Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2252-5211.19.9.364
A. A. Elzaki, B. Elhassan
Solid waste generation is an outcome of human activities, poor solid waste management lead to serious public health problems. Quantification and characterization of solid waste components consider an important step in solid waste management procedures. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Alkalakla Administrative Unit to determine solid waste per capita generation rate and identify solid waste compositions. Considering seasonal variations and socio-economic class, World Health Organization (WHO) and California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) procedures for solid waste survey were adopted in sampling procedure and solid waste segregation. Data were collected and analyzed three times in 2013 (January, May, and August). The average weight of solid waste generated in Alkalakla Administrative Unit, taking into account all three seasons, was 0.401 kg/ capita/day, and accordingly estimated annual amount of solid waste was (36241.6 ton). There was negative moderate correlation between family size and solid waste per capita generation rate (r=-0.449, p value <0.001). Analysis of solid waste component shows that food remains accounts for the largest proportion (37%), followed by earth materials (20.5%) and plastic (13%). 3.77% of solid waste was hazardous materials. Ash and dung represented the lowest percentage (0.31%) and (0.11%) respectively. The average of solid waste per capita generation rate across the seasons and neighborhoods, were similar to the average weight estimated by Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO), while it had significant differences from the average estimated by Khartoum State Cleaning Corporation. Statistically there were seasonal variations in solid waste generation; however there were no significant differences between neighborhoods. Study findings have significant economic prospective in solid waste management particular high percentages of organic components and low density of solid waste.
{"title":"Quantification and Characterization of Solid Waste in Alkalakla Administrative Unit, Khartoum State-Sudan","authors":"A. A. Elzaki, B. Elhassan","doi":"10.35248/2252-5211.19.9.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2252-5211.19.9.364","url":null,"abstract":"Solid waste generation is an outcome of human activities, poor solid waste management lead to serious public health problems. Quantification and characterization of solid waste components consider an important step in solid waste management procedures. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Alkalakla Administrative Unit to determine solid waste per capita generation rate and identify solid waste compositions. Considering seasonal variations and socio-economic class, World Health Organization (WHO) and California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) procedures for solid waste survey were adopted in sampling procedure and solid waste segregation. Data were collected and analyzed three times in 2013 (January, May, and August). The average weight of solid waste generated in Alkalakla Administrative Unit, taking into account all three seasons, was 0.401 kg/ capita/day, and accordingly estimated annual amount of solid waste was (36241.6 ton). There was negative moderate correlation between family size and solid waste per capita generation rate (r=-0.449, p value <0.001). Analysis of solid waste component shows that food remains accounts for the largest proportion (37%), followed by earth materials (20.5%) and plastic (13%). 3.77% of solid waste was hazardous materials. Ash and dung represented the lowest percentage (0.31%) and (0.11%) respectively. The average of solid waste per capita generation rate across the seasons and neighborhoods, were similar to the average weight estimated by Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO), while it had significant differences from the average estimated by Khartoum State Cleaning Corporation. Statistically there were seasonal variations in solid waste generation; however there were no significant differences between neighborhoods. Study findings have significant economic prospective in solid waste management particular high percentages of organic components and low density of solid waste.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82778467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-22DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000344
M. Karthika, M. Vasuki
Agricultural waste (Sago waste) used as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of synthetic dye effluent from aqueous solution by batch adsorption technique. The various parameters that influence in this adsorption process such as contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, pH, agitation speed and desorption studies. The experimental data were analysed using Langmuir isotherm model. Kinetic data well fitted for pseudosecond order model. Thermodynamic parameters have also been calculated. The sago waste was characterized by SEM and FT-IR studies. The low-cost adsorbent was found to be efficient for the dye removal process.
{"title":"Adsorptive Removal of Synthetic Dye Effluent Using Sago Waste as Low Cost Adsorbent","authors":"M. Karthika, M. Vasuki","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000344","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural waste (Sago waste) used as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of synthetic dye effluent from aqueous solution by batch adsorption technique. The various parameters that influence in this adsorption process such as contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, pH, agitation speed and desorption studies. The experimental data were analysed using Langmuir isotherm model. Kinetic data well fitted for pseudosecond order model. Thermodynamic parameters have also been calculated. The sago waste was characterized by SEM and FT-IR studies. The low-cost adsorbent was found to be efficient for the dye removal process.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76040859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-09DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000339
R. Akpofure
Improper waste disposal by one individual affects the entire citizenry. Government had advocated for the proper packaging of domestic waste at the household levels for the purposes of protecting the waste material being release into the environment especially during transit and for ease of collection of waste material especially at the waste collection centres. This paper assessed the practice of packaging household generated waste for disposal at Government designated waste collection centres. An observational (with non-participation) method was adopted. A total of 854 observations were made within the study period. A score of 100 marks was alloted to correct waste disposal practice and wrong waste disposal practices was given a score of 0 marks. Findings indicate that the behaviour of individuals to always properly package their household generated waste for disposal at designated collection points/centers are low. This study recommended increased awareness in creating positive environmental behaviour amongst citizens.
