Abstract This paper presents the impact of accelerated aging on selected mechanical and thermal properties and VOC emission of polypropylene composites filled with glass fiber with different fiber contents. Due to their positive properties (good thermal and mechanical properties, low weight), glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics are becoming increasingly important. Fiber reinforced thermoplastics are mainly produced by injection molding and extrusion, whereby the extrusion compounding process is primarily used to prepare fiber-filled granulates while the injection molding process is used to manufacture products. In this study, short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics (polypropylene) are produced on a twin screw extruder. Then, tensile test specimens are produced by injection molding. The glass fiber content is between 20 and 40 wt%. In order to investigate the long-term stability, the test specimens are artificially aged in accordance with ASTM 1980. The thermal, mechanical, and emission properties were evaluated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests, and TDS-GC-MS analysis prior to and after accelerated aging. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of thermal aging on crystallinity and mechanical properties and on VOC emission of glass fiber reinforced isotactic polypropylene.
{"title":"The impact of accelerated aging on the mechanical and thermal properties and VOC emission of polypropylene composites reinforced with glass fibers","authors":"A. Rüppel, Susanne Wolff, H. Heim","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4268","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the impact of accelerated aging on selected mechanical and thermal properties and VOC emission of polypropylene composites filled with glass fiber with different fiber contents. Due to their positive properties (good thermal and mechanical properties, low weight), glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics are becoming increasingly important. Fiber reinforced thermoplastics are mainly produced by injection molding and extrusion, whereby the extrusion compounding process is primarily used to prepare fiber-filled granulates while the injection molding process is used to manufacture products. In this study, short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics (polypropylene) are produced on a twin screw extruder. Then, tensile test specimens are produced by injection molding. The glass fiber content is between 20 and 40 wt%. In order to investigate the long-term stability, the test specimens are artificially aged in accordance with ASTM 1980. The thermal, mechanical, and emission properties were evaluated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests, and TDS-GC-MS analysis prior to and after accelerated aging. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of thermal aging on crystallinity and mechanical properties and on VOC emission of glass fiber reinforced isotactic polypropylene.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41720534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamilselvan Manickam, Jenish Iyyadurai, Maniraj Jaganathan, Ashokkumar Babuchellam, Muthukrishnan Mayakrishnan, A. Felix Sahayaraj
Abstract This study used a hand layup process to create tri-layer hybrid composites composed of snake grass fiber (SGF) and jute fiber (JF). Two types of hybrid composites were investigated: jute/snake grass/jute (J/S/J) and snake grass/jute/snake grass (S/J/S). The fabricated composites were subjected to mechanical characterization and water absorption studies to verify their compatibility for various applications. The outcome revealed that the J/S/J hybrid sample shows the highest tensile and flexural strength at 68.46 and 78.62 MPa, respectively. This is due to stacking the maximum-strength JF as an exterior layer in the hybrid J/S/J sample. Meanwhile, the S/J/S composite shows a very high impact strength value of 4.45 kJ/mm2 due to the placement of SGF at the outermost layer. It leads to absorbing more impact energy at sudden load applications. Water absorption studies revealed that the S/J/S composite absorbed more moisture than the J/S/J composite. Furthermore, the S/J/S composite exhibited greater biodegradability than the J/S/J composite based on soil burial experiments. From this study, it can be concluded that the J/S/J composite is suitable for structural applications because it has higher tensile and flexural qualities. In contrast, the S/J/S composite can be employed under damping conditions because it has better impact strength.
