Abstract Polylactic Acid (PLA) experiences widely spread applications in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) owing to its relatively high stiffness, strength, and environmentally friendly biodegradability. Reinforcing inclusions like short carbon fibers are introduced to virgin PLA feedstock aiming to improve the mechanical performance of FFF-made products. Nevertheless, the rigid fibers significantly reduce the ductility of the overall fabricated parts. This study prepares sandwich specimens with PLA as core and its 10 wt% chopped carbon fiber reinforced composites (i.e., CF/PLA) as shell via a low-cost FFF-based multi-material additive layered manufacturing method. The sandwich specimen has three layers, which are changed according to different material volumes, which is able to design the local strength and toughness performances of a printed part. Tensile properties of these sandwich samples printed in the different volumetric rates of virgin PLA constituents are measured. It is found that the strength of sandwich specimens with 20% vol of PLA reduces noticeably as compared to the full CF/PLA specimens. The 80% vol specimens exhibit a competitive strength as compared to the 40% and 60% vol specimens, while its toughness increases notably as compared to the other cases. Finite element simulations of the layered manufacturing process show that the thermal residual stresses of 20% vol sandwich accumulates most significantly. We also explore the effects of thermal annealing on the prepared sandwiches. Experimental results indicated that the post-annealing process improved the strength and stiffness of the sandwich specimens, while enhancing the stability of the mechanical properties of the FFF printed sandwich.
{"title":"Tensile properties of sandwich-designed carbon fiber filled PLA prepared via multi-material additive layered manufacturing and post-annealing treatment","authors":"Zhaogui Wang, Xiuzeng Yin, Lihan Wang","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4283","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polylactic Acid (PLA) experiences widely spread applications in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) owing to its relatively high stiffness, strength, and environmentally friendly biodegradability. Reinforcing inclusions like short carbon fibers are introduced to virgin PLA feedstock aiming to improve the mechanical performance of FFF-made products. Nevertheless, the rigid fibers significantly reduce the ductility of the overall fabricated parts. This study prepares sandwich specimens with PLA as core and its 10 wt% chopped carbon fiber reinforced composites (i.e., CF/PLA) as shell via a low-cost FFF-based multi-material additive layered manufacturing method. The sandwich specimen has three layers, which are changed according to different material volumes, which is able to design the local strength and toughness performances of a printed part. Tensile properties of these sandwich samples printed in the different volumetric rates of virgin PLA constituents are measured. It is found that the strength of sandwich specimens with 20% vol of PLA reduces noticeably as compared to the full CF/PLA specimens. The 80% vol specimens exhibit a competitive strength as compared to the 40% and 60% vol specimens, while its toughness increases notably as compared to the other cases. Finite element simulations of the layered manufacturing process show that the thermal residual stresses of 20% vol sandwich accumulates most significantly. We also explore the effects of thermal annealing on the prepared sandwiches. Experimental results indicated that the post-annealing process improved the strength and stiffness of the sandwich specimens, while enhancing the stability of the mechanical properties of the FFF printed sandwich.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45131129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The surface of an injection mold is prone to erosion and wear under the impact of the filler during plastics injection molding, which leads to premature failure of the mold. The mechanism of erosion and wear of a filler on the mold has not been clarified yet. A numerical technique was employed to simulate the erosion and wear process, and the influence of environmental parameters and particle characteristics, such as erosion velocity, erosion angle, temperature, and particle shape were studied. The results showed that the erosion velocity and erosion angle are important factors that affect erosion and wear. Finally, the relationship between change of particle energy and erosion and wear of the material is studied from the perspective of energy.
