Abstract Biomass soybean oil-based polyol rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) was modified and prepared by expandable graphite (EG). The effects of EG on the thermal stability and flame retardant properties of soybean oil-based polyol RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis kinetic analysis, conical calorimetry and flue gas toxicity analysis. The results showed that modified RPUF (RPUF-4) with EG content of 20 wt% had the highest initial and end temperatures, the highest activation energy E, the lowest Ds (17.6), and the highest light transmittance (73.6 %). At the same time, RPUF-4 had the lowest heat release rate (10.1 and 16.5 kW/m2), the lowest total heat release (1.5 and 2.1 MJ/m2), and the lowest average toxic gas emissions. The current study indicated that RPUF-4 had better thermal stability and flame retardant performance, which provided a useful reference for subsequent biomass flame retardant modified RPUFs.
{"title":"Fabrication of expandable graphite and soybean oil-based synergistic modified polyurethane foam with improved thermal stability and flame retardant properties","authors":"Xu Zhang, Zhaoqian Wang, Simiao Sun, Yiming Wang, Zhi Wang, Hua Xie","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4446","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biomass soybean oil-based polyol rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) was modified and prepared by expandable graphite (EG). The effects of EG on the thermal stability and flame retardant properties of soybean oil-based polyol RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis kinetic analysis, conical calorimetry and flue gas toxicity analysis. The results showed that modified RPUF (RPUF-4) with EG content of 20 wt% had the highest initial and end temperatures, the highest activation energy E, the lowest Ds (17.6), and the highest light transmittance (73.6 %). At the same time, RPUF-4 had the lowest heat release rate (10.1 and 16.5 kW/m2), the lowest total heat release (1.5 and 2.1 MJ/m2), and the lowest average toxic gas emissions. The current study indicated that RPUF-4 had better thermal stability and flame retardant performance, which provided a useful reference for subsequent biomass flame retardant modified RPUFs.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139219753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Bamboo and its hybrid composites were made using the hand lay-up method to evaluate the change in mechanical and physical properties that occurred through filler addition. Density measurements and tensile test results showed an increment in values when a certain percentage of silicon carbide (SiC) was added. As the SiC percentage grows from 0 to 6 %, the density of the hybrid composite increases from 1.15 to 1.36 gm/cc whereas tensile strength increases from 37 MPa to 42 MPa when 4 wt% SiC is added in 20 wt% of the bamboo composite. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of tensile fractured samples further supported the improvement in tensile characteristics. To examine the impact and hardness characteristics, composites were subjected to the Charpy impact test and hardness test. 4 wt% of SiC addition in 20 wt% of the bamboo composite decreased the impact strength from 28.79 to 27.43 (×10−3 kJ/m2) and increased the hardness from 44 to 55 Hv. The composites’ water absorption behavior demonstrated that the addition of filler lifts the composite’s resistance to absorbing water, preserving the composites’ dimensional firmness and mechanical qualities.
