Main core storage in digital computers has been getting both larger and faster with each generation. In view of this a design was undertaken which would be inherently faster, and inherently less expensive in the large sizes. Other significant inputs to the design approach chosen was that electronics, that is semiconductors, were becoming less expensive; also, to operate at the higher speeds smaller cores must be used. Since it is progressively more difficult to put additional wires through these smaller cores, system approaches using fewer wires through the core were studied.
{"title":"High speed ferrite 2 1/2 D memory","authors":"T. J. Gilligan, Perry B. Persons","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1464004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1464004","url":null,"abstract":"Main core storage in digital computers has been getting both larger and faster with each generation. In view of this a design was undertaken which would be inherently faster, and inherently less expensive in the large sizes. Other significant inputs to the design approach chosen was that electronics, that is semiconductors, were becoming less expensive; also, to operate at the higher speeds smaller cores must be used. Since it is progressively more difficult to put additional wires through these smaller cores, system approaches using fewer wires through the core were studied.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115728369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hybrid computation plays an important role in our man-in-space effort. Large scale combined analog-digital studies in support of NASA's Project Apollo are now being performed. The computers utilized are an IBM 7094-II digital computer and three consoles of Reeves 500 analog computing equipment. These are linked by an Adage 770 Computer Link that provides an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog capacity of 48 and 55 channels, respectively.
{"title":"Hybrid computing for lunar excursion module studies","authors":"A. Burns","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463992","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid computation plays an important role in our man-in-space effort. Large scale combined analog-digital studies in support of NASA's Project Apollo are now being performed. The computers utilized are an IBM 7094-II digital computer and three consoles of Reeves 500 analog computing equipment. These are linked by an Adage 770 Computer Link that provides an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog capacity of 48 and 55 channels, respectively.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122672044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last two decades the use of mathematics in engineering has increased considerably. Today, mathematical models make up the heart of many engineering disciplines. The rapid increase in scientific knowledge has brought about a staggering proliferation of technological applications. In order to equip students for this exploding technical environment, engineering colleges have turned to emphasizing fundamentals. It is physically impossible to include even a representative sampling-in-depth of today's technological developments without further crowding the already overburdened curricula. This crowding is due not so much to the new ideas the newer scientific applications require, but rather to the inordinate number of details and refinements they engender.
{"title":"Engineering mathematics via computers","authors":"J. Staudhammer","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463997","url":null,"abstract":"In the last two decades the use of mathematics in engineering has increased considerably. Today, mathematical models make up the heart of many engineering disciplines. The rapid increase in scientific knowledge has brought about a staggering proliferation of technological applications. In order to equip students for this exploding technical environment, engineering colleges have turned to emphasizing fundamentals. It is physically impossible to include even a representative sampling-in-depth of today's technological developments without further crowding the already overburdened curricula. This crowding is due not so much to the new ideas the newer scientific applications require, but rather to the inordinate number of details and refinements they engender.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122322792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This discussion is confined to circuits operating at switching speeds sufficiently fast to require the use of terminated transmission lines for all logic interconnections other than to an adjacent device. The discussion is further confined to significant factors affecting circuit decisions in a high volume commercial/industrial environment. Laboratory curiosities operating at absolute maximum speeds are not considered in view of the extremely distorted economics associated with experimental technologies. The factors under discussion are technology considerations, economic considerations, logic arrays, power dissipation, and packaging media constraints. The discussion is not intended to be a gross prediction of future practice, but rather a snapshot of today's design considerations imposed by present technology and Mother Nature's rather rigid philosophy concerning the speed of light. Since the transmission time through the interconnecting media is significant when compared to propagation delay time of the logic device, the physical size of the system has some bearing on the definition of high speed. This discussion is concerned with relatively large organizations such that a propagation delay time of 2 to 5 nanoseconds may be considered high speed. More dramatic speed improvements may come with machine organizations which consume large amounts of circuits. These organizations are now becoming feasible due to increased reliability and the availability of low cost devices through the semiconductor industry.