{"title":"Investigation of erosion wear performance and mechanism of mold materials","authors":"B. Jiang, M. Zhai","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The surface of an injection mold is prone to erosion and wear under the impact of the filler during plastics injection molding, which leads to premature failure of the mold. The mechanism of erosion and wear of a filler on the mold has not been clarified yet. A numerical technique was employed to simulate the erosion and wear process, and the influence of environmental parameters and particle characteristics, such as erosion velocity, erosion angle, temperature, and particle shape were studied. The results showed that the erosion velocity and erosion angle are important factors that affect erosion and wear. Finally, the relationship between change of particle energy and erosion and wear of the material is studied from the perspective of energy.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47293845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Veeramani, Raja Samikannu, A. Deshpande, Sheril Varghese, V. Moses
Abstract Three different microcapsules, namely dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)-urea formaldehyde (UF) based single-walled microcapsules, DCPD-UF-Siloxane (DCPD-UF-Si) based double-walled microcapsules and DCPD-Carbon nanotubes-UF based dual-core microcapsules were synthesized, and their corresponding self-healing composites were prepared. This paper mainly focuses on the synthesis procedure of various microcapsules and a comparative study on the effect of microcapsules over the final composite properties. The core content of the microcapsules was measured and compared with theoretical calculations. DSC & TGA analyses have shown that the novel microcapsules (DCPD-UF-Si, DCPD-CNT-UF) and their composites have better thermal stability compared to DCPD-UF microcapsules. Epoxy-carbon fiber (2 wt.%) composite specimens with three different microcapsules were tested for surface morphology, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. SEM analysis has shown that the microcapsules have a rough outer surface and smooth inner surface. The average diameter and shell thickness of the microcapsules were measured for all types of microcapsules. Addition of double-walled and dual-core microcapsules has reduced the glass transition temperature of the composites by 10 °C. Also, SHC with DCPD-UF-Si and DCPD-CNT-UF microcapsules have shown better thermal stability (300 °C) compared to DCPD-UF microcapsules (220 °C). The incorporation of CNT based microcapsules inside the composite has also improved the electrical conductivity by 2.2 times, without compromising on self-healing efficiency (78 %). Therefore, these novel microcapsules can be potential candidates for making multifunctional polymer composites for aerospace, windmills and automotive applications.
{"title":"Effects of polymeric microcapsules on self-healing composites reinforced with carbon fibers: a comparative study","authors":"N. Veeramani, Raja Samikannu, A. Deshpande, Sheril Varghese, V. Moses","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4320","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Three different microcapsules, namely dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)-urea formaldehyde (UF) based single-walled microcapsules, DCPD-UF-Siloxane (DCPD-UF-Si) based double-walled microcapsules and DCPD-Carbon nanotubes-UF based dual-core microcapsules were synthesized, and their corresponding self-healing composites were prepared. This paper mainly focuses on the synthesis procedure of various microcapsules and a comparative study on the effect of microcapsules over the final composite properties. The core content of the microcapsules was measured and compared with theoretical calculations. DSC & TGA analyses have shown that the novel microcapsules (DCPD-UF-Si, DCPD-CNT-UF) and their composites have better thermal stability compared to DCPD-UF microcapsules. Epoxy-carbon fiber (2 wt.%) composite specimens with three different microcapsules were tested for surface morphology, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. SEM analysis has shown that the microcapsules have a rough outer surface and smooth inner surface. The average diameter and shell thickness of the microcapsules were measured for all types of microcapsules. Addition of double-walled and dual-core microcapsules has reduced the glass transition temperature of the composites by 10 °C. Also, SHC with DCPD-UF-Si and DCPD-CNT-UF microcapsules have shown better thermal stability (300 °C) compared to DCPD-UF microcapsules (220 °C). The incorporation of CNT based microcapsules inside the composite has also improved the electrical conductivity by 2.2 times, without compromising on self-healing efficiency (78 %). Therefore, these novel microcapsules can be potential candidates for making multifunctional polymer composites for aerospace, windmills and automotive applications.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43102636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boris Marx, Lars Bostan, A. Herrmann, E. Schmidt, M. M. Murshed
Abstract Poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), both available on the market, are blended on a technical scale. Using a special process control, the two materials are blended in a twin-screw extruder at a mass throughput rate of 2 kg/h, resulting in a stereocomplex Poly(-lactide) (PLA) blend. Thermal analysis indicates only one melting point at 235 °C. Both the Raman spectra and X-ray powder diffraction patterns show characteristic features for the stereocomplex PLA. With the available amount of this blend PLA fibers with technical strengths can be developed by melt spinning. As such, the application of the biopolymer PLA can be expanded, leading to substitute the conventional plastics for conserving both the resources and the environment.