{"title":"Effect of stacking sequence on mechanical, water absorption, and biodegradable properties of novel hybrid composites for structural applications","authors":"Tamilselvan Manickam, Jenish Iyyadurai, Maniraj Jaganathan, Ashokkumar Babuchellam, Muthukrishnan Mayakrishnan, A. Felix Sahayaraj","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4274","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study used a hand layup process to create tri-layer hybrid composites composed of snake grass fiber (SGF) and jute fiber (JF). Two types of hybrid composites were investigated: jute/snake grass/jute (J/S/J) and snake grass/jute/snake grass (S/J/S). The fabricated composites were subjected to mechanical characterization and water absorption studies to verify their compatibility for various applications. The outcome revealed that the J/S/J hybrid sample shows the highest tensile and flexural strength at 68.46 and 78.62 MPa, respectively. This is due to stacking the maximum-strength JF as an exterior layer in the hybrid J/S/J sample. Meanwhile, the S/J/S composite shows a very high impact strength value of 4.45 kJ/mm2 due to the placement of SGF at the outermost layer. It leads to absorbing more impact energy at sudden load applications. Water absorption studies revealed that the S/J/S composite absorbed more moisture than the J/S/J composite. Furthermore, the S/J/S composite exhibited greater biodegradability than the J/S/J composite based on soil burial experiments. From this study, it can be concluded that the J/S/J composite is suitable for structural applications because it has higher tensile and flexural qualities. In contrast, the S/J/S composite can be employed under damping conditions because it has better impact strength.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44700622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Thirunavukkarasu, F. Fournier, A. Pignolet, R. Castellani, C. Cohen, E. Peuvrel-Disdier, R. Valette, B. Vergnes
Abstract In the present work, a prototype was developed to observe the flow behavior of viscous fluids under free surface shear and determine an adhesion energy in this flow geometry. The geometry consists of an eccentric Couette cell (outer cylinder radius of 89.5 mm, inner cylinder radius of 43.75 mm and minimal gap of 3 mm) that can be used in two modes, where both cylinders can respectively rotate in the same or opposite directions. Cylinders are horizontal and short relatively to their diameters (30 mm long). Transparent windows allow in-situ flow observations. The design, development, and testing of the prototype with a model viscous fluid (silicone fluid with a 2.2 104 Pa.s Newtonian viscosity) are reported in this paper. The flow behavior of small fluid volumes (fill factor smaller than 15%) was investigated under co- and counter-rotating configurations to determine steady-state flow conditions. Stationary conditions were identified in the counter-rotating mode. The velocity conditions and resulting observations are studied and analysed. However, for the used silicone fluid, the bulk dissipative energy is much larger than the work of adhesive forces in the investigated regimes. The adhesion energy contribution could not be detected for this fluid.
{"title":"Investigation of the interface behavior of a viscous fluid under free surface shear flow using an eccentric transparent Couette cell","authors":"P. Thirunavukkarasu, F. Fournier, A. Pignolet, R. Castellani, C. Cohen, E. Peuvrel-Disdier, R. Valette, B. Vergnes","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4261","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the present work, a prototype was developed to observe the flow behavior of viscous fluids under free surface shear and determine an adhesion energy in this flow geometry. The geometry consists of an eccentric Couette cell (outer cylinder radius of 89.5 mm, inner cylinder radius of 43.75 mm and minimal gap of 3 mm) that can be used in two modes, where both cylinders can respectively rotate in the same or opposite directions. Cylinders are horizontal and short relatively to their diameters (30 mm long). Transparent windows allow in-situ flow observations. The design, development, and testing of the prototype with a model viscous fluid (silicone fluid with a 2.2 104 Pa.s Newtonian viscosity) are reported in this paper. The flow behavior of small fluid volumes (fill factor smaller than 15%) was investigated under co- and counter-rotating configurations to determine steady-state flow conditions. Stationary conditions were identified in the counter-rotating mode. The velocity conditions and resulting observations are studied and analysed. However, for the used silicone fluid, the bulk dissipative energy is much larger than the work of adhesive forces in the investigated regimes. The adhesion energy contribution could not be detected for this fluid.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44549198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rania Chaari, F. Kharrat, M. Khlif, C. Bradai, C. Lacoste, P. Dony
Abstract The rheological properties of biocomposites can change depending on the polymer, fiber type, fiber size and processing conditions. In this work, biodegradable PBS composites filled with raw and enzymatically treated date palm fibers were processed using an internal mixer. The influence of the processing conditions, namely filler concentration, rotor of the mixer rotational speed, as well as the type of the enzymatic fiber treatment on PBS (Poly Butylene Succinate)/date palm fiber composites were studied by measuring the torque and the temperature in real time during melt processing. A rheological analysis was also carried out by performing time and multi-wave-frequency sweeps. It was found that the stabilization torque increased with increasing fiber loading and rotor rotational speed, indicating a higher viscosity. An enhancement of the melting process occurred with modified fibers, which was explained by the decrease in the fiber diameter, denoting cellulose micro-fibrils separation by enzymes action. These composites were characterized by a better thermal resistance and mechanical stiffness compared to those based on raw fibers at the same loading rate.