{"title":"High-speed logic circuit considerations","authors":"W. H. Howe","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463946","url":null,"abstract":"This discussion is confined to circuits operating at switching speeds sufficiently fast to require the use of terminated transmission lines for all logic interconnections other than to an adjacent device. The discussion is further confined to significant factors affecting circuit decisions in a high volume commercial/industrial environment. Laboratory curiosities operating at absolute maximum speeds are not considered in view of the extremely distorted economics associated with experimental technologies. The factors under discussion are technology considerations, economic considerations, logic arrays, power dissipation, and packaging media constraints. The discussion is not intended to be a gross prediction of future practice, but rather a snapshot of today's design considerations imposed by present technology and Mother Nature's rather rigid philosophy concerning the speed of light. Since the transmission time through the interconnecting media is significant when compared to propagation delay time of the logic device, the physical size of the system has some bearing on the definition of high speed. This discussion is concerned with relatively large organizations such that a propagation delay time of 2 to 5 nanoseconds may be considered high speed. More dramatic speed improvements may come with machine organizations which consume large amounts of circuits. These organizations are now becoming feasible due to increased reliability and the availability of low cost devices through the semiconductor industry.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122002258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the general communications and input/output switching problems in a large-scale multiplexed computing system. A basic goal of such a computing system is to serve simultaneously and continuously a wide range and large number of users. By rapidly time-multiplexing the use of computer system facilities on behalf of these users, the system attempts to satisfy the completion time and response time desires of both the on-line interactive user and the absentee user.
{"title":"Communications and input/output switching in a multiplex computing system","authors":"J. F. Ossanna, L. Mikuš, S. Dunten","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463916","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the general communications and input/output switching problems in a large-scale multiplexed computing system. A basic goal of such a computing system is to serve simultaneously and continuously a wide range and large number of users. By rapidly time-multiplexing the use of computer system facilities on behalf of these users, the system attempts to satisfy the completion time and response time desires of both the on-line interactive user and the absentee user.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131169586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The applications of digital computers to analog control systems, where the inputs to the computer are the outputs from analog sensors and the outputs from the computer must drive analog controls, increase steadily, even in cases where analog computer accuracy (1 percent) would be sufficient.
{"title":"Sequential analog-digital computer","authors":"H. Schmid","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463994","url":null,"abstract":"The applications of digital computers to analog control systems, where the inputs to the computer are the outputs from analog sensors and the outputs from the computer must drive analog controls, increase steadily, even in cases where analog computer accuracy (1 percent) would be sufficient.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125789827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In March 1965, the Lockheed Missiles & Space Company's Computation Center installed a UNIVAC 1107 with two FH880 drums and three UNIVAC 1004 print, card punch and read systems, two of which are remote. This configuration is illustrated in Fig. 1. The Central Processing Unit was scheduled to be upgraded to an 1108 in October 1965. The UNIVAC EXEC II monitor was used for the operating control of this equipment. Under this monitor, the typical job enters the system through a 1004 card reader, queues at a section of one drum designated the Input/Output buffer, is processed by the main frame using the drums for scratch storage and systems routines, occupies I/O drum buffer area for storage of output, and is printed on the originating 1004 system. The monitor "steals" cycles from the main frame to control the flow of data between the 1004's and the drum I/O buffer. The insert in Fig. 1 shows the original storage allocation of the two FH880 drums which allocated 262,000 36-bit words to the I/O buffer.
