Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0421-0428
A. Nag, H. Gupta
Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the most important timber species and has high production potential in the tropical dry deciduous forest in the lateritic zone of West Bengal. We studied population structure and regeneration of Sal by laying 34 quadrats in three differently managed forests- Ballavpur Wildlife Sanctuary (protected, artificially created), Illambazar (natural, disturbed) and Garhjungle (natural, sacred). Total 595 trees were recorded. Mean tree density and basal area were highest in Garhjungle (2233.3 N ha -1 and 13.89 m 2 ha -1 ) and lowest in Ballavpur (1441.7 N ha -1 and 12.89 m 2 ha -1 ). The diameter class distribution of the tree species revealed that the highest number of individuals were concentrated in the lower diameter classes indicating a young and expanding population of Shorea robusta in all the three forests. The overall regeneration was fairly good in the study area. The density of regenerating individuals (seedling and sapling) was highest in Garhjungle (4266.7 N ha -1 ) and lowest in Illambazar (2710 N ha -1 ). The seedling density was highest in Ballavpur (1016.7 N ha -1 ). The information on the regeneration of tree species has implications for the management of the forest stand.
杉木(Shorea robusta)是西孟加拉邦红土带热带干燥落叶林中最重要的木材树种之一，具有很高的生产潜力。研究人员在balavpur野生动物保护区(人工保护区)、Illambazar自然保护区和Garhjungle自然保护区三种不同管理方式的森林中设置了34个样方，研究了Sal的种群结构和更新情况。共记录到595棵树。平均树密度和基材面积在Garhjungle最高(2233.3 N ha -1和13.89 m 2 ha -1)，在Ballavpur最低(1441.7 N ha -1和12.89 m 2 ha -1)。三种林分的径级分布表明，个体数最多的是低径级，这表明三种林分的赤杨种群都处于一个年轻且不断扩大的阶段。研究区整体更新情况较好。再生个体(幼苗和幼树)密度以Garhjungle最高(4266.7 N ha -1)， Illambazar最低(2710 N ha -1)。苗木密度以Ballavpur最高(1016.7 N ha -1)。树种更新的资料对林分的管理具有重要意义。
{"title":"Population Structure and Natural Regeneration of Sal (Shorea Robusta Gaertn. F.) in Dry Deciduous Forests of West Bengal","authors":"A. Nag, H. Gupta","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0421-0428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0421-0428","url":null,"abstract":"Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the most important timber species and has high production potential in the tropical dry deciduous forest in the lateritic zone of West Bengal. We studied population structure and regeneration of Sal by laying 34 quadrats in three differently managed forests- Ballavpur Wildlife Sanctuary (protected, artificially created), Illambazar (natural, disturbed) and Garhjungle (natural, sacred). Total 595 trees were recorded. Mean tree density and basal area were highest in Garhjungle (2233.3 N ha -1 and 13.89 m 2 ha -1 ) and lowest in Ballavpur (1441.7 N ha -1 and 12.89 m 2 ha -1 ). The diameter class distribution of the tree species revealed that the highest number of individuals were concentrated in the lower diameter classes indicating a young and expanding population of Shorea robusta in all the three forests. The overall regeneration was fairly good in the study area. The density of regenerating individuals (seedling and sapling) was highest in Garhjungle (4266.7 N ha -1 ) and lowest in Illambazar (2710 N ha -1 ). The seedling density was highest in Ballavpur (1016.7 N ha -1 ). The information on the regeneration of tree species has implications for the management of the forest stand.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"103 1","pages":"421-428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76411589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0361-0370
Ikhlas Alhejoj, E. Salameh, K. Bandel
In this article, the quality of running and standing water in Jordan is evaluated using mayflies (order Ephemeroptera) as biological indicators species. From March 2011 to April 2013, mayfly larvae were collected, from the study area that covers streams pouring into the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea. Six species were determined and distinguished from each other including Baetis monnerati, Baetis Sp, Nigrobaetis vuatazi, Cloeon gr simile, Caenis antoninae, Caenis sp. The results of this study showed that the Bestisdes group is commonly associated with Caenidae larvae in running freshwater bodies. Regarding their indicator values, Baetis monnerati as an indicator of clean to moderately polluted water and tolerance to saline water. Baetis Sp occur in clean freshwater but it is so rare that their values indicator in Jordan is low. Caenidae sp can tolerate some household pollutants while Caenis antoninae is a good indicator for standing to slow flowing clean to weakly polluted water. Cloeon gr simile could tolerate salty water and can be considered as a good indicator of unpolluted saline water. Only one species Nigrobaetis vuatazi was found to tolerate mineral water, with high Sr 2+ and Br - concentrations. In Jordan, species of Baetidae family show more tolerance to pollution than Caenidae family. Aquatic mayfly fauna are absent in eutrophic and thermal water bodies. The study concluded that mayfly fauna are qualified bio-indicators for water quality monitoring.