{"title":"Responsible Environmental Behaviour: An Observational Study of Packaging of Household Generated Waste for Disposal in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","authors":"R. Akpofure","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000339","url":null,"abstract":"Improper waste disposal by one individual affects the entire citizenry. Government had advocated for the proper packaging of domestic waste at the household levels for the purposes of protecting the waste material being release into the environment especially during transit and for ease of collection of waste material especially at the waste collection centres. This paper assessed the practice of packaging household generated waste for disposal at Government designated waste collection centres. An observational (with non-participation) method was adopted. A total of 854 observations were made within the study period. A score of 100 marks was alloted to correct waste disposal practice and wrong waste disposal practices was given a score of 0 marks. Findings indicate that the behaviour of individuals to always properly package their household generated waste for disposal at designated collection points/centers are low. This study recommended increased awareness in creating positive environmental behaviour amongst citizens.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82447614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-08DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000337
Maduabuchi Mn
Wastewater treatments using conventional physical and chemical methods are normally hampered by high cost and causes side effect to human’s health and the environment. Because of these problems, the use of natural coagulants for wastewater treatment has been adopted. However, lack of knowledge on the exact nature and mechanism on how these substances work made them less likely to compete with conventional treatments. In this study, low cost and highly available natural materials was used for the treatment of paint industry effluent, the aim is to use natural product such as Moringa oleifera seed to replace chemical coagulants currently used for wastewater treatment from paint industry. Moringa oleifera seed was grounded into powdered form, the seed samples at different concentration in mg/l (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) each was made into a suspension and introduced into 2l each of the paint wastewater. The paint wastewater samples was stirred and allowed to settle and observed after 0 hr, 1 hr, 3 hrs, 24 hrs, 72 hrs, 168 hrs, and 337 hrs. From the results, Moringa oleifera seed tends to purify the paint wastewater at 72 hrs. It can therefore be recommended for the bacteriological treatment of wastewater from paint industry.
{"title":"Bacteriological Treatment of Waste Water From Paint Industry Using Moringa oleifera Seed","authors":"Maduabuchi Mn","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000337","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatments using conventional physical and chemical methods are normally hampered by high cost and causes side effect to human’s health and the environment. Because of these problems, the use of natural coagulants for wastewater treatment has been adopted. However, lack of knowledge on the exact nature and mechanism on how these substances work made them less likely to compete with conventional treatments. In this study, low cost and highly available natural materials was used for the treatment of paint industry effluent, the aim is to use natural product such as Moringa oleifera seed to replace chemical coagulants currently used for wastewater treatment from paint industry. Moringa oleifera seed was grounded into powdered form, the seed samples at different concentration in mg/l (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) each was made into a suspension and introduced into 2l each of the paint wastewater. The paint wastewater samples was stirred and allowed to settle and observed after 0 hr, 1 hr, 3 hrs, 24 hrs, 72 hrs, 168 hrs, and 337 hrs. From the results, Moringa oleifera seed tends to purify the paint wastewater at 72 hrs. It can therefore be recommended for the bacteriological treatment of wastewater from paint industry.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"53 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80966114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-08DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000338
I. Chidinma, I. Ifeanyichukwu, N. Emmanuel, A. Monique, Ejikeugwu Chika
The quality of potable water is affected by several natural and human activities including but not limited to pollution, natural disasters, climate change, urbanization and mining. Poor water quality adversely affects human health, and it is important to periodically be on the lookout for possible water contamination in our environment. This study investigated the metal content and bacteriological profiles of selected borehole water sources in Abakaliki, Nigeria. A total of 25 borehole water samples of 250 ml each were aseptically collected from selected borehole points (designated as Site A-E) in Abakaliki metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria using pre-sterilized plastic containers; and each of the samples was were bacteriologically analyzed on selective culture media for the isolation and identification of bacteria that are of public health importance using standard microbiology identification techniques. The presence of trace metals was chemically determined in the borehole water samples using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) [AA-7000]. The highest bacterial count in this study was 2.4 × 104 cfu/ml while the least bacteria count was 1.0 × 104 cfu/ml. The suspected bacterial organisms isolated and identified from the respective borehole water samples were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The metal content analysis using AAS showed that some of the borehole water samples contain some trace metals such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Aluminium (Al) and lead (Pb) were not detected in the borehole water samples analyzed in this study; and the trace metals detected were found to be within the accepted limit of trace metals for drinking water as specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and World Health Organization (WHO). This study has presumptively reported the presence of some bacterial organisms of public health importance and some trace metals in selected borehole water samples in Abakaliki, Nigeria. The area under study is known for its high deposit of mineral resources especially lead and limestone; however, lead was not detected in the water sample and this shows that there was no infiltration of this metal from the mining site to the water sources in the region. Also, the proliferation of mining sites and their unregulated activities could also be responsible for the presence of some of these metals in the environment at concentrations that are unsafe for human use. Unsafe drinking water portends significant risk to public health over a lifetime of consumption. It is therefore important for the authorities to periodically screen water meant for human use and public consumption for the presence of potential physical, chemical and biologically contaminants that may affect the health of the populace.