{"title":"Effect of processing conditions on the rheological and mechanical properties of composites based on a PBS matrix and enzymatically treated date palm fibers","authors":"Rania Chaari, F. Kharrat, M. Khlif, C. Bradai, C. Lacoste, P. Dony","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4251","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The rheological properties of biocomposites can change depending on the polymer, fiber type, fiber size and processing conditions. In this work, biodegradable PBS composites filled with raw and enzymatically treated date palm fibers were processed using an internal mixer. The influence of the processing conditions, namely filler concentration, rotor of the mixer rotational speed, as well as the type of the enzymatic fiber treatment on PBS (Poly Butylene Succinate)/date palm fiber composites were studied by measuring the torque and the temperature in real time during melt processing. A rheological analysis was also carried out by performing time and multi-wave-frequency sweeps. It was found that the stabilization torque increased with increasing fiber loading and rotor rotational speed, indicating a higher viscosity. An enhancement of the melting process occurred with modified fibers, which was explained by the decrease in the fiber diameter, denoting cellulose micro-fibrils separation by enzymes action. These composites were characterized by a better thermal resistance and mechanical stiffness compared to those based on raw fibers at the same loading rate.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48322504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Technical rubber or polymer profiles are often extruded while dragging them into a water bath. However, complex or heavy profiles may require additional guiding tools. For example, geometrically complex profiles, such as PVC-window frames, require the use of calibrators for satisfying severe geometric requirements, while heavy rubber profiles, such as D-shape fenders or tire treads, require a conveying belt mainly for being able to achieve the process. Within the context of numerical simulation of extrusion flows, such a guiding tool brings an additional downstream constraint to the kinematic equation which dictates the shape of the extrudate surface. In the present paper, we propose a simple engineering approach for modelling a conveyor belt used in rubber tire tread extrusion, and we apply it to the simulation of the extrusion flow for a 3D non-symmetric profile of a viscoelastic material.
{"title":"Conveyor belt modelling in extrusion flow simulation","authors":"B. Debbaut","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4276","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Technical rubber or polymer profiles are often extruded while dragging them into a water bath. However, complex or heavy profiles may require additional guiding tools. For example, geometrically complex profiles, such as PVC-window frames, require the use of calibrators for satisfying severe geometric requirements, while heavy rubber profiles, such as D-shape fenders or tire treads, require a conveying belt mainly for being able to achieve the process. Within the context of numerical simulation of extrusion flows, such a guiding tool brings an additional downstream constraint to the kinematic equation which dictates the shape of the extrudate surface. In the present paper, we propose a simple engineering approach for modelling a conveyor belt used in rubber tire tread extrusion, and we apply it to the simulation of the extrusion flow for a 3D non-symmetric profile of a viscoelastic material.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45514245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanli Cao, Xiying Fan, Y. Guo, Wen-Juan Ding, Xin Liu, Chunxiao Li
Abstract Injection molding of thin-walled plastic parts with minimum deformation in warpage and volume shrinkage is crucial for part quality. Simulation combined Latin hypercube sampling approach was used to research the effects of different process parameters on deformation. Then, random forest regression (RFR) is used to construct the mathematical relationship between process parameters and defects, such as warpage and volume shrinkage. The gaussian process is used as probabilistic surrogate model, while the probability of improvement is used as acquisition function to construct a Bayesian optimization for RFR’s hyperparameters, and the performance of random search is compared. In addition, the gradient boosting regression (GBR) and support vector regression (SVR) were also adopted to establish the prediction models, respectively. Comparing all the above prediction models, it can be found that the Bayesian optimized random forest regression (BO-RFR) has the highest accuracy. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is interfaced with the predictive models to find the optimum design parameters for the purpose of effectively predicting and controlling warpage and volume shrinkage. The results show that warpage is reduced by 66.03% while volume shrinkage is 46.20% after optimizing. The final finite element simulation and physical tests indicate that this proposed method can effectively achieve the multi-objective optimization of injection molding.