{"title":"Mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera): An Effective Indicator of Water Bodies Conditions in Jordan","authors":"Ikhlas Alhejoj, E. Salameh, K. Bandel","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0361-0370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0361-0370","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the quality of running and standing water in Jordan is evaluated using mayflies (order Ephemeroptera) as biological indicators species. From March 2011 to April 2013, mayfly larvae were collected, from the study area that covers streams pouring into the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea. Six species were determined and distinguished from each other including Baetis monnerati, Baetis Sp, Nigrobaetis vuatazi, Cloeon gr simile, Caenis antoninae, Caenis sp. The results of this study showed that the Bestisdes group is commonly associated with Caenidae larvae in running freshwater bodies. Regarding their indicator values, Baetis monnerati as an indicator of clean to moderately polluted water and tolerance to saline water. Baetis Sp occur in clean freshwater but it is so rare that their values indicator in Jordan is low. Caenidae sp can tolerate some household pollutants while Caenis antoninae is a good indicator for standing to slow flowing clean to weakly polluted water. Cloeon gr simile could tolerate salty water and can be considered as a good indicator of unpolluted saline water. Only one species Nigrobaetis vuatazi was found to tolerate mineral water, with high Sr 2+ and Br - concentrations. In Jordan, species of Baetidae family show more tolerance to pollution than Caenidae family. Aquatic mayfly fauna are absent in eutrophic and thermal water bodies. The study concluded that mayfly fauna are qualified bio-indicators for water quality monitoring.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"361-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89226851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0379-0388
M. Ebrahimi, Fariba Shahsavand
A pot experiment was conducted to study phytoextraction efficiency of Scirpus maritimus L. for lead and chromium and to determine EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) enhancement of the mobility and phytoextraction of Pb and Cr and the potential for leaching of metals. The results revealed that the bioconcentration factors of underground organs were relatively higher and metals concentrations in the plant organs decreased in the order of roots› rhizomes› leaves› stems. Thus, the plant species would be applicable for Pb and Cr phytostabilization. Addition of EDTA (2.5, 5, 10 mmol kg −1 ) to polluted pots significantly enhanced the mobility of soil metals and led to elevated soil solution concentrations of Pb and Cr. Positive correlation coefficients were found between treatment time and metals concentrations in the plant organs. Optimum phytoextraction was observed when 5 mmol kg -1 EDTA was added in single dosage 60 days after the plant cultivation and consequently soil metals concentration decreased with the passage of time. It can be concluded that of Scirpus maritimus L can remediate Pb-Cr contaminated soils and EDTA (at low doses) had potential to promote the uptake of Pb and Cr for the plant species in eco-friendly manner.