{"title":"Stereocomplex formation of a poly(D-lactide)/poly(L-lactide) blend on a technical scale","authors":"Boris Marx, Lars Bostan, A. Herrmann, E. Schmidt, M. M. Murshed","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4296","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), both available on the market, are blended on a technical scale. Using a special process control, the two materials are blended in a twin-screw extruder at a mass throughput rate of 2 kg/h, resulting in a stereocomplex Poly(-lactide) (PLA) blend. Thermal analysis indicates only one melting point at 235 °C. Both the Raman spectra and X-ray powder diffraction patterns show characteristic features for the stereocomplex PLA. With the available amount of this blend PLA fibers with technical strengths can be developed by melt spinning. As such, the application of the biopolymer PLA can be expanded, leading to substitute the conventional plastics for conserving both the resources and the environment.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48630745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Ramezan-Nejad, S. Mohamadi, N. Sharifi-Sanjani
Abstract To improve the processability of LLDPE, a binary processing aid composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydrocalumite was designed. Hydrocalumite containing HPO32− was successfully synthesized with co-precipitation of calcium and aluminum hydroxide in the presence of phosphorous acid. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Ion chromatography were utilized for the characterization of the synthesized hydrocalumite. SEM images showed the layered structure. Ion Chromatography demonstrated the molar ratio of Ca2+/Al3+ was 2:1.3 as an interlayer ion. The influence of PEG/hydrocalumite with the different ratios as a processing aid on the rheological properties of LLDPE was investigated by capillary rheometry. The results obtained showed that PEG/hydrocalumite processing aid with a ratio of 1:3 exhibited the best effect on the reduction of critical stress due to the best coverage of the extruder surface. The measurement of processing parameters in the blown film extruder revealed that hydrocalumite interacted with metallic oxides, created a slippery film layer on the die wall. This leads to a decrease in the die pressure and power consumption by 11% and 21%, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed a delay in Sharkskin instability at a higher shear rate.
{"title":"Improving the rheology of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and processability of blown film extrusion using a new binary processing aid","authors":"Sarah Ramezan-Nejad, S. Mohamadi, N. Sharifi-Sanjani","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4309","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To improve the processability of LLDPE, a binary processing aid composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydrocalumite was designed. Hydrocalumite containing HPO32− was successfully synthesized with co-precipitation of calcium and aluminum hydroxide in the presence of phosphorous acid. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Ion chromatography were utilized for the characterization of the synthesized hydrocalumite. SEM images showed the layered structure. Ion Chromatography demonstrated the molar ratio of Ca2+/Al3+ was 2:1.3 as an interlayer ion. The influence of PEG/hydrocalumite with the different ratios as a processing aid on the rheological properties of LLDPE was investigated by capillary rheometry. The results obtained showed that PEG/hydrocalumite processing aid with a ratio of 1:3 exhibited the best effect on the reduction of critical stress due to the best coverage of the extruder surface. The measurement of processing parameters in the blown film extruder revealed that hydrocalumite interacted with metallic oxides, created a slippery film layer on the die wall. This leads to a decrease in the die pressure and power consumption by 11% and 21%, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed a delay in Sharkskin instability at a higher shear rate.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44478293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this study, a noncoplanar diimide diacid monomer (DIDA) was synthesized by direct condensation of trimellitic anhydride (TMA) with m-tolidine. The noncoplanar unit was incorporated into poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) main chain by Yamazaki-Higashi phosphorylation of DIDA with various aromatic diamines. Encouragingly, all of the PAIs show good solubility in some common solvents such as N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and m-cresol. In addition, the soluble PAIs show good optical transmittances of beyond 85 % at 500 nm due to the decreased crystallization ability. On the other hand, PAIs possess good mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 72–90 MPa and tensile moduli beyond 2 GPa. Meanwhile, the designed PAIs also exhibit excellent thermal properties: their glass transition temperatures (Tg) range from 278 to 314 °C, initial decomposition temperatures (5 % weight loss temperatures, T5wt%) are beyond 470 °C, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are below 10 ppm/°C. The excellent mechanical and thermal properties are due to the strengthened hydrogen bonding interaction among the amide groups. Therefore, it is believed that incorporating noncoplanar unit and amide group into the polymer main chain at the same time can simultaneously improve processability, optical transparency, mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the char of PAI at 800 °C is as high as 72.5 %, which is one of the highest known values. When PAI was incorporated into epoxy resin, the blend passed UL94 V-0 rating due to the high charring capability of PAI.
