has been developed taking into consideration the dynamic characteristics of a real machine. Secondly, its effectiveness to the skill training has been studied through experimental operations by inexperienced testees. A new index for assessing operating performance was also discussed. As the results, it is found that the developed simulator is significantly effective in skill training for the actual drilling machine operation and the operating efficiency continues to improve during early 15 time operations with the simulator.
{"title":"Skill Training of Manual Machine Operation by Simulator - In the Case of Small-Diameter Deep-Hole Machining with Drilling Machine -","authors":"W. Chen, H. Kato","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.63.555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.63.555","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the role of skilled operators in manufacturing systems is recognized again and the utilization of the mentality and flexibility of human operators to them is focused on with fresh interest. In order to apply the manual operation to a manufacturing system effectively, it is important to investigate the skill learning characteristics of the operators and derive a reasonable skill training method for them. The virtual reality techniques appear to be very useful to carry out this investigation, though the actual manufacturing system is not necessarily suitable for it. In the present paper, the objective manual operation is small-diameter deep-hole machining of an aluminum workpiece with a bench-mounted drilling machine, which is known as a difficult operation requiring operator's sensitivity highly. Firstly, a simple simulator of the drilling machine or a virtual machine has been developed taking into consideration the dynamic characteristics of a real machine. Secondly, its effectiveness to the skill training has been studied through experimental operations by inexperienced testees. A new index for assessing operating performance was also discussed. As the results, it is found that the developed simulator is significantly effective in skill training for the actual drilling machine operation and the operating efficiency continues to improve during early 15 time operations with the simulator.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74703724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kuribayashi, S. Shimizu, M. Yoshitake, S. Ogawa
This paper presents the fabrication process and transformation characteristics of reversible shape memory alloy thin film actuators which are useful for micromachines. Nickel ( Ni ) rich titanium-nickel alloy ( TiNi ) thin films were sputter deposited on rock salt plates or copper foils and heat processed with two steps which were crystallization ( 800 °C-10 min ) and shape memorization ( 400 °C-6 h ). Reversible shape memory effects of the actuators were shown between the room temperature ( R phase ) by natural radiation of heat and high temperature ( about 90 °C) ( Austenite phase ) by electric current heating. Their metallurgical properties were analyzed by ICP, DSC, XRD and TEM. It was found that precipitate, Ti 3 Ni 4 , played an important role as bias springs for the shape memory effect as the same as the bulk TiNi. Consequently, the relationship between the fabrication process and transformation characteristics of the actuators which is useful to realize reversible shape memory alloy thin film actuators for micromachines was obtained.
本文介绍了一种可用于微机械的可逆形状记忆合金薄膜作动器的制备工艺和相变特性。将富镍钛镍合金(TiNi)薄膜溅射沉积在岩盐板或铜箔上，经过结晶(800°C-10 min)和形状记忆(400°C-6 h)两步热处理。在室温(R相)和高温(约90℃)(奥氏体相)下的电流加热过程中，显示出可逆的形状记忆效应。采用ICP、DSC、XRD和TEM分析了其金相性能。结果表明，沉淀Ti - 3 - Ni - 4与体Ti一样，在形状记忆效应中起着重要的偏置弹簧作用。得到了形状记忆合金薄膜作动器的制备工艺与相变特性之间的关系，为实现可逆形状记忆合金薄膜作动器提供了理论依据。
{"title":"Fabrication and Transformation Characteristics of Reversible Shape Memory Alloy Thin Film Actuators","authors":"K. Kuribayashi, S. Shimizu, M. Yoshitake, S. Ogawa","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.63.530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.63.530","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the fabrication process and transformation characteristics of reversible shape memory alloy thin film actuators which are useful for micromachines. Nickel ( Ni ) rich titanium-nickel alloy ( TiNi ) thin films were sputter deposited on rock salt plates or copper foils and heat processed with two steps which were crystallization ( 800 °C-10 min ) and shape memorization ( 400 °C-6 h ). Reversible shape memory effects of the actuators were shown between the room temperature ( R phase ) by natural radiation of heat and high temperature ( about 90 °C) ( Austenite phase ) by electric current heating. Their metallurgical properties were analyzed by ICP, DSC, XRD and TEM. It was found that precipitate, Ti 3 Ni 4 , played an important role as bias springs for the shape memory effect as the same as the bulk TiNi. Consequently, the relationship between the fabrication process and transformation characteristics of the actuators which is useful to realize reversible shape memory alloy thin film actuators for micromachines was obtained.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"110-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82053290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of automatic surface inspection system of castings","authors":"Takahiro Someji, Takaharu Yoshimura, N. Akiyama","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.63.1412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.63.1412","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"278-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75550816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on Dynamical Investigation of OD-Blade Cutting utilizing Vibration in Vertical Direction","authors":"K. Ishikawa, H. Suwabe, M. Uneda","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.63.1158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.63.1158","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"254-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73003099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mesh Generation Based on a New Label-driven Subdivision Kenjiro T. MIURA and Fuhua CHENG A mesh generation algorithm based on a new label-driven subdivision technique is presented. The algorithm generates 2D mesh of quadrilaterals/triangles on a regular quadrilateral network such as the parameter space of a piecewise surface. Each face (patch) of the quadrilateral network has to be assigned a subdivision level (mesh density) first, which is in tern used to assign labels to the vertices of the quadrilateral network. The mesh is generated on the basis of individual faces by performing label-driven subdivision on each face separately. Parallel processing is achieved by performing label-driven subdivision on all the faces simultaneously. The new label-driven subdivision technique improves a previous label-driven subdivision technique in that it does not require the labels of the vertices to satisfy certain requirement and, consequently, the generation of an admissible extension of the given label assignment is not necessary.