采用盆栽试验研究了海荆芥对铅、铬的植物提取效率，并测定了EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)对铅、铬迁移和植物提取的促进作用，以及对金属的浸出潜力。结果表明，地下器官的生物富集因子较高，各器官中金属浓度的递减顺序为根-根茎-叶-茎。因此，该植物可用于稳定铅和铬。在污染盆栽中添加EDTA(2.5、5、10 mmol kg−1)显著提高了土壤金属的流动性，导致土壤中Pb和Cr浓度升高，处理时间与植物器官中金属浓度呈正相关。栽培60 d后，单次添加5 mmol kg -1 EDTA可达到最佳提取效果，土壤金属浓度随时间的增加而降低。综上所述，海荆芥具有修复Pb-Cr污染土壤的作用，EDTA(低剂量)具有促进海荆芥生态吸收Pb和Cr的作用。
{"title":"EDTA Enhanced Phytoextraction Capacity of Scirpus Maritimus L. Grown on Pb-Cr Contaminated Soil and Associated Potential Leaching Risks","authors":"M. Ebrahimi, Fariba Shahsavand","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0379-0388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0379-0388","url":null,"abstract":"A pot experiment was conducted to study phytoextraction efficiency of Scirpus maritimus L. for lead and chromium and to determine EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) enhancement of the mobility and phytoextraction of Pb and Cr and the potential for leaching of metals. The results revealed that the bioconcentration factors of underground organs were relatively higher and metals concentrations in the plant organs decreased in the order of roots› rhizomes› leaves› stems. Thus, the plant species would be applicable for Pb and Cr phytostabilization. Addition of EDTA (2.5, 5, 10 mmol kg −1 ) to polluted pots significantly enhanced the mobility of soil metals and led to elevated soil solution concentrations of Pb and Cr. Positive correlation coefficients were found between treatment time and metals concentrations in the plant organs. Optimum phytoextraction was observed when 5 mmol kg -1 EDTA was added in single dosage 60 days after the plant cultivation and consequently soil metals concentration decreased with the passage of time. It can be concluded that of Scirpus maritimus L can remediate Pb-Cr contaminated soils and EDTA (at low doses) had potential to promote the uptake of Pb and Cr for the plant species in eco-friendly manner.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":"379-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89432548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0371-0378
G. Poghosyan, Zhanna H. Mukhaelyan, P. Vardevanyan
The investigation of the influence of CdCl2 different concentration (20, 50, and 100 M Cd) on germination of seeds and growth of germs of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been carried out. The effect of Cd ions on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system function of wheat shoots cells has been also studied. Cadmium concentrations and cultivar-dependent response to Cd were assessed. It has been shown that Cd treatment caused inhibition of length increase in shoots as well as increase of lipid peroxidation rate (MDA level) and lowered catalase activity. On the other hand Cd-induced oxidative stress was indicated by the markedly increase of guaiacol-peroxidase activity. The role of plant age on formation of biosystem reaction was also discussed in present work. The very high peroxidase activity in wheat shoots may be an important part of Cdresistance machinery of wheat. The obtained results indicated that Cd-tolerance of wheat may be related with the activation of the antioxidant system to avoiding the toxicity of heavy metal.
{"title":"Influence of Cadmium Ions on Growth and Antioxidant System Activity of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Seedlings","authors":"G. Poghosyan, Zhanna H. Mukhaelyan, P. Vardevanyan","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0371-0378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0371-0378","url":null,"abstract":"The investigation of the influence of CdCl2 different concentration (20, 50, and 100 M Cd) on germination of seeds and growth of germs of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been carried out. The effect of Cd ions on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system function of wheat shoots cells has been also studied. Cadmium concentrations and cultivar-dependent response to Cd were assessed. It has been shown that Cd treatment caused inhibition of length increase in shoots as well as increase of lipid peroxidation rate (MDA level) and lowered catalase activity. On the other hand Cd-induced oxidative stress was indicated by the markedly increase of guaiacol-peroxidase activity. The role of plant age on formation of biosystem reaction was also discussed in present work. The very high peroxidase activity in wheat shoots may be an important part of Cdresistance machinery of wheat. The obtained results indicated that Cd-tolerance of wheat may be related with the activation of the antioxidant system to avoiding the toxicity of heavy metal.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"371-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79397992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0346-0360
A. Afzali, K. Shahedi, M. H. Roshan, K. Solaimani, G. Vahabzadeh
Evaluation of groundwater quality is an important issue to assure from its safe and stable use. However, describing quality conditions is generally difficult considering spatial variability of pollutants and a wide range of indicators (biological, physical and chemical substances) which can be measured. In this research, groundwater quality of Haraz alluvial fan located in southern part of Caspian Sea has been investigated using Piper, Scholler, Wilcox and GQI methods. Piper diagram (a graphical representation of a water sample chemistry) results showed that groundwater type and facies of Calcium bicarbonate in 29 wells and sodium bicarbonate in 2 wells. Scholler diagram shows moderate to acceptable quality of water and with Wilcox method it has been determined that all water samples (100%) are in C3S1 Class that Indicate high water quality. Investigation of water samples with GQI method also showed that the study area in terms of the indicator is in range of moderate to good quality (71.83 – 82.26).