{"title":"Computer systems design and analysis through simulation","authors":"G. Hutchinson, J. Maguire","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463909","url":null,"abstract":"In March 1965, the Lockheed Missiles & Space Company's Computation Center installed a UNIVAC 1107 with two FH880 drums and three UNIVAC 1004 print, card punch and read systems, two of which are remote. This configuration is illustrated in Fig. 1. The Central Processing Unit was scheduled to be upgraded to an 1108 in October 1965. The UNIVAC EXEC II monitor was used for the operating control of this equipment. Under this monitor, the typical job enters the system through a 1004 card reader, queues at a section of one drum designated the Input/Output buffer, is processed by the main frame using the drums for scratch storage and systems routines, occupies I/O drum buffer area for storage of output, and is printed on the originating 1004 system. The monitor \"steals\" cycles from the main frame to control the flow of data between the 1004's and the drum I/O buffer. The insert in Fig. 1 shows the original storage allocation of the two FH880 drums which allocated 262,000 36-bit words to the I/O buffer.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122266872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The broad objective of the project of which the work reported below is a part is to explore and develop techniques in man-machine interaction. The situation involving a person interacting with a machine in the performance of a task generally requires that the person be on-line with the machine. The amount of machine time wasted while the person is carrying out his part of a task may require, even in an experimental situation, a timesharing system.
{"title":"A facility for experimentation in man-machine interaction","authors":"W. Lichtenberger, M. Pirtle","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463955","url":null,"abstract":"The broad objective of the project of which the work reported below is a part is to explore and develop techniques in man-machine interaction. The situation involving a person interacting with a machine in the performance of a task generally requires that the person be on-line with the machine. The amount of machine time wasted while the person is carrying out his part of a task may require, even in an experimental situation, a timesharing system.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117012822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My topic concerns another instance of a new methodology for the behavioral sciences made feasible by the availability of large fast computers. The strategy which characterizes this methodology is the attempt to simulate by means of computer programs, the paradigms which constrain and direct the behavior of an experienced behavioral scientist as he attempts to deal with the problems and data of interest to him. The significance for psychology of this computer-based methodology is similar to that of psychometric methodology to the extent that it provides formal systems for the explication and publication of the intuitions of the experienced psychologist.
{"title":"Simulation models for psychometric theories","authors":"C. Helm","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463972","url":null,"abstract":"My topic concerns another instance of a new methodology for the behavioral sciences made feasible by the availability of large fast computers. The strategy which characterizes this methodology is the attempt to simulate by means of computer programs, the paradigms which constrain and direct the behavior of an experienced behavioral scientist as he attempts to deal with the problems and data of interest to him. The significance for psychology of this computer-based methodology is similar to that of psychometric methodology to the extent that it provides formal systems for the explication and publication of the intuitions of the experienced psychologist.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128573863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The IBM 7770 and 7772 and elements of the New York Stock Exchange Market Data System form a family of IBM devices providing voice output facilities. The devices function similarly in that each gives a computer-generated voice response to a dialed inquiry. The audio generation principle incorporated in the 7770 is a derivative of the original Voice Answer Back principle---that of adjusting word length to fit machine time-slots. Then by access to these words from many input lines, sentences are formed into a voice response. The 7772, on the other hand, generates audio on the "vocoder" principle---that of energizing tone filters and combining the output result first to form words and then sentences in a manner similar to that of the 7770.
IBM 7770和7772以及纽约证券交易所市场数据系统组成了提供语音输出设施的IBM设备家族。这两种设备的功能相似之处在于，每一种设备都为拨号查询提供计算机生成的语音响应。7770中包含的音频生成原理是原始语音应答原理的衍生物-调整单词长度以适应机器的时隙。然后，通过从许多输入行中获取这些单词，句子就形成了语音响应。另一方面，7772根据“声码器”原理生成音频，即激活音调过滤器并首先将输出结果组合成单词，然后以类似于7770的方式组合成句子。
{"title":"Voice output from IBM system/360","authors":"A. Urquhart","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463985","url":null,"abstract":"The IBM 7770 and 7772 and elements of the New York Stock Exchange Market Data System form a family of IBM devices providing voice output facilities. The devices function similarly in that each gives a computer-generated voice response to a dialed inquiry. The audio generation principle incorporated in the 7770 is a derivative of the original Voice Answer Back principle---that of adjusting word length to fit machine time-slots. Then by access to these words from many input lines, sentences are formed into a voice response. The 7772, on the other hand, generates audio on the \"vocoder\" principle---that of energizing tone filters and combining the output result first to form words and then sentences in a manner similar to that of the 7770.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124711036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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