摘要薄壁塑料零件的注射成型是保证零件质量的关键。采用模拟结合拉丁超立方体采样的方法，研究了不同工艺参数对变形的影响。然后，利用随机森林回归(RFR)构建工艺参数与翘曲、体积收缩等缺陷之间的数学关系;采用高斯过程作为概率代理模型，采用改进概率作为获取函数对RFR的超参数构造贝叶斯优化，并比较随机搜索的性能。此外，还分别采用梯度增强回归(GBR)和支持向量回归(SVR)建立预测模型。比较上述所有预测模型，可以发现贝叶斯优化随机森林回归(BO-RFR)具有最高的精度。将非支配排序遗传算法- ii (NSGA-II)与预测模型相结合，寻找最优设计参数，有效地预测和控制翘曲和体积收缩。结果表明，优化后的翘曲量减少了66.03%，体积收缩率减少了46.20%。最后的有限元仿真和物理试验表明，该方法可以有效地实现注射成型的多目标优化。
{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of injection molding process parameters based on BO-RFR and NSGAⅡ methods","authors":"Yanli Cao, Xiying Fan, Y. Guo, Wen-Juan Ding, Xin Liu, Chunxiao Li","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2020-4063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-4063","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Injection molding of thin-walled plastic parts with minimum deformation in warpage and volume shrinkage is crucial for part quality. Simulation combined Latin hypercube sampling approach was used to research the effects of different process parameters on deformation. Then, random forest regression (RFR) is used to construct the mathematical relationship between process parameters and defects, such as warpage and volume shrinkage. The gaussian process is used as probabilistic surrogate model, while the probability of improvement is used as acquisition function to construct a Bayesian optimization for RFR’s hyperparameters, and the performance of random search is compared. In addition, the gradient boosting regression (GBR) and support vector regression (SVR) were also adopted to establish the prediction models, respectively. Comparing all the above prediction models, it can be found that the Bayesian optimized random forest regression (BO-RFR) has the highest accuracy. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is interfaced with the predictive models to find the optimum design parameters for the purpose of effectively predicting and controlling warpage and volume shrinkage. The results show that warpage is reduced by 66.03% while volume shrinkage is 46.20% after optimizing. The final finite element simulation and physical tests indicate that this proposed method can effectively achieve the multi-objective optimization of injection molding.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42819587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this work, the combined effects of fused filament fabrication (FFF) process parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA products have been determined by focusing on the tensile strength at R 2 (97.29%). ASTM D638 test standard is used for the preparation of specimens for tensile tests. The optimization technique has been used to determine the optimal combinations of FFF process parameters for the validation of experimental tensile tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. From the results obtained the optimum cooling fan speed of 79.3%, extrusion temperature of 214.4 °C, printing speed of 75.9 mm/s, raster width of 0.4814 mm, and shell number 5 were determined with a 2.266% error of the tensile strength (45.06 MPa). SEM morphology examination shows that the fabricated part cooled at 80% cooling fan speed illustrates good inter-layer bond strength which is also confirmed by CFD temperature distributions analysis.