{"title":"Groundwater Quality Assessment in Haraz Alluvial Fan, Iran","authors":"A. Afzali, K. Shahedi, M. H. Roshan, K. Solaimani, G. Vahabzadeh","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0346-0360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0346-0360","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of groundwater quality is an important issue to assure from its safe and stable use. However, describing quality conditions is generally difficult considering spatial variability of pollutants and a wide range of indicators (biological, physical and chemical substances) which can be measured. In this research, groundwater quality of Haraz alluvial fan located in southern part of Caspian Sea has been investigated using Piper, Scholler, Wilcox and GQI methods. Piper diagram (a graphical representation of a water sample chemistry) results showed that groundwater type and facies of Calcium bicarbonate in 29 wells and sodium bicarbonate in 2 wells. Scholler diagram shows moderate to acceptable quality of water and with Wilcox method it has been determined that all water samples (100%) are in C3S1 Class that Indicate high water quality. Investigation of water samples with GQI method also showed that the study area in terms of the indicator is in range of moderate to good quality (71.83 – 82.26).","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"346-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79088016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0332-0339
A. Miria, A. Khan
Assessing the carbon storage patterns in the sediments of Oussudu and Kaliveli, considered as potential wetlands for conservation under RAMSAR convention and declared bird sanctuaries by the government was the objective of the study. Dissolved oxygen and CO2 diffusion rates in the 'surface waters' was analyzed and the relationship between the sediment carbon storage and oxygen/carbon dioxide in the waters was presented. The mean dissolved oxygen content for the study period (2009 - 2011) was 17.28 ± 3.25 mg/l for Oussudu and 35.5 ± 7.23 mg/l for Kaliveli respectively. The rate of CO2 diffusion was high (13.31±2.71 mg/l) in Kaliveli than in Oussudu (6.48±1.21 mg/l). High level of CO2 diffusion causes acidification forming carbonic acids which might be the cause of high levels of sediment calcium in Kaliveli. The mean calcium carbonate and organic matter content of sediment was 2.11±0.51% and 1.51±0.59% for Oussudu and 36.21±4.51% and 0.46±0.16% for Kaliveli respectively. The total organic carbon and phosphate content were 0.87±0.34% and 27.38±0.56 (mg/L) for Oussudu and 0.27±0.09% and 4.13±0.67 (mg/L) for Kaliveli respectively. There existed a significant inversely proportional relationship between calcium carbonate and organic matter and a strong positive relationship between organic matter and phosphate in the sediments. Our study reveals that majority of the carbon storage is through organic matter in Oussudu lake and through calcium carbonate in Kaliveli.