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Metal Content and Bacteriological Parameters of Selected Borehole Water Sources in Abakaliki, Nigeria","authors":"I. Chidinma, I. Ifeanyichukwu, N. Emmanuel, A. Monique, Ejikeugwu Chika","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000338","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of potable water is affected by several natural and human activities including but not limited to pollution, natural disasters, climate change, urbanization and mining. Poor water quality adversely affects human health, and it is important to periodically be on the lookout for possible water contamination in our environment. This study investigated the metal content and bacteriological profiles of selected borehole water sources in Abakaliki, Nigeria. A total of 25 borehole water samples of 250 ml each were aseptically collected from selected borehole points (designated as Site A-E) in Abakaliki metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria using pre-sterilized plastic containers; and each of the samples was were bacteriologically analyzed on selective culture media for the isolation and identification of bacteria that are of public health importance using standard microbiology identification techniques. The presence of trace metals was chemically determined in the borehole water samples using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) [AA-7000]. The highest bacterial count in this study was 2.4 × 104 cfu/ml while the least bacteria count was 1.0 × 104 cfu/ml. The suspected bacterial organisms isolated and identified from the respective borehole water samples were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The metal content analysis using AAS showed that some of the borehole water samples contain some trace metals such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Aluminium (Al) and lead (Pb) were not detected in the borehole water samples analyzed in this study; and the trace metals detected were found to be within the accepted limit of trace metals for drinking water as specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and World Health Organization (WHO). This study has presumptively reported the presence of some bacterial organisms of public health importance and some trace metals in selected borehole water samples in Abakaliki, Nigeria. The area under study is known for its high deposit of mineral resources especially lead and limestone; however, lead was not detected in the water sample and this shows that there was no infiltration of this metal from the mining site to the water sources in the region. Also, the proliferation of mining sites and their unregulated activities could also be responsible for the presence of some of these metals in the environment at concentrations that are unsafe for human use. Unsafe drinking water portends significant risk to public health over a lifetime of consumption. It is therefore important for the authorities to periodically screen water meant for human use and public consumption for the presence of potential physical, chemical and biologically contaminants that may affect the health of the populace.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91190757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000335
H. Bello
Qatar currently has one of the highest per capita municipal waste generation in the world. The continuous increase in household wastes, and overfilled landfills threaten available spaces for urban development programmes in the country. Consequently, this study examined the lifestyle factors that have led to high municipal solid waste generation in the country. Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Considering the sociocultural factors in the country, the convenience sampling technique was adopted. Thus, questionnaires were administered via online survey. At the end of the survey, 68 responses were received, and utilized for the study. The analysis of Data used the descriptive and inferential statistical tools via the SPSS 24 software. Descriptive tools used are frequency tables, bar-diagrams, line graphs, pie charts, averages, and relative importance index while Pearson Correlation was used to make inferences. The study observed a direct relationship between the increasing population in Qatar and the high municipal solid waste generation; and that 50% of the respondents have household sizes of between 4-7 persons. Over 90% of the respondents have university education. The RII result of 3.514 out of 5 showed that kitchen waste accounts for over 70% of the household wastes in Qatar. This is followed in rank by nylon wastes while plastic wastes ranked third. Other waste components are paper and cardboard, glass, and wood and furniture. The calculated average daily waste generated per capita is 1.135 kg. The study gathered that the municipalities, at no cost to the residents, mostly collect household wastes and most of the respondents do not sort their household wastes before disposal. With a Pearson Correlation coefficient value of 0.305 at 0.05 significant level, the study indicated a moderate positive relationship between household size and waste generated from the households. Other socio-economic lifestyle variables such as income level, education factor, and age did not prove to have such significant relationship with municipal solid waste in the area. The study recommended that in addition to coordinated sensitization programmes of waste sorting from the source, the government should set a weight limit of 7kg/household per day. Any household whose wastes exceed this set level should be charged for per kilogram on the extra weight at the end of each month.