{"title":"Molecular design of soluble poly(amide-imide) with high char yield for flame retardant epoxy resin","authors":"Yanbin Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Changlong Zhuang, Shengang Xu","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4381","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, a noncoplanar diimide diacid monomer (DIDA) was synthesized by direct condensation of trimellitic anhydride (TMA) with m-tolidine. The noncoplanar unit was incorporated into poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) main chain by Yamazaki-Higashi phosphorylation of DIDA with various aromatic diamines. Encouragingly, all of the PAIs show good solubility in some common solvents such as N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and m-cresol. In addition, the soluble PAIs show good optical transmittances of beyond 85 % at 500 nm due to the decreased crystallization ability. On the other hand, PAIs possess good mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 72–90 MPa and tensile moduli beyond 2 GPa. Meanwhile, the designed PAIs also exhibit excellent thermal properties: their glass transition temperatures (Tg) range from 278 to 314 °C, initial decomposition temperatures (5 % weight loss temperatures, T5wt%) are beyond 470 °C, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are below 10 ppm/°C. The excellent mechanical and thermal properties are due to the strengthened hydrogen bonding interaction among the amide groups. Therefore, it is believed that incorporating noncoplanar unit and amide group into the polymer main chain at the same time can simultaneously improve processability, optical transparency, mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the char of PAI at 800 °C is as high as 72.5 %, which is one of the highest known values. When PAI was incorporated into epoxy resin, the blend passed UL94 V-0 rating due to the high charring capability of PAI.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48565957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The use of naturally derived eco-friendly biocomposites became more popular due to growing environmental concerns and hunt for sustainable materials. Biocomposites can reduce the residual waste and carbon emission to the environment during their lifecycle. The present study aims to develop biocomposites by reinforcing flax fiber (F) and kenaf fiber (K) laminates with bio-epoxy matrix at four different arrangements (FFF, FKF, KFK, and KKK). The biocomposite samples were fabricated with three laminated thicknesses (3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm) and the thermo-mechanical performance was investigated. The results showed that FFF biocomposites recorded higher tensile, flexural, and interfacial properties with lower density and absorption of water compared to KKK biocomposites due to higher cylindrical lumen diameter of flax laminates. The hybridization of flax with kenaf fiber at different stacking sequences provided greater strength, modulus, toughness, stiffness, thermal stability and degradation behaviour due to greater interfacial interaction between laminated fiber and bio-epoxy. The FKF biocomposites showed maximum impact strength (52.96 kJ/m2), tensile strength (110.21 MPa), and compressive strength (139.64 MPa) at 5 mm laminated thickness while, flexural (158.67 MPa) and shear strength (39.45 MPa) were maximum at 4 mm thickness with the highest degradation temperature (336 °C). The optimal biocomposite configuration has been identified through employability of a novel decision-making framework encompassing interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, TOmada de DecisaoInterativaMulticriterio (TODIM) and Schweizer–Sklar operations. The inclusive evaluation with regard to the applied framework has revealed that FKF and KFK biocomposites with 4 mm thickness (Lam5 and Lam8) configuration to have the optimal configuration. On the other hand, Lam 10, i.e., KKK_3 mm turned out to be inferior to all the considered biocomposite configurations.