{"title":"Sediment Carbon Storage of Two Main Wetlands in Pondicherry, India","authors":"A. Miria, A. Khan","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0332-0339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0332-0339","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing the carbon storage patterns in the sediments of Oussudu and Kaliveli, considered as potential wetlands for conservation under RAMSAR convention and declared bird sanctuaries by the government was the objective of the study. Dissolved oxygen and CO2 diffusion rates in the 'surface waters' was analyzed and the relationship between the sediment carbon storage and oxygen/carbon dioxide in the waters was presented. The mean dissolved oxygen content for the study period (2009 - 2011) was 17.28 ± 3.25 mg/l for Oussudu and 35.5 ± 7.23 mg/l for Kaliveli respectively. The rate of CO2 diffusion was high (13.31±2.71 mg/l) in Kaliveli than in Oussudu (6.48±1.21 mg/l). High level of CO2 diffusion causes acidification forming carbonic acids which might be the cause of high levels of sediment calcium in Kaliveli. The mean calcium carbonate and organic matter content of sediment was 2.11±0.51% and 1.51±0.59% for Oussudu and 36.21±4.51% and 0.46±0.16% for Kaliveli respectively. The total organic carbon and phosphate content were 0.87±0.34% and 27.38±0.56 (mg/L) for Oussudu and 0.27±0.09% and 4.13±0.67 (mg/L) for Kaliveli respectively. There existed a significant inversely proportional relationship between calcium carbonate and organic matter and a strong positive relationship between organic matter and phosphate in the sediments. Our study reveals that majority of the carbon storage is through organic matter in Oussudu lake and through calcium carbonate in Kaliveli.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"332-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74386095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0340-0345
M. Amin, A. Hameed, M. Rizwan, M. Akmal
The present study was conducted in the research area of Cotton Research Station, Multan during spring 2011. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different insecticides against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.), leaf miner (Phytomyza horticola Gour.), seven spotted lady beetle (Coccinella septumpunctata L.) and syrphid fly larvae under field conditions. Bifenthrin, diafentheuron, dimethoate and imidacloprid were the insecticides used and data was recorded before 1 day and after 1, 2, 3 and 7 days of spray application. Results on percent reduction indicated that bifenthrinwas most effective insecticide against L. erysimi and P. horticola. Bifenthrin caused 74.06% and 75.22% reduction in L. erysimi population and 85.13% and 84.02% reduction in P. horticola population after three and seven days of spraying. All insecticides were found toxic to the C. septumpunctata and syrphid fly larvae. However, Imidacloprid and dimethoate were found relatively safe as compared to other insecticides. Imidacloprid showed 57.34% reduction in C. septumpunctata population whereas dimethoate 52.77% reduction in larval population of syrphid flies after seven days of spray application. It is concluded that bifenthrin and imidacloprid can be used for the management of mustard insect pests because of their higher efficacy against aphids and leaf miners and less toxicity to beneficial insects.
{"title":"Effect of Different Insecticides against Insect Pests and Predators Complex on Brassica napus L., Under Field Conditions","authors":"M. Amin, A. Hameed, M. Rizwan, M. Akmal","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0340-0345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0340-0345","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted in the research area of Cotton Research Station, Multan during spring 2011. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different insecticides against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.), leaf miner (Phytomyza horticola Gour.), seven spotted lady beetle (Coccinella septumpunctata L.) and syrphid fly larvae under field conditions. Bifenthrin, diafentheuron, dimethoate and imidacloprid were the insecticides used and data was recorded before 1 day and after 1, 2, 3 and 7 days of spray application. Results on percent reduction indicated that bifenthrinwas most effective insecticide against L. erysimi and P. horticola. Bifenthrin caused 74.06% and 75.22% reduction in L. erysimi population and 85.13% and 84.02% reduction in P. horticola population after three and seven days of spraying. All insecticides were found toxic to the C. septumpunctata and syrphid fly larvae. However, Imidacloprid and dimethoate were found relatively safe as compared to other insecticides. Imidacloprid showed 57.34% reduction in C. septumpunctata population whereas dimethoate 52.77% reduction in larval population of syrphid flies after seven days of spray application. It is concluded that bifenthrin and imidacloprid can be used for the management of mustard insect pests because of their higher efficacy against aphids and leaf miners and less toxicity to beneficial insects.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"114 1","pages":"340-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80244294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0323-0331
H. O. Tuffour, M. Bonsu, W. Atakora, Awudu Abubakari, K. Nkrumah
Laboratory evaporation studies were conducted to assess the roles of the various stages of evaporation on heat reduction from wet soil surfaces. Undisturbed soil columns from three different fields viz., cocoa (Theobroma cacao), oil palm (Elaies guineensis) and arable were collected from the 0-10 cm depth at the Plantations section of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi. The samples were initially saturated with water at an initial temperature of 65 o C. The soil columns were subjected to surface evaporation by placing them under a Sanyo (40 cm) dynamic wide desk oscillating fan. Evaporation and temperature readings were taken at 5 minutes interval for 1 hour. Two homogeneous soil columns were used as for reference tests (control). Evaporation analysis showed 1st and 2nd stages of evaporation with cumulative evaporation being proportional to the square root of time at the 2nd stage. Temperature decreased rapidly with increasing evaporation during the 1st stage of evaporation till the falling and slow rate stages, during which change in temperature was minimal and almost constant. A 1 mm increase in evaporation showed a decrease in mean temperature by 7.53 o C, 7.35 o C and 7.10 o C from cocoa, oil palm and arable fields, respectively at 1% significant level. The results of this study indicated that under a constant atmospheric evaporativity, 1 mm increase in evaporation would cause a significant decrease in soil temperature.