{"title":"Impact of Changing Lifestyle on Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Residential Areas: Case Study of Qatar","authors":"H. Bello","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000335","url":null,"abstract":"Qatar currently has one of the highest per capita municipal waste generation in the world. The continuous increase in household wastes, and overfilled landfills threaten available spaces for urban development programmes in the country. Consequently, this study examined the lifestyle factors that have led to high municipal solid waste generation in the country. Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Considering the sociocultural factors in the country, the convenience sampling technique was adopted. Thus, questionnaires were administered via online survey. At the end of the survey, 68 responses were received, and utilized for the study. The analysis of Data used the descriptive and inferential statistical tools via the SPSS 24 software. Descriptive tools used are frequency tables, bar-diagrams, line graphs, pie charts, averages, and relative importance index while Pearson Correlation was used to make inferences. The study observed a direct relationship between the increasing population in Qatar and the high municipal solid waste generation; and that 50% of the respondents have household sizes of between 4-7 persons. Over 90% of the respondents have university education. The RII result of 3.514 out of 5 showed that kitchen waste accounts for over 70% of the household wastes in Qatar. This is followed in rank by nylon wastes while plastic wastes ranked third. Other waste components are paper and cardboard, glass, and wood and furniture. The calculated average daily waste generated per capita is 1.135 kg. The study gathered that the municipalities, at no cost to the residents, mostly collect household wastes and most of the respondents do not sort their household wastes before disposal. With a Pearson Correlation coefficient value of 0.305 at 0.05 significant level, the study indicated a moderate positive relationship between household size and waste generated from the households. Other socio-economic lifestyle variables such as income level, education factor, and age did not prove to have such significant relationship with municipal solid waste in the area. The study recommended that in addition to coordinated sensitization programmes of waste sorting from the source, the government should set a weight limit of 7kg/household per day. Any household whose wastes exceed this set level should be charged for per kilogram on the extra weight at the end of each month.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74557150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000334
W. Weiping, Lv Zhishan
It is recommended that decommissioned power batteries be categorized as scrap batteries for recycling or batteries with remaining capacity for use in cascade utilization. Leadership from the public sector combined with the power of social participation should see China taking the opportunity to develop the related extensibility research and work on urban minerals, encouraging upstream and downstream enterprises as well as terminal users to implement decommissioned power battery utilization.
{"title":"Decommissioned Power Battery Recycling and An Analysis of Relevant Urban Minerals Extensibility in China","authors":"W. Weiping, Lv Zhishan","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000334","url":null,"abstract":"It is recommended that decommissioned power batteries be categorized as scrap batteries for recycling or batteries with remaining capacity for use in cascade utilization. Leadership from the public sector combined with the power of social participation should see China taking the opportunity to develop the related extensibility research and work on urban minerals, encouraging upstream and downstream enterprises as well as terminal users to implement decommissioned power battery utilization.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82444903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-19DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000331
K. P. Aguko, Michael O. Oloko, S. Agong’, J. Oloo
47 Counties inclusive of Kisumu were created as regional administrative units by the Kenyan constitution 2010. The County Government immediately redirected Solid Wastes from other county’s townships to be disposed at the existing 2.73 ha Kachok dumpsite. However, the disposal of solid wastes by observation from collection, transportation to dumping has been having challenges. A compelling aim to re-assess the dumpsite arose to determine if it satisfies minimum siting standards, characteristics and potential for the County. Findings show the dump is not properly sited and is at 10% or lower collection rate of the city’s wastes since the 1970’s, it is full beyond capacity/potential and a nuisance. The rate indicates need for improved planning, regulation and enforcement for the city and the county. The average dump composition in the order of plastics, glasses and organic matter is 34.7, 13.8 and 51.8% and weight per volume that varied by depth/age with an estimated volume of 6853 m3. It has high carbon content (>2%) and heavy metals have not found their way into the groundwater system. Presence of NO3 though shows groundwater pollution is taking place. Air quality parameters exhibited similar trends with higher concentrations over the dumpsite, reducing outward with the nearby sensitive receptors impacted. The dumpsite should be relocated with caution and use of its organic contents directed to agriculture. The other possible uses such as extraction of energy and recycling of waste contents may need review as dumps depository potential is outlived.