由于日益增长的环境问题和对可持续材料的追求，天然衍生的生态友好型生物复合材料的使用越来越受欢迎。生物复合材料可以减少其生命周期中对环境的残余废物和碳排放。本研究旨在以四种不同的排列方式(FFF、FKF、KFK和KKK)增强亚麻纤维(F)和红麻纤维(K)层合材料，以制备生物环氧基复合材料。制备了三种层合厚度(3 mm、4 mm和5 mm)的生物复合材料样品，并对其热力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，与KKK生物复合材料相比，FFF生物复合材料具有更高的拉伸、弯曲和界面性能，但密度和吸水性较低，这是由于亚麻层合板的圆柱腔直径较大。亚麻与红麻纤维以不同的堆叠顺序杂交，由于层合纤维与生物环氧树脂之间的界面相互作用更大，从而具有更高的强度、模量、韧性、刚度、热稳定性和降解性能。FKF生物复合材料在层合厚度为5 mm时，冲击强度(52.96 kJ/m2)、抗拉强度(110.21 MPa)和抗压强度(139.64 MPa)最大;在层合厚度为4 mm时，弯曲强度(158.67 MPa)和抗剪强度(39.45 MPa)最大，降解温度为336 ℃。通过一种新的决策框架的可用度，包括区间值直觉模糊集、TOmada de decisiisaointerativamictiiterio (TODIM)和Schweizer-Sklar操作，确定了最佳生物复合配置。对应用框架的包容性评价表明，厚度为4 mm (Lam5和Lam8)的FKF和KFK生物复合材料具有最佳构型。另一方面，Lam 10，即KKK_3 mm被证明不如所有考虑的生物复合结构。
{"title":"Effect of stacking sequence and thickness variation on the thermo-mechanical properties of flax-kenaf laminated biocomposites and prediction of the optimal configuration using a decision-making framework","authors":"S Kumar, S. Bhowmik, D. Zindani","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4341","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of naturally derived eco-friendly biocomposites became more popular due to growing environmental concerns and hunt for sustainable materials. Biocomposites can reduce the residual waste and carbon emission to the environment during their lifecycle. The present study aims to develop biocomposites by reinforcing flax fiber (F) and kenaf fiber (K) laminates with bio-epoxy matrix at four different arrangements (FFF, FKF, KFK, and KKK). The biocomposite samples were fabricated with three laminated thicknesses (3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm) and the thermo-mechanical performance was investigated. The results showed that FFF biocomposites recorded higher tensile, flexural, and interfacial properties with lower density and absorption of water compared to KKK biocomposites due to higher cylindrical lumen diameter of flax laminates. The hybridization of flax with kenaf fiber at different stacking sequences provided greater strength, modulus, toughness, stiffness, thermal stability and degradation behaviour due to greater interfacial interaction between laminated fiber and bio-epoxy. The FKF biocomposites showed maximum impact strength (52.96 kJ/m2), tensile strength (110.21 MPa), and compressive strength (139.64 MPa) at 5 mm laminated thickness while, flexural (158.67 MPa) and shear strength (39.45 MPa) were maximum at 4 mm thickness with the highest degradation temperature (336 °C). The optimal biocomposite configuration has been identified through employability of a novel decision-making framework encompassing interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, TOmada de DecisaoInterativaMulticriterio (TODIM) and Schweizer–Sklar operations. The inclusive evaluation with regard to the applied framework has revealed that FKF and KFK biocomposites with 4 mm thickness (Lam5 and Lam8) configuration to have the optimal configuration. On the other hand, Lam 10, i.e., KKK_3 mm turned out to be inferior to all the considered biocomposite configurations.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48817690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Mani, Kumaresan Krishnaswamy, A. Felix Sahayaraj, Tamilselvan Manickam
Abstract This study focus on fabricating a Cissus Quadrangularis Fiber (CQF) reinforced epoxy hybrid composite with the addition of titanium diboride (TiB2) as filler. A compression molding technique was employed to fabricate the composite samples. The volume of the CQF was maintained at 30 wt%, and TiB2 was added with various weight proportions ranging from 0 % to 10 %. The mechanical, thermal, viscoelastic, and dielectric properties of the hybrid composite samples were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the impact of filler addition on the matrix-fiber bonding of the tensile fractured test specimens. The results revealed that the composite with 8 wt% filler produced high mechanical properties and comparable dielectric properties. Based on these findings, the fabricated composites are recommended for suitable applications in the automotive, electrical, and construction industries.