{"title":"Evaporative Cooling of Wet Soil Surface under Different Agricultural Land Use Systems","authors":"H. O. Tuffour, M. Bonsu, W. Atakora, Awudu Abubakari, K. Nkrumah","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0323-0331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0323-0331","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory evaporation studies were conducted to assess the roles of the various stages of evaporation on heat reduction from wet soil surfaces. Undisturbed soil columns from three different fields viz., cocoa (Theobroma cacao), oil palm (Elaies guineensis) and arable were collected from the 0-10 cm depth at the Plantations section of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi. The samples were initially saturated with water at an initial temperature of 65 o C. The soil columns were subjected to surface evaporation by placing them under a Sanyo (40 cm) dynamic wide desk oscillating fan. Evaporation and temperature readings were taken at 5 minutes interval for 1 hour. Two homogeneous soil columns were used as for reference tests (control). Evaporation analysis showed 1st and 2nd stages of evaporation with cumulative evaporation being proportional to the square root of time at the 2nd stage. Temperature decreased rapidly with increasing evaporation during the 1st stage of evaporation till the falling and slow rate stages, during which change in temperature was minimal and almost constant. A 1 mm increase in evaporation showed a decrease in mean temperature by 7.53 o C, 7.35 o C and 7.10 o C from cocoa, oil palm and arable fields, respectively at 1% significant level. The results of this study indicated that under a constant atmospheric evaporativity, 1 mm increase in evaporation would cause a significant decrease in soil temperature.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"323-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77186353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0269-0288
R. Prajapati, Shashikant Triptathi, R. Mishra, M. Gandhi
The Tiger (Panthera tigris) population in India has undergone a sharp decline during the last few years. Habitat zones where prey populations are abundant are likely to be preferred by the tiger in comparison to those where they are scarce or absent. An area having a high density of road would be avoided by wild animals as compared to an area with few or no roads because there is a high traffic and constant noise. Habitat suitability index (HSI) models have been used to evaluate wildlife habitat. These models are based on functional relationships between wildlife and habitat variables. Values of habitat variables (e.g., herbaceous canopy cover, tree canopy cover, tree height) are related to habitat quality on a suitability index (SI) scale from 0 = "not habitat" to 1 = "habitat of maximum suitability." Habitat suitability index scores, also on a 0-1 scale, are usually calculated using a mathematical formula representing hypothesized relationships among the individual SIs. Tiger (Panthera tigris) prefer core habitats, generally avoid area with high edge density. In the study area landscape, the Ken River is the perennial water sources; Prey species of tiger and the Tiger also preferred areas proximate to perennial water sources is favored. Tigers, under normal circumstances of human settlement, avoid traversing through such areas. Tiger"s preferred prey includes in the study area, this group is commonly represented by Chital (Axis axis), Sambar (Cervus unicolor), Wild-boar (Sus scrofa), Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), and Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) were also encountered in the study area.
