Excessive enrichment of waters with nutrients and the associated adverse biological effects leads to eutrophication, which is one of the major environmental problems across the world. Various studies have revealed the overuse of inorganic fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity in Kenya contributes to pollution of water bodies. In order to meet increasing demand for clean water, sustainable use and conservation of available water resources is therefore paramount. This study was done to find out effects of agricultural nutrient pollution in Thiba River, a sub-catchment of Tana River Basin, located in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The study area was divided into four distinct agro-ecological zones based on different anthropogenic activities. Ecological survey design was used in the study. Sampling was done during the wet and dry season. Water samples were analysed for temperature, transparency, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and toxic microalgae. All parameters showed both spatial and temporal variations with statistically significant differences (p˂0.01). Temperature of the river ranged from 14.57 0C to 28.08 0C due to climatic changes along the agro-ecological zones. The pH ranged from 7.02 to 8.51. The DO values decreased from the highlands to lowland within the range of 9.00 mg/l at the reference site to 5.43 mg/l at the most polluted site. EC ranged from 20.54 µScm-1 at the reference site during the wet season to 251.2 µScm-1 at the rice irrigation scheme site during dry season. The TDS ranged from 16.9 ppm at the reference site to 167.05 ppm at the most polluted site. Salinity also had a high variation with a range of 0.01 ppt at the reference site to 0.07 ppt at the most polluted site. The highest values of BOD (3.49 mg/l) were recorded at the rice irrigation scheme during the wet season and the lowest (0.22 mg/l) at the forest edge reference site. The lowest levels of NH4, P, NO2 and NO3 were recorded at the forest edge reference site at 1.088 µg/l, 1.177 µg/l, 0.217 µg/l and 0.148 µg/l respectively during the dry season while the highest values for the same nutrients were recorded at the rice irrigation site at 11.439 µg/l, 4.933 µg/l, 1.518 µg/l and 2.721 µg/l in the same order. There was a high peak of all nutrient levels at the rice irrigation scheme zone which was attributed to the extensive use of inorganic fertilizers. Dam water samples were analysed for members of Cyanobacteria group of microalgae which are bio-indicators of eutrophic waters. Out of the seven members of this group that were identified four were toxic genera. These were Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena and Microcystis. During the wet season Nostoc had the highest population followed by Oscillatoria and Anabaena. No Microcystis was observed during the wet season. There was a steady increase of all the genera during the dry seaso
{"title":"Effects of Agricultural Nutrients Influx on Water Quality in Thiba River basin, a sub-catchment of Tana River Basin in Kirinyaga County, Kenya","authors":"J. Njue, A. Magana, E. Githae","doi":"10.37284/eajab.5.1.635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.635","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive enrichment of waters with nutrients and the associated adverse biological effects leads to eutrophication, which is one of the major environmental problems across the world. Various studies have revealed the overuse of inorganic fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity in Kenya contributes to pollution of water bodies. In order to meet increasing demand for clean water, sustainable use and conservation of available water resources is therefore paramount. This study was done to find out effects of agricultural nutrient pollution in Thiba River, a sub-catchment of Tana River Basin, located in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The study area was divided into four distinct agro-ecological zones based on different anthropogenic activities. Ecological survey design was used in the study. Sampling was done during the wet and dry season. Water samples were analysed for temperature, transparency, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and toxic microalgae. All parameters showed both spatial and temporal variations with statistically significant differences (p˂0.01). Temperature of the river ranged from 14.57 0C to 28.08 0C due to climatic changes along the agro-ecological zones. The pH ranged from 7.02 to 8.51. The DO values decreased from the highlands to lowland within the range of 9.00 mg/l at the reference site to 5.43 mg/l at the most polluted site. EC ranged from 20.54 µScm-1 at the reference site during the wet season to 251.2 µScm-1 at the rice irrigation scheme site during dry season. The TDS ranged from 16.9 ppm at the reference site to 167.05 ppm at the most polluted site. Salinity also had a high variation with a range of 0.01 ppt at the reference site to 0.07 ppt at the most polluted site. The highest values of BOD (3.49 mg/l) were recorded at the rice irrigation scheme during the wet season and the lowest (0.22 mg/l) at the forest edge reference site. The lowest levels of NH4, P, NO2 and NO3 were recorded at the forest edge reference site at 1.088 µg/l, 1.177 µg/l, 0.217 µg/l and 0.148 µg/l