{"title":"Mechanical and dielectric properties of Cissus Quadrangularis fiber-reinforced epoxy/TiB2 hybrid composites","authors":"V. Mani, Kumaresan Krishnaswamy, A. Felix Sahayaraj, Tamilselvan Manickam","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2022-4321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2022-4321","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study focus on fabricating a Cissus Quadrangularis Fiber (CQF) reinforced epoxy hybrid composite with the addition of titanium diboride (TiB2) as filler. A compression molding technique was employed to fabricate the composite samples. The volume of the CQF was maintained at 30 wt%, and TiB2 was added with various weight proportions ranging from 0 % to 10 %. The mechanical, thermal, viscoelastic, and dielectric properties of the hybrid composite samples were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the impact of filler addition on the matrix-fiber bonding of the tensile fractured test specimens. The results revealed that the composite with 8 wt% filler produced high mechanical properties and comparable dielectric properties. Based on these findings, the fabricated composites are recommended for suitable applications in the automotive, electrical, and construction industries.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47488466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Xiao, Qingshan Yang, Kefu Shao, Yongjiang Li, Songhan Wan, Xianru He
Abstract The vulcanization reaction of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVM) rubber is fast, resulting in poor processing safety. EVM is often filled with flame-retardant fillers as insulating or sheathing material for wires and cables. Herein, the effects of flame-retardant magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and of the traditional reinforcing fillers carbon black (CB) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) on the vulcanization kinetics of EVM were investigated. The vulcanization characteristics showed that the scorch time (T 10) of the unfilled EVM (KB), SiO2/EVM, Mg(OH)2/EVM, and Al(OH)3/EVM composites was about 1.75 min. T 10 of the CB/EVM composite was 2.22 min. Compared with KB, the activation energy (E a ) increased by about 15 kJ/mol for CB/EVM composites and by about 5 kJ/mol for SiO2/EVM, Mg(OH)2/EVM and Al(OH)3/EVM composites. The results indicate that CB delays the vulcanization time of EVM rubber, slows down the rate of vulcanization reaction and improves the safety of vulcanization. The addition of SiO2, Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 has little effect on the vulcanization reaction. The mechanical properties show that CB/EVM is more uniformly vulcanized and has the best mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 17.61 MPa and elongation at break of 404.58 %. Mg(OH)2/EVM and Al(OH)3/EVM samples have prominent vulcanization non-uniformity resulting in poor mechanical properties.
{"title":"Vulcanization kinetics and mechanical properties of filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber composites","authors":"C. Xiao, Qingshan Yang, Kefu Shao, Yongjiang Li, Songhan Wan, Xianru He","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4365","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The vulcanization reaction of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVM) rubber is fast, resulting in poor processing safety. EVM is often filled with flame-retardant fillers as insulating or sheathing material for wires and cables. Herein, the effects of flame-retardant magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and of the traditional reinforcing fillers carbon black (CB) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) on the vulcanization kinetics of EVM were investigated. The vulcanization characteristics showed that the scorch time (T 10) of the unfilled EVM (KB), SiO2/EVM, Mg(OH)2/EVM, and Al(OH)3/EVM composites was about 1.75 min. T 10 of the CB/EVM composite was 2.22 min. Compared with KB, the activation energy (E a ) increased by about 15 kJ/mol for CB/EVM composites and by about 5 kJ/mol for SiO2/EVM, Mg(OH)2/EVM and Al(OH)3/EVM composites. The results indicate that CB delays the vulcanization time of EVM rubber, slows down the rate of vulcanization reaction and improves the safety of vulcanization. The addition of SiO2, Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 has little effect on the vulcanization reaction. The mechanical properties show that CB/EVM is more uniformly vulcanized and has the best mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 17.61 MPa and elongation at break of 404.58 %. Mg(OH)2/EVM and Al(OH)3/EVM samples have prominent vulcanization non-uniformity resulting in poor mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44632175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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