Kenjiro T. MIURA和Fuhua CHENG提出了一种基于新的标签驱动细分技术的网格生成算法。该算法在规则的四边形网络(如分段曲面的参数空间)上生成二维四边形/三角形网格。四边形网络的每个面(patch)必须首先被分配一个细分级别(网格密度)，这通常用于为四边形网络的顶点分配标签。通过对每个面分别进行标签驱动细分，在单个面的基础上生成网格。并行处理是通过同时对所有的人脸进行标签驱动的细分来实现的。新的标签驱动细分技术改进了以前的标签驱动细分技术，它不要求顶点的标签满足一定的要求，因此不需要生成给定标签分配的可接受扩展。
{"title":"Mesh Generation Based on a New Label-driven Subdivision","authors":"K. Miura, F. Cheng","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.1282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.1282","url":null,"abstract":"Mesh Generation Based on a New Label-driven Subdivision Kenjiro T. MIURA and Fuhua CHENG A mesh generation algorithm based on a new label-driven subdivision technique is presented. The algorithm generates 2D mesh of quadrilaterals/triangles on a regular quadrilateral network such as the parameter space of a piecewise surface. Each face (patch) of the quadrilateral network has to be assigned a subdivision level (mesh density) first, which is in tern used to assign labels to the vertices of the quadrilateral network. The mesh is generated on the basis of individual faces by performing label-driven subdivision on each face separately. Parallel processing is achieved by performing label-driven subdivision on all the faces simultaneously. The new label-driven subdivision technique improves a previous label-driven subdivision technique in that it does not require the labels of the vertices to satisfy certain requirement and, consequently, the generation of an admissible extension of the given label assignment is not necessary.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"353-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73841394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a new automatic calibration system for the polygon mirror. A new differential method which can calibrate simultaneously and autonomously the dividing errors of a polygon mirror and angular profile of surface is proposed. The basic principle of the system depends on the self-check-method of two autocollimators. This system consists of two angle sensors with 0.02 s (arc) resolution as a differential probe, a rotary table for giving angular displacement and an XZ-axis stage for scanning surfaces of the polygon mirror. As an example for the experiment, a 24-sided polygon mirror has been calibrated on the system and its effectiveness has been confirmed. It was found that the repeatability error of calibration was about 0.2 s (arc).
{"title":"Development of measurement system of angular profile of the polygonal mirror surface","authors":"Shizhou Zhang, S. Kiyono, Y. Uda, Masami Mito","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.589","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a new automatic calibration system for the polygon mirror. A new differential method which can calibrate simultaneously and autonomously the dividing errors of a polygon mirror and angular profile of surface is proposed. The basic principle of the system depends on the self-check-method of two autocollimators. This system consists of two angle sensors with 0.02 s (arc) resolution as a differential probe, a rotary table for giving angular displacement and an XZ-axis stage for scanning surfaces of the polygon mirror. As an example for the experiment, a 24-sided polygon mirror has been calibrated on the system and its effectiveness has been confirmed. It was found that the repeatability error of calibration was about 0.2 s (arc).","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"349-350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77253675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this investigation is to clarify the edge-chipping generation-mechanism of ferrite in slot grinding. By releasing the grinding wheel quickly from the contact zone during the grinding operation, changes of edge-chipping size and of kerf width are measured. Edge-chipping size tends to decrease greatly in the grinding zone, while kerf width tends to increase greatly in the same zone. The changes of edge-chipping size and of kerf width are opposite. The sum of edgechipping size and kerf width in the grinding zone shows a nearly constant value. It is seemed that the initial chipping which occurred at the tip of ground groove is continuously ground with small depth of cut by the side of the grinding wheel and that the initial chipping tends to be decreased by an increase of kerf width. Especially, in down cut and low work speed the apparent function of increasing of kerf width is shown.