respectively during the dry season while the highest values for the same nutrients were recorded at the rice irrigation site at 11.439 µg/l, 4.933 µg/l, 1.518 µg/l and 2.721 µg/l in the same order. There was a high peak of all nutrient levels at the rice irrigation scheme zone which was attributed to the extensive use of inorganic fertilizers. Dam water samples were analysed for members of Cyanobacteria group of microalgae which are bio-indicators of eutrophic waters. Out of the seven members of this group that were identified four were toxic genera. These were Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena and Microcystis. During the wet season Nostoc had the highest population followed by Oscillatoria and Anabaena. No Microcystis was observed during the wet season. There was a steady increase of all the genera during the dry seaso","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123685816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Midamba, Atukunda Bwesigye Obrine, M. Kwesiga, Alela Beatrice, Ogei Kizito
This study aimed at determining the drivers of access to credit among smallholder farmers in Uganda. Using a cross-sectional survey, data were collected from 374 farmers in Jinja district, followed by data analysis using descriptive statistics and Binary logistic regression model. Additionally, we used Chi-square and t-test to compare farmers with and without access to credit. The results showed that 62.83% of the farmers had access to credit. Additionally, farmers with access to credit were generally better off than those without access to credit. Having a mobile phone (p<0.01), group membership (p<0.01), access to extension (p<0.05), farm size (p<0.01) and distance to the market (p<0.05) had a positive and significant effect on credit access while non-farm income (p<0.05) showed an inverse relationship with credit access. To increase credit access among the smallholder farmers, farmers should be encouraged to purchase mobile phones and join groups where they would disseminate information on the various source of agricultural credit. Extension workers should also make effects of reaching all the farmers and training them on ways of accessing agricultural credit.
{"title":"Drivers of Access to Credit Among Smallholder Farmers in Uganda: Application of Binary Logistic Model","authors":"D. Midamba, Atukunda Bwesigye Obrine, M. Kwesiga, Alela Beatrice, Ogei Kizito","doi":"10.37284/eajab.5.1.599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.599","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at determining the drivers of access to credit among smallholder farmers in Uganda. Using a cross-sectional survey, data were collected from 374 farmers in Jinja district, followed by data analysis using descriptive statistics and Binary logistic regression model. Additionally, we used Chi-square and t-test to compare farmers with and without access to credit. The results showed that 62.83% of the farmers had access to credit. Additionally, farmers with access to credit were generally better off than those without access to credit. Having a mobile phone (p<0.01), group membership (p<0.01), access to extension (p<0.05), farm size (p<0.01) and distance to the market (p<0.05) had a positive and significant effect on credit access while non-farm income (p<0.05) showed an inverse relationship with credit access. To increase credit access among the smallholder farmers, farmers should be encouraged to purchase mobile phones and join groups where they would disseminate information on the various source of agricultural credit. Extension workers should also make effects of reaching all the farmers and training them on ways of accessing agricultural credit.","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116307577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. E. Olung’ati, S. Gudu, E. Ouma, J. Ochuodgo, O. Kiplagat
Generally, 13% of Kenya’s arable land mass (7.5 million ha) is acidic and prone to poor phosphorus (P) availability and soil acidity. This results in crop yield losses due to the direct adverse effects Aluminium toxicity and P deficiency due to fixation of this element in the soil. The objective of this study was to develop and select P efficient maize single crosses developed by crossing as per North Carolina II mating design. Sixty maize genotypes, among them 34 single crosses were screened under acidic soils in Bumala and Maseno in a randomised complete block design. Sixty-seven percent of these single crosses were efficient, while 33% were inefficient. Two percent were efficient and responsive, 14% were inefficient but responsive, and the 79% were efficient but non-responsive. Generally, GY had a positive correlation with EH (0.45) and PH (0.61), while PH and EH had a positive correlation (r = 0.86) for the single crosses. The addition of P had significant effect on the grain yield, plant height, ear height and flowering of the genotypes at Bumala and Maseno. However, the effect of 26 kgP/ha was marginal at Maseno as compared to Bumala. The sites and genotypes varied significantly with regard to soil analysis and grain yield respectively, with the efficient and responsive genotypes selected for use in low input farming systems. Also, some of the efficient but non-responsive lines can also be selected for low input farming.