{"title":"Kachok Dumpsite Characteristics and Its Future – A Third Kenyan City Perspective","authors":"K. P. Aguko, Michael O. Oloko, S. Agong’, J. Oloo","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000331","url":null,"abstract":"47 Counties inclusive of Kisumu were created as regional administrative units by the Kenyan constitution 2010. The County Government immediately redirected Solid Wastes from other county’s townships to be disposed at the existing 2.73 ha Kachok dumpsite. However, the disposal of solid wastes by observation from collection, transportation to dumping has been having challenges. A compelling aim to re-assess the dumpsite arose to determine if it satisfies minimum siting standards, characteristics and potential for the County. Findings show the dump is not properly sited and is at 10% or lower collection rate of the city’s wastes since the 1970’s, it is full beyond capacity/potential and a nuisance. The rate indicates need for improved planning, regulation and enforcement for the city and the county. The average dump composition in the order of plastics, glasses and organic matter is 34.7, 13.8 and 51.8% and weight per volume that varied by depth/age with an estimated volume of 6853 m3. It has high carbon content (>2%) and heavy metals have not found their way into the groundwater system. Presence of NO3 though shows groundwater pollution is taking place. Air quality parameters exhibited similar trends with higher concentrations over the dumpsite, reducing outward with the nearby sensitive receptors impacted. The dumpsite should be relocated with caution and use of its organic contents directed to agriculture. The other possible uses such as extraction of energy and recycling of waste contents may need review as dumps depository potential is outlived.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84138874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-07DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000328
S. Ozaki
Much NOx is produced when fossil is burned. Many governments set up the law to eliminate NOx, by the reason NOx is pollution gas and not good for health. And also Drainage NP are eliminated. Some other many governments are welcoming NOx as fertilizer for plant and encouraged the use of NOx and Drainage NP for plankton growth and getting many fish. I could find the data that how much NOx is eliminated at 11 countries. The countries who do not do NOx elimination and do not do NP elimination are getting many fish, fixing much CO2 and electricity price is low and producing many product and increasing GDP. The country who do NOx elimination is decreasing fish production and increasing CO2 emission, promoting global warming and electricity price is high and GDP growth rate is low. Therefore NOx elimination and Drainage NP elimination should be stopped for the promotion of CO2 assimilation, for the production of grain and fish, and for the elevation of GDP growth rate.
{"title":"Effect of NOx Elimination on Electricity Price, Fish Production, GDP and Protection of Global Warming","authors":"S. Ozaki","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000328","url":null,"abstract":"Much NOx is produced when fossil is burned. Many governments set up the law to eliminate NOx, by the reason NOx is pollution gas and not good for health. And also Drainage NP are eliminated. Some other many governments are welcoming NOx as fertilizer for plant and encouraged the use of NOx and Drainage NP for plankton growth and getting many fish. I could find the data that how much NOx is eliminated at 11 countries. The countries who do not do NOx elimination and do not do NP elimination are getting many fish, fixing much CO2 and electricity price is low and producing many product and increasing GDP. The country who do NOx elimination is decreasing fish production and increasing CO2 emission, promoting global warming and electricity price is high and GDP growth rate is low. Therefore NOx elimination and Drainage NP elimination should be stopped for the promotion of CO2 assimilation, for the production of grain and fish, and for the elevation of GDP growth rate.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"259 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79611984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-06DOI: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000326
H. Abdel-aal, K. Zohdy, Maha Abdelkreem
Some of the techniques that are proposed for waste management would include: modifications in process design or in used process equipment; choosing alternative approaches or routes for a given process; and recycling. Such methods are recommended in order to mitigate waste formation. Our main aim in this paper is to examine in details crude oil treatment, which involves dehydration and desalting in order to unearth and seize opportunities for waste minimization. In addition, some problems that would lead to waste formation are identified, and their solutions are recommended. Some factors that are relevant to waste formation are investigated. They include: desalting temperature, wash water ratio (dilution water), and type of de-emulsifiers.
{"title":"Waste Management in Crude Oil Processing: Crude Oil Dehydration and Desalting","authors":"H. Abdel-aal, K. Zohdy, Maha Abdelkreem","doi":"10.4172/2252-5211.1000326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000326","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the techniques that are proposed for waste management would include: modifications in process design or in used process equipment; choosing alternative approaches or routes for a given process; and recycling. Such methods are recommended in order to mitigate waste formation. Our main aim in this paper is to examine in details crude oil treatment, which involves dehydration and desalting in order to unearth and seize opportunities for waste minimization. In addition, some problems that would lead to waste formation are identified, and their solutions are recommended. Some factors that are relevant to waste formation are investigated. They include: desalting temperature, wash water ratio (dilution water), and type of de-emulsifiers.","PeriodicalId":14393,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Waste Resources","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86204534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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