{"title":"Analysis of mechanical and water absorption properties of hybrid composites reinforced with micron-size bamboo fibers and ceramic particles","authors":"Danish Tahir, M. R. Abdul Karim, Hong Hu","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4374","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bamboo and its hybrid composites were made using the hand lay-up method to evaluate the change in mechanical and physical properties that occurred through filler addition. Density measurements and tensile test results showed an increment in values when a certain percentage of silicon carbide (SiC) was added. As the SiC percentage grows from 0 to 6 %, the density of the hybrid composite increases from 1.15 to 1.36 gm/cc whereas tensile strength increases from 37 MPa to 42 MPa when 4 wt% SiC is added in 20 wt% of the bamboo composite. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of tensile fractured samples further supported the improvement in tensile characteristics. To examine the impact and hardness characteristics, composites were subjected to the Charpy impact test and hardness test. 4 wt% of SiC addition in 20 wt% of the bamboo composite decreased the impact strength from 28.79 to 27.43 (×10−3 kJ/m2) and increased the hardness from 44 to 55 Hv. The composites’ water absorption behavior demonstrated that the addition of filler lifts the composite’s resistance to absorbing water, preserving the composites’ dimensional firmness and mechanical qualities.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139254832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Polylactic acid has the potential to be an alternative to petroleum-based materials in the food packaging industry. In this study, the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol 400, and Tween 80 as plasticizers on the properties of polylactic acid films was investigated. In order to study the mechanical properties more accurately, the tests were repeated for four months. An experimental design method was used to investigate the effects of additives on the measurement factors and finally to choose the optimal combination with the help of the TOPSIS technique. The results showed that the addition of different materials increased the opacity, most of which being related to P400/ZnO (6.82 ± 0.07 mm −1 ). The presence of plasticizers increases the hydrophilicity of the film and the water vapor permeability. The highest contact angle (85.33° ± 4.00) and the lowest water vapor permeability (0.074 ± 0.002 g mm/kPa h m 2 ) were related to neat PLA film. The lowest modulus of elasticity, the highest tensile strength and elongation at break were related to P400/T80/ZnO (1.18 ± 0.17 GPa, first month), PLA/ZnO (96.28 ± 3.17 MPa, fourth month), and P400/ZnO (76.82 ± 27.22 %, first month), respectively. The effect of plasticizers was significant in most of the measurement factors, but the effect of nanoparticles was significant in some cases such as opacity and contact angle. The results of an ANOVA analysis showed that the effect of film type on the mechanical properties was significant, and the effect of storage time was only significant on the elongation at break. According to the results obtained from the TOPSIS technique, P400/ZnO was chosen as the combination with the best features among the produced films.
摘要聚乳酸在食品包装工业中具有替代石油基材料的潜力。本文研究了氧化锌纳米颗粒、聚乙二醇400和吐温80作为增塑剂对聚乳酸薄膜性能的影响。为了更准确地研究其力学性能，试验重复进行了四个月。采用实验设计方法考察了添加剂对测定因子的影响，并结合TOPSIS技术确定了最佳组合。结果表明，不同材料的加入增加了不透明度，其中P400/ZnO(6.82±0.07 mm−1)对不透明度的影响最大。增塑剂的存在增加了薄膜的亲水性和水蒸气渗透性。接触角最高(85.33°±4.00)，水蒸气渗透率最低(0.074±0.002 g mm/kPa h m 2)。P400/T80/ZnO的最低弹性模量、最高抗拉强度和断裂伸长率分别为1.18±0.17 GPa(第1个月)、96.28±3.17 MPa(第4个月)和76.82±27.22%(第1个月)。增塑剂对大多数测量因子的影响显著，而纳米颗粒对不透明度和接触角等测量因子的影响显著。方差分析结果表明，薄膜类型对力学性能有显著影响，而储存时间仅对断裂伸长率有显著影响。根据TOPSIS技术得到的结果，选择P400/ZnO作为制备膜中性能最好的组合。
{"title":"Effects of ZnO nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol 400, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester Tween 80 on PLA films properties","authors":"Neda Tajari, Hassan Sadrnia, Fereshte Hosseini","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4338","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polylactic acid has the potential to be an alternative to petroleum-based materials in the food packaging industry. In this study, the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol 400, and Tween 80 as plasticizers on the properties of polylactic acid films was investigated. In order to study the mechanical properties more accurately, the tests were repeated for four months. An experimental design method was used to investigate the effects of additives on the measurement