{"title":"Screening Selected Maize Single Crosses for Tolerance to Low P in Acidic Soils of Bumala and Maseno","authors":"O. E. Olung’ati, S. Gudu, E. Ouma, J. Ochuodgo, O. Kiplagat","doi":"10.37284/eajab.5.1.593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.593","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, 13% of Kenya’s arable land mass (7.5 million ha) is acidic and prone to poor phosphorus (P) availability and soil acidity. This results in crop yield losses due to the direct adverse effects Aluminium toxicity and P deficiency due to fixation of this element in the soil. The objective of this study was to develop and select P efficient maize single crosses developed by crossing as per North Carolina II mating design. Sixty maize genotypes, among them 34 single crosses were screened under acidic soils in Bumala and Maseno in a randomised complete block design. Sixty-seven percent of these single crosses were efficient, while 33% were inefficient. Two percent were efficient and responsive, 14% were inefficient but responsive, and the 79% were efficient but non-responsive. Generally, GY had a positive correlation with EH (0.45) and PH (0.61), while PH and EH had a positive correlation (r = 0.86) for the single crosses. The addition of P had significant effect on the grain yield, plant height, ear height and flowering of the genotypes at Bumala and Maseno. However, the effect of 26 kgP/ha was marginal at Maseno as compared to Bumala. The sites and genotypes varied significantly with regard to soil analysis and grain yield respectively, with the efficient and responsive genotypes selected for use in low input farming systems. Also, some of the efficient but non-responsive lines can also be selected for low input farming.","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122710689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, the agricultural sector world over is confronted with a water scarcity crisis and the related numerous challenges. Harnessing the scarce water resources to meet the irrigation water requirement in a more economical way without compromising sustainability is very vital. The present study aims at applying EPANET2.2, a hydraulic modelling tool, in the optimization design of a solar-powered direct pumping sprinkler irrigation system. This study has shown that the designed solar-powered sprinkler irrigation system capacity is 20.88 m3/hr per shift with a precipitation rate of 6.02 mm/h. A submersible pump, Grundfos SP17-13, shall be installed, operating at a maximum head of approximately 85 to deliver water up to 20.88 m3/hr. 48 in number, 250 Watts monocrystalline panels shall be installed, and, are more than sufficient to meet the peak water irrigation requirement of 5.72 mm/day for tomato crop thus, sufficient to meet the water demands of other horticultural crops. Choice of solar energy was majorly ascribed to proven efficiency in addition to low costs involved in operation and maintenance. Hydraulic simulation results from the EPANET2.2 model indicate that the minimum pressure within the systems is 33.10 m observed at the last sprinkler of the farthest plot while the maximum pressure is 82 m of water observed at the node next to the pumping station. The velocity of flow within the system ranges from 0.67-2.37 m/s which is within the acceptable limit. The transmission pipeline shall be made of OD75 mm HDPE pipe of pressure rating PN10 of 500 m length. The sub-main shall be OD63 mm UPVC pipes of pressure rating PN 6, 210 m length. The sprinkler laterals shall be OD25 mm HDPE pipes of pressure rating PN6 spaced at 12 x 12 m
{"title":"Optimized Designing of Solar Powered Direct Pumping Small Scale Sprinkler Irrigation Pipe Networks","authors":"Dennis Obura, Derrick Dadebo, Julius Odeke","doi":"10.37284/eajab.5.1.592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.592","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the agricultural sector world over is confronted with a water scarcity crisis and the related numerous challenges. Harnessing the scarce water resources to meet the irrigation water requirement in a more economical way without compromising sustainability is very vital. The present study aims at applying EPANET2.2, a hydraulic modelling tool, in the optimization design of a solar-powered direct pumping sprinkler irrigation system. This study has shown that the designed solar-powered sprinkler irrigation system capacity is 20.88 m3/hr per shift with a precipitation rate of 6.02 mm/h. A submersible pump, Grundfos SP17-13, shall be installed, operating at a maximum head of approximately 85 to deliver water up to 20.88 m3/hr. 48 in number, 250 Watts monocrystalline panels shall be installed, and, are more than sufficient to meet the peak water irrigation requirement of 5.72 mm/day for tomato crop thus, sufficient to meet the water demands of other horticultural crops. Choice of solar energy was majorly ascribed to proven efficiency in addition to low costs involved in operation and maintenance. Hydraulic simulation results from the EPANET2.2 model indicate that the minimum pressure within the systems is 33.10 m observed at the last sprinkler of the farthest plot while the maximum pressure is 82 m of water observed at the node next to the