{"title":"Edge-chipping generation of ferrite in slot grinding","authors":"Y. Hasuda, K. Kishi","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.559","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this investigation is to clarify the edge-chipping generation-mechanism of ferrite in slot grinding. By releasing the grinding wheel quickly from the contact zone during the grinding operation, changes of edge-chipping size and of kerf width are measured. Edge-chipping size tends to decrease greatly in the grinding zone, while kerf width tends to increase greatly in the same zone. The changes of edge-chipping size and of kerf width are opposite. The sum of edgechipping size and kerf width in the grinding zone shows a nearly constant value. It is seemed that the initial chipping which occurred at the tip of ground groove is continuously ground with small depth of cut by the side of the grinding wheel and that the initial chipping tends to be decreased by an increase of kerf width. Especially, in down cut and low work speed the apparent function of increasing of kerf width is shown.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"92 1","pages":"223-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83799298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Onikura, O. Ohnishi, J. Feng, T. Kanda, T. Morita, U. Bopp
The purposes of the present paper are to investigate the effects of ultrasonic vibration on machining accuracy of duralumin and to make clear the mechanisms for the improvement of machining accuracy in microdrilling. Ultrasonic vibration of 40 kHz considerably reduces the friction on the rake face, makes chips thinner and then decreases cutting forces. This decrease in cutting forces, especially the variation of the mean radial force, leads to the improvement of cutting accuracy, i. e., smaller hole oversize, a little better roundness at hole entrance. smaller displacement of hole center with ultrasonic vibration. The thin chip increases the velocity of chip flow, and results in better characteristics of chip disposal and less tendency of drill breakage.
{"title":"Effects of ultrasonic vibration on machining accuracy in microdrilling","authors":"H. Onikura, O. Ohnishi, J. Feng, T. Kanda, T. Morita, U. Bopp","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.676","url":null,"abstract":"The purposes of the present paper are to investigate the effects of ultrasonic vibration on machining accuracy of duralumin and to make clear the mechanisms for the improvement of machining accuracy in microdrilling. Ultrasonic vibration of 40 kHz considerably reduces the friction on the rake face, makes chips thinner and then decreases cutting forces. This decrease in cutting forces, especially the variation of the mean radial force, leads to the improvement of cutting accuracy, i. e., smaller hole oversize, a little better roundness at hole entrance. smaller displacement of hole center with ultrasonic vibration. The thin chip increases the velocity of chip flow, and results in better characteristics of chip disposal and less tendency of drill breakage.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"210-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91161690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When we generate the cutter path for free-form surfaces by a CAM system, we have to minimize the aircut of it and to ensure the accuracy of the machined products. But it is very difficult for the conventional CAM system to set the adequate cutting condition and to generate the path only for the part to be cut. On the other hand, a profiling machine has been commonly used by die-manufacturers, because it enables the workers to directly generate the cutter path during monitoring the cutting situation. However a profiling machine needs the master-model of product and the accuracy of the cutter path is not high. Therefore we introduce the virtual reality into NC programming system for free-form surfaces. And an accurate virtual profiling system without master-models was realized. The worker can manually profile the model in the computer and can generate NC data for free-form surfaces by using the proposed system. In this paper, the construction of the virtual profiling system is described. The virtual profiling system consists of a bilateral master-slave system which has a 3DOF orthogonal direct drive manipulator, a profiling simulation software, and a cutting simulation software. The virtual profiling system can generate the cutter path for free-form surface models in real time with the accuracy of ±0.1μm.
{"title":"A study on virtual reality of NC programming for free-form surfaces","authors":"Hidetomo Takahashi, S. Kanai","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.70","url":null,"abstract":"When we generate the cutter path for free-form surfaces by a CAM system, we have to minimize the aircut of it and to ensure the accuracy of the machined products. But it is very difficult for the conventional CAM system to set the adequate cutting condition and to generate the path only for the part to be cut. On the other hand, a profiling machine has been commonly used by die-manufacturers, because it enables the workers to directly generate the cutter path during monitoring the cutting situation. However a profiling machine needs the master-model of product and the accuracy of the cutter path is not high. Therefore we introduce the virtual reality into NC programming system for free-form surfaces. And an accurate virtual profiling system without master-models was realized. The worker can manually profile the model in the computer and can generate NC data for free-form surfaces by using the proposed system. In this paper, the construction of the virtual profiling system is described. The virtual profiling system consists of a bilateral master-slave system which has a 3DOF orthogonal direct drive manipulator, a profiling simulation software, and a cutting simulation software. The virtual profiling system can generate the cutter path for free-form surface models in real time with the accuracy of ±0.1μm.","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"177-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87649956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy Flowing Rate into Workpiece in Surface Grinding Based on 3-Dimensional Temperature Analysis(1st Report)-Discussion on Temperature Distribution in Workpiece Measured by Hole Method-","authors":"T. Obikawa, H. Takahara, T. Shirakashi","doi":"10.2493/JJSPE.62.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2493/JJSPE.62.90","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of The Japan Society for Precision Engineering","volume":"42 1","pages":"29-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91332240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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