factors and finally to choose the optimal combination with the help of the TOPSIS technique. The results showed that the addition of different materials increased the opacity, most of which being related to P400/ZnO (6.82 ± 0.07 mm −1 ). The presence of plasticizers increases the hydrophilicity of the film and the water vapor permeability. The highest contact angle (85.33° ± 4.00) and the lowest water vapor permeability (0.074 ± 0.002 g mm/kPa h m 2 ) were related to neat PLA film. The lowest modulus of elasticity, the highest tensile strength and elongation at break were related to P400/T80/ZnO (1.18 ± 0.17 GPa, first month), PLA/ZnO (96.28 ± 3.17 MPa, fourth month), and P400/ZnO (76.82 ± 27.22 %, first month), respectively. The effect of plasticizers was significant in most of the measurement factors, but the effect of nanoparticles was significant in some cases such as opacity and contact angle. The results of an ANOVA analysis showed that the effect of film type on the mechanical properties was significant, and the effect of storage time was only significant on the elongation at break. According to the results obtained from the TOPSIS technique, P400/ZnO was chosen as the combination with the best features among the produced films.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135585480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harun Karaoğlan, Ahmet Erkliğ, Nurettin Furkan Doğan, Mehmet Bulut
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nanoparticle inclusion and patch size on the bonding performance of single-strap repaired glass-reinforced composite plates through experimental investigations. Epoxy adhesive was modified with three different nanoparticles: nano-silica (NS), nano-graphene (NG), and nano-clay (NC) at varying weight contents. The patch repair performance of the test samples was evaluated using two patch ratios (Patch diameter ( D )/Hole diameter ( d ) = 2 and 3) to explore the influence of patch size on repair effectiveness. GFRP composite base plates having a 10 mm diameter hole in the middle were patch repaired by using patches with the same material. Tensile tests were conducted to compare the tensile performance of the repaired composite samples, and the results were compared with the samples with and without holes. Based on the findings, it was noted that samples with a larger patch ratio ( D / d = 3) can withstand higher tensile loads compared to those with a patch ratio of 2. Moreover, it was found that the specimen repaired with 3 % by weight NC-filled epoxy adhesive showed the greatest increase in tensile load value. This increase was recorded at both patch rates, with a percentage improvement of 2.8 and 19.54 % compared to pure epoxy adhesive. Also, it was observed that when the patch ratio was 3, the 3 % NS-filled adhesive showed an increase of 3.3 %. On the other hand, all combinations of NG-filled adhesive showed a decrease in maximum tensile load values.
摘要本研究旨在通过实验考察纳米颗粒包合和贴片尺寸对单带修复玻璃增强复合材料板粘结性能的影响。用不同重量含量的纳米二氧化硅(NS)、纳米石墨烯(NG)和纳米粘土(NC)对环氧胶粘剂进行改性。采用两种补片比(补片直径(D)/孔直径(D) = 2和3)评价试件的补片修复性能，探讨补片大小对修复效果的影响。对中间有直径10mm孔的GFRP复合基板，采用同种材料的补片进行补片修复。通过拉伸试验对修复后的复合材料试样进行拉伸性能比较，并将结果与带孔和不带孔的复合材料试样进行对比。根据研究结果，与贴片比为2的样品相比，贴片比较大(D / D = 3)的样品可以承受更高的拉伸载荷。此外，研究发现，用3%重量的nc填充环氧胶粘剂修复后，试件的拉伸载荷值增加最大。在两种贴片率下都记录了这种增加，与纯环氧胶粘剂相比，百分比提高了2.8%和19.54%。当贴片比为3时，3% ns填充的胶粘剂增加了3.3%。另一方面，所有ng填充胶粘剂组合的最大拉伸载荷值都有所下降。
{"title":"A comparative study on adhesive properties of nanoparticle reinforced epoxy bonded single-strap repaired composites","authors":"Harun Karaoğlan, Ahmet Erkliğ, Nurettin Furkan Doğan, Mehmet Bulut","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4396","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nanoparticle inclusion and patch size on the bonding performance of single-strap repaired glass-reinforced composite plates through experimental investigations. Epoxy adhesive was modified with three different nanoparticles: nano-silica (NS), nano-graphene (NG), and nano-clay (NC) at varying weight contents. The patch repair performance of the test samples was evaluated using two patch ratios (Patch diameter ( D )/Hole diameter ( d ) = 2 and 3) to explore the influence of patch size on repair effectiveness. GFRP composite base plates having a 10 mm diameter hole in the middle were patch repaired by using patches with the same material. Tensile tests were conducted to compare the tensile performance of the repaired composite samples, and the results were compared with the samples with and without holes. Based on the findings, it was noted that samples with a larger patch ratio ( D / d = 3) can withstand higher tensile loads compared to those with a patch ratio of 2. Moreover, it was found that the specimen repaired with 3 % by weight NC-filled epoxy adhesive showed the greatest increase in tensile load value. This increase was recorded at both patch rates, with a percentage improvement of 2.8 and 19.54 % compared to pure epoxy adhesive. Also, it was observed that when the patch ratio was 3, the 3 % NS-filled adhesive showed an increase of 3.3 %. On the other hand, all combinations of NG-filled adhesive showed a decrease in maximum tensile load values.