pumping station. The velocity of flow within the system ranges from 0.67-2.37 m/s which is within the acceptable limit. The transmission pipeline shall be made of OD75 mm HDPE pipe of pressure rating PN10 of 500 m length. The sub-main shall be OD63 mm UPVC pipes of pressure rating PN 6, 210 m length. The sprinkler laterals shall be OD25 mm HDPE pipes of pressure rating PN6 spaced at 12 x 12 m","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116459796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural production in South Sudan has experienced climate variability, the erratic occurrence of climate phenomena affects land use through frequent drought and flooding hence needs climate adaptations. There is less information about factors determining farmers adopting climate change adaptations in South Sudan. Therefore, the current research aimed at exploring factors that influence the adaptation measures taken by farmers for Jubek State in South Sudan. The study adopted a stratified sampling method to identify areas and respondents that questionnaires were administered for data collection and there were 395 farmers who were sampled systematically during the research study. The data collected were entered and coded, then statistically analysed using a logistic regression model to analyse determinants to adopting climate adaptations. The study found that gender, marital status, code of employment, size of the household, and size of the farm were significantly influencing adoption of climate changes adaptations (p< 0.05). The farmers practice of farming activities in respect to the adaptation methods used had a probability of increasing the number of climate adoption for higher crop yield. It was concluded that prescribed policies need to incorporate socio-economic factors to provide valuable and efficient climate adaptation methods
{"title":"Factors Determining Small-Scale Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Adaptation Methods in Jubek State, South Sudan","authors":"Diana Achuk, J. Koske, G. Gathuru","doi":"10.37284/eajab.5.1.581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.581","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural production in South Sudan has experienced climate variability, the erratic occurrence of climate phenomena affects land use through frequent drought and flooding hence needs climate adaptations. There is less information about factors determining farmers adopting climate change adaptations in South Sudan. Therefore, the current research aimed at exploring factors that influence the adaptation measures taken by farmers for Jubek State in South Sudan. The study adopted a stratified sampling method to identify areas and respondents that questionnaires were administered for data collection and there were 395 farmers who were sampled systematically during the research study. The data collected were entered and coded, then statistically analysed using a logistic regression model to analyse determinants to adopting climate adaptations. The study found that gender, marital status, code of employment, size of the household, and size of the farm were significantly influencing adoption of climate changes adaptations (p< 0.05). The farmers practice of farming activities in respect to the adaptation methods used had a probability of increasing the number of climate adoption for higher crop yield. It was concluded that prescribed policies need to incorporate socio-economic factors to provide valuable and efficient climate adaptation methods","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116039310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dunstan Atwijukye, R. Turyahabwe, N. M. Wambede, J. Asaba
This study aimed at identifying and characterising the major organic banana farming technologies used and assessing the drivers of adoption of the same in Kajara County. A total of 360 respondents were used to obtain primary data. As the study adopted a cross-sectional design, we used questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations to collect the required data. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the non-parametric (Chi-square) tests. Results indicate that the major organic banana farming technologies adopted in the study area were mulching, cover cropping, farmyard manure application, pest and weed management. The chi-square test revealed that the marital status, gender, and level of education of the farmers had significant positive effects on the adoption of organic banana farming technologies among the farmers. We concluded that, generally, the rate of adoption of organic farming technologies in Kajara County was low, and therefore, there is a need for emphasising the training of the farmers at local levels so as to equip them with information on the organic farming technologies for sustainable banana farming. We recommend that stakeholders who work on agricultural programs use model farmers in the area to educate and demonstrate the importance of organic banana farming technologies