{"title":"Analysis and optimization of FFF process parameters to enhance the mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA products","authors":"Tesfaye Mengesha Medibew, A. Ali","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4237","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this work, the combined effects of fused filament fabrication (FFF) process parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA products have been determined by focusing on the tensile strength at R 2 (97.29%). ASTM D638 test standard is used for the preparation of specimens for tensile tests. The optimization technique has been used to determine the optimal combinations of FFF process parameters for the validation of experimental tensile tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. From the results obtained the optimum cooling fan speed of 79.3%, extrusion temperature of 214.4 °C, printing speed of 75.9 mm/s, raster width of 0.4814 mm, and shell number 5 were determined with a 2.266% error of the tensile strength (45.06 MPa). SEM morphology examination shows that the fabricated part cooled at 80% cooling fan speed illustrates good inter-layer bond strength which is also confirmed by CFD temperature distributions analysis.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41747740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akifumi Kurita, Y. Yoshimura, Makoto Suzuki, H. Yokoi, Y. Kajihara
Abstract As a highly thermally conductive PPS that is lightweight and has excellent heat dissipation is expected to be applied in various products, its peculiar filling behavior can cause molding defects such as short shots and surface cracks. To address these challenges, it is important to elucidate the filling behavior and clarify the effects of cavity shape and molding conditions. Thus, we intend to visualize the filling behavior of the high-thermal-conductivity PPS. To achieve this goal, we develop an in-process visualization system to reveal both the thermal and kinetic behaviors of the resin while it fills the cavity. In the system, a sapphire prism glass is utilized in the mold for visualization because it exhibits high strength, high heat conduction, and high infrared transmittance. A high-speed visible camera for kinetic behavior and an infrared camera for thermal behavior are utilized. With the developed system, we successfully obtained for the first time the filling behavior of high-thermal-conductivity PPS. Visualization experiments prove that the temperature of the conventional PPS gradually decreases from the tip to the rear of the flow. However, the temperature of the high-thermal-conductivity PPS drops sharply from the tip of the flow to the rear, and breakage at the flow front near the cavity wall is generated. Our interpretation is that the flow front near the cavity wall can be easily broken when it is stretched, because the ductility of the high-thermal-conductivity PPS largely decreases because of the rapid temperature drop. To suppress the formation of this breakage, we modify the cavity shape and molding conditions, and verify its suppression effect.
{"title":"Visualization analysis of temperature distribution in the cavity of conventional PPS and high-thermal-conductivity PPS during the filling stage of injection molding","authors":"Akifumi Kurita, Y. Yoshimura, Makoto Suzuki, H. Yokoi, Y. Kajihara","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4225","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As a highly thermally conductive PPS that is lightweight and has excellent heat dissipation is expected to be applied in various products, its peculiar filling behavior can cause molding defects such as short shots and surface cracks. To address these challenges, it is important to elucidate the filling behavior and clarify the effects of cavity shape and molding conditions. Thus, we intend to visualize the filling behavior of the high-thermal-conductivity PPS. To achieve this goal, we develop an in-process visualization system to reveal both the thermal and kinetic behaviors of the resin while it fills the cavity. In the system, a sapphire prism glass is utilized in the mold for visualization because it exhibits high strength, high heat conduction, and high infrared transmittance. A high-speed visible camera for kinetic behavior and an infrared camera for thermal behavior are utilized. With the developed system, we successfully obtained for the first time the filling behavior of high-thermal-conductivity PPS. Visualization experiments prove that the temperature of the conventional PPS gradually decreases from the tip to the rear of the flow. However, the temperature of the high-thermal-conductivity PPS drops sharply from the tip of the flow to the rear, and breakage at the flow front near the cavity wall is generated. Our interpretation is that the flow front near the cavity wall can be easily broken when it is stretched, because the ductility of the high-thermal-conductivity PPS largely decreases because of the rapid temperature drop. To suppress the formation of this breakage, we modify the cavity shape and molding conditions, and verify its suppression effect.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44911980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Tightness against media is a frequent requirement for technical components. Despite various standardized test procedures, failure regularly occurs during use. Often, no clear cause for failure can be determined afterwards. In this article, a new test setup is presented and applied, which allows an in-situ measurement during a mechanical load. A flow meter with a measuring range of 0.02 mL/min to 5 mL/min is used for this purpose. This makes it possible to determine leakage rates with time resolution and thus to identify the moment of failure or the causal failure load. This new method was applied directly to different aluminum inserts with a polyamide 66 (PA66) overmold. It was shown that no increase in leakage occurs until a maximum force is reached, even with multiple loads. This maximum force depends only on the pretreatment of the inserts and can be determined in a simple pull-out test independently of the test setup used here and can therefore be used for the design of assemblies. In the test, a maximum force of 100 N was achieved for untreated inserts, 140 N for adhesion promoter-coated parts and 600 N for etched inserts with a contact area of 48 mm2. With this results, a new link between adhesion and tightness can be shown, which of course is only valid for initial tight parts.