{"title":"Habitat Modeling for Tiger (Penthra Tigris) Using Geo-spatial Technology of Panna Tiger Reserve (M.P.) India","authors":"R. Prajapati, Shashikant Triptathi, R. Mishra, M. Gandhi","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0269-0288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0269-0288","url":null,"abstract":"The Tiger (Panthera tigris) population in India has undergone a sharp decline during the last few years. Habitat zones where prey populations are abundant are likely to be preferred by the tiger in comparison to those where they are scarce or absent. An area having a high density of road would be avoided by wild animals as compared to an area with few or no roads because there is a high traffic and constant noise. Habitat suitability index (HSI) models have been used to evaluate wildlife habitat. These models are based on functional relationships between wildlife and habitat variables. Values of habitat variables (e.g., herbaceous canopy cover, tree canopy cover, tree height) are related to habitat quality on a suitability index (SI) scale from 0 = \"not habitat\" to 1 = \"habitat of maximum suitability.\" Habitat suitability index scores, also on a 0-1 scale, are usually calculated using a mathematical formula representing hypothesized relationships among the individual SIs. Tiger (Panthera tigris) prefer core habitats, generally avoid area with high edge density. In the study area landscape, the Ken River is the perennial water sources; Prey species of tiger and the Tiger also preferred areas proximate to perennial water sources is favored. Tigers, under normal circumstances of human settlement, avoid traversing through such areas. Tiger\"s preferred prey includes in the study area, this group is commonly represented by Chital (Axis axis), Sambar (Cervus unicolor), Wild-boar (Sus scrofa), Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), and Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) were also encountered in the study area.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"269-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83354462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0261-0268
Yehia Hilles, A. Sarsour, Amal Ramlawi, A. Abed
Approximately 1.7 million inhabitants of 378 km 2 areaofGazaStripdon’thaveenoughrecreationalareas,except Gaza beach which suffers from sewage pollution as well as some public and private swimming pools which considered as merely recreational places. The main objective of this study is to assess the microbiological quality of swimming pools water in Gaza Strip to assure its health safety for swimmers. Sampling and analysis were conducted by the Ministry of Health over a period of about four years (2010-2013). Samples were collected from seven central swimming pools in Gaza Strip periodically and examined for Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus, Faecal Streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the swimming pools samples with different percentages. Percentages of microbial contamination, concentration of free chlorine and pH level were examined in the studied swimming pools and compared with the international standards and the annual trends were demonstrated. The results show that, about 75% of the recorded data regarding pH level are unacceptable, while 100% of the recorded data about the concentration of free chlorine within the swimming pools are unacceptable. About 57% of the collected samples were contaminated by Total Coliforms, 39% were contaminated by Faecal Coliforms, 46% were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, 21% were contaminated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 18% were contaminated by Faecal streptococci. The annual trends show increase in percentage of contamination to be the worst during the year 2013. Therefore, proper intensive surveillance and water chlorination is needed periodically.
{"title":"Assessment of Sanitary Conditions in the Main Swimming Pools in Gaza Strip (2010 – 2013): Palestine","authors":"Yehia Hilles, A. Sarsour, Amal Ramlawi, A. Abed","doi":"10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0261-0268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12983/IJSRES-2014-P0261-0268","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 1.7 million inhabitants of 378 km 2 areaofGazaStripdon’thaveenoughrecreationalareas,except Gaza beach which suffers from sewage pollution as well as some public and private swimming pools which considered as merely recreational places. The main objective of this study is to assess the microbiological quality of swimming pools water in Gaza Strip to assure its health safety for swimmers. Sampling and analysis were conducted by the Ministry of Health over a period of about four years (2010-2013). Samples were collected from seven central swimming pools in Gaza Strip periodically and examined for Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus, Faecal Streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the swimming pools samples with different percentages. Percentages of microbial contamination, concentration of free chlorine and pH level were examined in the studied swimming pools and compared with the international standards and the annual trends were demonstrated. The results show that, about 75% of the recorded data regarding pH level are unacceptable, while 100% of the recorded data about the concentration of free chlorine within the swimming pools are unacceptable. About 57% of the collected samples were contaminated by Total Coliforms, 39% were contaminated by Faecal Coliforms, 46% were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, 21% were contaminated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 18% were contaminated by Faecal streptococci. The annual trends show increase in percentage of contamination to be the worst during the year 2013. Therefore, proper intensive surveillance and water chlorination is needed periodically.","PeriodicalId":14383,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"261-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88294943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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