{"title":"Understanding the Drivers of Adoption of Organic Banana Farming Technologies in Kajara County, South-western Uganda","authors":"Dunstan Atwijukye, R. Turyahabwe, N. M. Wambede, J. Asaba","doi":"10.37284/eajab.5.1.579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.579","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at identifying and characterising the major organic banana farming technologies used and assessing the drivers of adoption of the same in Kajara County. A total of 360 respondents were used to obtain primary data. As the study adopted a cross-sectional design, we used questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations to collect the required data. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the non-parametric (Chi-square) tests. Results indicate that the major organic banana farming technologies adopted in the study area were mulching, cover cropping, farmyard manure application, pest and weed management. The chi-square test revealed that the marital status, gender, and level of education of the farmers had significant positive effects on the adoption of organic banana farming technologies among the farmers. We concluded that, generally, the rate of adoption of organic farming technologies in Kajara County was low, and therefore, there is a need for emphasising the training of the farmers at local levels so as to equip them with information on the organic farming technologies for sustainable banana farming. We recommend that stakeholders who work on agricultural programs use model farmers in the area to educate and demonstrate the importance of organic banana farming technologies","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129004323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abebe Muluye, Berhanu Sali, Blien Bahta, B. Melese, Bethel Girma, M. Kebede, Muluken Kebede, A. Suresh
Microalgae have value-added chemicals, but their biomass production is costly due to the expensive nutrient chemicals. Meantime human urine (HU) is considered wastewater and has basic nutrients for autotrophs. This study tested the potentials of being cheaply available in HU as a nutrient source for the biomass production of microalga Scenedesmus sp. HU was collected, sterilized, and made different dilutions. Microalga of Scenedesmus sp., was isolated from the urine contaminated site, purified, inoculated into the HU medium, and incubated under Sunlight for 7 days at 25 °C. The maximum growth was observed in 15 % HU as 0.795 OD670nm with 0.57 g/L biomass production with a significant difference (p<0.01). The productivity of 81 mg/L/day was reached. The concentrated urine of more than 20 % was not supporting the growth of microalga. This study concluded that human urine can be used as a nutrient medium for microalgae growth at certain dilution.
{"title":"Potential of Human Urine as a Nutrient Medium for the Biomass Production of Microalga Scenedesmus sp","authors":"Abebe Muluye, Berhanu Sali, Blien Bahta, B. Melese, Bethel Girma, M. Kebede, Muluken Kebede, A. Suresh","doi":"10.37284/eajab.3.1.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.3.1.409","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae have value-added chemicals, but their biomass production is costly due to the expensive nutrient chemicals. Meantime human urine (HU) is considered wastewater and has basic nutrients for autotrophs. This study tested the potentials of being cheaply available in HU as a nutrient source for the biomass production of microalga Scenedesmus sp. HU was collected, sterilized, and made different dilutions. Microalga of Scenedesmus sp., was isolated from the urine contaminated site, purified, inoculated into the HU medium, and incubated under Sunlight for 7 days at 25 °C. The maximum growth was observed in 15 % HU as 0.795 OD670nm with 0.57 g/L biomass production with a significant difference (p<0.01). The productivity of 81 mg/L/day was reached. The concentrated urine of more than 20 % was not supporting the growth of microalga. This study concluded that human urine can be used as a nutrient medium for microalgae growth at certain dilution.","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134488598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Traore, M. Soumaré, S. Dembélé, V. Ojeh, Safiatou Guindo, C. H. Diakité
Sudanian zone is one of the regions in West Africa most confronted with high climate variability, challenging agricultural sustainability and rural livelihoods. Despite multiple research efforts devoted to exploring how farmers in this region perceive climate variability and how perceptions relate to adaptive responses, much remains to be done. This study examined farmers’ perception of climate variability compared with scientific evidence in the terroir of Benguene, between 1983 and 2018. Data was collected from twenty-nine (29) farmland heads (representing 49% of the total farmland heads in the village) through a survey conducted in October 2019. Monthly temperature data from ground measurement and daily rainfall data extracted from the gridded African Rainfall Climatology version 2 (ARC-2) time series was used. Descriptive statistic was used to analyse survey data. Climate data analysis included Mann Kendall trend analysis and computation of growing season parameters (Onset, Duration and Cessation) and its trend. In the end, a conformity index was used to compare farmers’ perceptions to climatological evidence. Conformity graph showed that apart from temperature, the