{"title":"In-situ leakage behavior of polymer-metal hybrids under mechanical load","authors":"C. Ott, D. Drummer","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4229","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tightness against media is a frequent requirement for technical components. Despite various standardized test procedures, failure regularly occurs during use. Often, no clear cause for failure can be determined afterwards. In this article, a new test setup is presented and applied, which allows an in-situ measurement during a mechanical load. A flow meter with a measuring range of 0.02 mL/min to 5 mL/min is used for this purpose. This makes it possible to determine leakage rates with time resolution and thus to identify the moment of failure or the causal failure load. This new method was applied directly to different aluminum inserts with a polyamide 66 (PA66) overmold. It was shown that no increase in leakage occurs until a maximum force is reached, even with multiple loads. This maximum force depends only on the pretreatment of the inserts and can be determined in a simple pull-out test independently of the test setup used here and can therefore be used for the design of assemblies. In the test, a maximum force of 100 N was achieved for untreated inserts, 140 N for adhesion promoter-coated parts and 600 N for etched inserts with a contact area of 48 mm2. With this results, a new link between adhesion and tightness can be shown, which of course is only valid for initial tight parts.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42423214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bagal, R. Saini, Abdul Rahim I. Shaikh, Saurabh Patil, Ashish V Mohod, D. Pinjari
Abstract The degradation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been investigated using ultrasonic (US) as well as microwave (MW) irradiation techniques with the approach of process intensification based on different additives, such as Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS), Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and air. The effects of sonication time, initial polymer concentration, and temperature on the extent of reduction in viscosity have been thoroughly investigated using US as well as MW irradiation approaches. Basically, the degradation process has been optimized by utilizing two different ultrasonic reactors in a combined approach of ultrasonic horn and bath. The maximum extent of degradation of PVA was found to be 69.33% using MW irradiation with a required energy of 0.321 g/JL, and 62.47% using US horn with a required energy of 0.054 g/JL when operated at 0.1 g/L of TiO2 catalyst. The combination of US horn and US bath results in same degradation as 0.1 g/L of TiO2 catalyst with US horn. It has also been observed that the maximum degradation of PVA was obtained with a minimum treatment time of 3 min using MW irradiation, whereas the US horn required 40 min. Moreover, a lower extent of PVA degradation was obtained when additives were used, such as surfactants (SLS) and air. As a result, it can be inferred that the MW-assisted approach in the presence of process-intensifying additives/catalysts is the best approach for the degradation of PVA with a minimum energy consumption.
{"title":"Effect of additives on degradation of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) using ultrasound and microwave irradiation","authors":"M. Bagal, R. Saini, Abdul Rahim I. Shaikh, Saurabh Patil, Ashish V Mohod, D. Pinjari","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4232","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The degradation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been investigated using ultrasonic (US) as well as microwave (MW) irradiation techniques with the approach of process intensification based on different additives, such as Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS), Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and air. The effects of sonication time, initial polymer concentration, and temperature on the extent of reduction in viscosity have been thoroughly investigated using US as well as MW irradiation approaches. Basically, the degradation process has been optimized by utilizing two different ultrasonic reactors in a combined approach of ultrasonic horn and bath. The maximum extent of degradation of PVA was found to be 69.33% using MW irradiation with a required energy of 0.321 g/JL, and 62.47% using US horn with a required energy of 0.054 g/JL when operated at 0.1 g/L of TiO2 catalyst. The combination of US horn and US bath results in same degradation as 0.1 g/L of TiO2 catalyst with US horn. It has also been observed that the maximum degradation of PVA was obtained with a minimum treatment time of 3 min using MW irradiation, whereas the US horn required 40 min. Moreover, a lower extent of PVA degradation was obtained when additives were used, such as surfactants (SLS) and air. As a result, it can be inferred that the MW-assisted approach in the presence of process-intensifying additives/catalysts is the best approach for the degradation of PVA with a minimum energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45342959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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