farmers have low, to a weak perception of the other variables used to assess their perception. Results showed that many smallholder farmers have observed a rise in temperature (90%), delay onset (93%) and early cessation (93%) of rainfall. The analysis of the climate data showed high variability in the climate during the study period as observed in the increasing trends in temperature (p-value of 0.0007) and in the rainfall (p-value of 0.0001). Concerning the season parameters, the results show increasingly early-onset (June 1st ± 22 days) increasingly late cessation (October 09th ± 14 days) and consequently a long duration of the rainy season (130 ± 27 days). Conversely, farmers thought the opposite. These results imply the urgent need to increase smallholder farmers awareness of climate variability and change by providing climate information for better adaptation
{"title":"Assessing Smallholder Farmers’ Perception on Climate Variability in Relation to Climatological Evidence: A Case Study of Benguene in the Sudanian Zone of Mali","authors":"S. Traore, M. Soumaré, S. Dembélé, V. Ojeh, Safiatou Guindo, C. H. Diakité","doi":"10.37284/eajab.3.1.380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.3.1.380","url":null,"abstract":"Sudanian zone is one of the regions in West Africa most confronted with high climate variability, challenging agricultural sustainability and rural livelihoods. Despite multiple research efforts devoted to exploring how farmers in this region perceive climate variability and how perceptions relate to adaptive responses, much remains to be done. This study examined farmers’ perception of climate variability compared with scientific evidence in the terroir of Benguene, between 1983 and 2018. Data was collected from twenty-nine (29) farmland heads (representing 49% of the total farmland heads in the village) through a survey conducted in October 2019. Monthly temperature data from ground measurement and daily rainfall data extracted from the gridded African Rainfall Climatology version 2 (ARC-2) time series was used. Descriptive statistic was used to analyse survey data. Climate data analysis included Mann Kendall trend analysis and computation of growing season parameters (Onset, Duration and Cessation) and its trend. In the end, a conformity index was used to compare farmers’ perceptions to climatological evidence. Conformity graph showed that apart from temperature, the farmers have low, to a weak perception of the other variables used to assess their perception. Results showed that many smallholder farmers have observed a rise in temperature (90%), delay onset (93%) and early cessation (93%) of rainfall. The analysis of the climate data showed high variability in the climate during the study period as observed in the increasing trends in temperature (p-value of 0.0007) and in the rainfall (p-value of 0.0001). Concerning the season parameters, the results show increasingly early-onset (June 1st ± 22 days) increasingly late cessation (October 09th ± 14 days) and consequently a long duration of the rainy season (130 ± 27 days). Conversely, farmers thought the opposite. These results imply the urgent need to increase smallholder farmers awareness of climate variability and change by providing climate information for better adaptation","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133410366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Okoli Solomon Chieloka, C. Ameh, Muhammad Shakir Balogun, A. Durosinlorun, C. Vakuru, A. Olaniran
Over 1.2 million poultry birds were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) in Nigeria between 2006 and 2008. A resurgence of HPAI in 2014 in Kano and its spread to other states plagued the poultry subsector with job losses, increased poultry mortality and a drastic fall in revenues. We carried out this study to determine the pattern, trend and burden of HPAI in poultry birds between 2015 and 2017 in Kano State Nigeria. We obtained Avian Influenza (AI) surveillance data for 2015-2017 from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Abuja. Variables analyzed were the number of poultry chicken affected, mortality in infected poultry, the number of poultry depopulated by local government areas (LGAs), and trends of avian influenza within the study area. In the years under review, over 3.7 million poultry chickens were affected across 26 states in Nigeria. Kano State accounted for 30% of the total mortality in Nigeria. In 2015, 648,686 poultry chickens were exposed to HPAI, H5N1 across 21 LGAs in Kano, 34,504 (5.3%) died, 561,126 (94.7%) was depopulated. In 2016, 382,963 poultry birds were exposed, 9,737 (2.5%) died and 375,026 (94.7%) poultry was depopulated. In 2017, targeted surveillance conducted on a pool of ducks at Sabon Gari market in Kano led to the isolation of HPAI. H5H8. The decline in the incidence of AI cases from week 17-31 of 2015 and week 13-33 of 2017 was in tandem with supplies of AI control kits and equipment to Kano State. These measures should be complemented with the training of poultry stakeholders on biosecurity measures on the farm with a view of preventing a future outbreak of avian influenza. These findings have been communicated to the Chief veterinary officer of Nigeria for consideration.
{"title":"Retrospective Study of the Burden of Avian influenza in Kano State, Nigeria: A secondary Data Analysis 2015-2017","authors":"Okoli Solomon Chieloka, C. Ameh, Muhammad Shakir Balogun, A. Durosinlorun, C. Vakuru, A. Olaniran","doi":"10.37284/eajab.1.1.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.1.1.40","url":null,"abstract":"Over 1.2 million poultry birds were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) in Nigeria between 2006 and 2008. A resurgence of HPAI in 2014 in Kano and its spread to other states plagued the poultry subsector with job losses, increased poultry mortality and a drastic fall in revenues. We carried out this study to determine the pattern, trend and burden of HPAI in poultry birds between 2015 and 2017 in Kano State Nigeria. We obtained Avian Influenza (AI) surveillance data for 2015-2017 from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Abuja. Variables analyzed were the number of poultry chicken affected, mortality in infected poultry, the number of poultry depopulated by local government areas (LGAs), and trends of avian influenza within the study area. In the years under review, over 3.7 million poultry chickens were affected across 26 states in Nigeria. Kano State accounted for 30% of the total mortality in Nigeria. In 2015, 648,686 poultry chickens were exposed to HPAI, H5N1 across 21 LGAs in Kano, 34,504 (5.3%) died, 561,126 (94.7%) was depopulated. In 2016, 382,963 poultry birds were exposed, 9,737 (2.5%) died and 375,026 (94.7%) poultry was depopulated. In 2017, targeted surveillance conducted on a pool of ducks at Sabon Gari market in Kano led to the isolation of HPAI. H5H8. The decline in the incidence of AI cases from week 17-31 of 2015 and week 13-33 of 2017 was in tandem with supplies of AI control kits and equipment to Kano State. These measures should be complemented with the training of poultry stakeholders on biosecurity measures on the farm with a view of preventing a future outbreak of avian influenza. These findings have been communicated to the Chief veterinary officer of Nigeria for consideration.","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127514520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a versatile crop and a source of inexpensive energy in the human diet in many countries. It can be used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips. Potato varieties development research previously conducted in Ethiopia related to processing quality were limited in their scope of quality parameters. This experiment was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia during the main crop season of 2017. Twenty-four potato genotypes were evaluated for 23 quantitative and six qualitative traits in randomized complete block design with three replications to determining the nature and magnitude of common genetic diversity and to screen out genetically diverse parents by using cluster and principal component analysis. The first eight principal components accounted for 90.26% of the observed variations among 24 potato genotypes. The first three PC accounted for 60.43% of the variation. The genetic distances among the 24 potato genotypes ranged from 3.40 to 11.80 and the genotypes were grouped into eight clusters based on quantitative and qualitative traits. Cluster II consisted of 25%, Cluster IV, I, III contained 20.83%, 16.67% and 12.5% of genotypes, respectively, while Cluster VI, VII and VIII each consisted of one genotype. In conclusion, genotypes grouped under Cluster II and VIII worth further evaluation to obtain genotypes with highest total tuber yield, the specific gravity of tuber, dry matter content, total starch content, acceptable tuber physical and frying quality with other desirable traits.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotypes for Yield and Processing Attributes at Holetta, Central Highlands of Ethiopia","authors":"Ebrahim Seid Hussen, W. M. Ali, T. Desta","doi":"10.37284/eajab.2.1.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.2.1.203","url":null,"abstract":"Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a versatile crop and a source of inexpensive energy in the human diet in many countries. It can be used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips. Potato varieties development research previously conducted in Ethiopia related to processing quality were limited in their scope of quality parameters. This experiment was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia during the main crop season of 2017. Twenty-four potato genotypes were evaluated for 23 quantitative and six qualitative traits in randomized complete block design with three replications to determining the nature and magnitude of common genetic diversity and to screen out genetically diverse parents by using cluster and principal component analysis. The first eight principal components accounted for 90.26% of the observed variations among 24 potato genotypes. The first three PC accounted for 60.43% of the variation. The genetic distances among the 24 potato genotypes ranged from 3.40 to 11.80 and the genotypes were grouped into eight clusters based on quantitative and qualitative traits. Cluster II consisted of 25%, Cluster IV, I, III contained 20.83%, 16.67% and 12.5% of genotypes, respectively, while Cluster VI, VII and VIII each consisted of one genotype. In conclusion, genotypes grouped under Cluster II and VIII worth further evaluation to obtain genotypes with highest total tuber yield, the specific gravity of tuber, dry matter content, total starch content, acceptable tuber physical and frying quality with other desirable traits.","PeriodicalId":144021,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125063512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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