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Corotating twin-screw extrusion is widely used for many applications in mixing and compounding. While the flow conditions in the different screw elements are now well known and accurately modeled, the melting mechanisms, i.e. the transition between solid and molten polymer, are much less understood and are still the subject of debates. In this review paper, experimental observations from the literature are first presented and commented, followed by the proposed theoretical approaches. It will be concluded that a satisfactory model considering the different mechanisms involved in the melting step has yet to be elaborated, unlike what exists for the single screw extrusion.
{"title":"Melting mechanisms in corotating twin-screw extrusion: a critical review","authors":"Bruno Vergnes","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4414","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Corotating twin-screw extrusion is widely used for many applications in mixing and compounding. While the flow conditions in the different screw elements are now well known and accurately modeled, the melting mechanisms, i.e. the transition between solid and molten polymer, are much less understood and are still the subject of debates. In this review paper, experimental observations from the literature are first presented and commented, followed by the proposed theoretical approaches. It will be concluded that a satisfactory model considering the different mechanisms involved in the melting step has yet to be elaborated, unlike what exists for the single screw extrusion.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136262459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The production of thermoplastic pellets using underwater die-face pelletizers is a widespread process in the thermoplastics compounding industry. One major challenge in this process is pellet agglomeration, which occurs when the polymer is pliable or easily deformed under heat. To tackle this issue, the non-Newtonian flow of a polymer, along with the turbulent flow of heating oil and heat transfer through the die, are modeled using three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations in ANSYS Fluent. The computational model is validated by comparing its predictions of temperature and pressure using two models with and without a slip method, to experimental measurements from an industrial-scale pelletizer, resulting in a maximum error of <3 % for temperature and <16 % for pressure. The efficiency of the underwater die pelletizer is typically evaluated based on the rate at which it produces pellets. Minor variations in operational parameters, such as the inlet mass flow rate and temperature of the polymer, the temperature of the heating oil, and the water temperature, can greatly affect the quality of the final product. Firstly, contours of pressure, velocity and temperature are presented to understand their impact on pellet agglomeration. However, to more specifically link pellet quality, i.e. pellet agglomeration rate, to the input conditions, the study develops a non-dimensional parameter called the pellet agglomeration number (PAN), as a non-linear function of three other non-dimensional numbers: Reynolds number, Euler number, and a non-dimensional temperature. The values of PAN at the exit and inlet are shown to correlate well with the experimentally measured pellet agglomerations, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of PAN in not only differentiating between good and bad pellet quality but also determining apriori the appropriate operating conditions leading to fewer pellet agglomerations in commercial pelletizers.
{"title":"Analyzing pellet agglomeration in underwater polymer extrusion pelletizers: a numerical simulation study","authors":"Bebhash S. Raj, Abhilash J. Chandy","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4404","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The production of thermoplastic pellets using underwater die-face pelletizers is a widespread process in the thermoplastics compounding industry. One major challenge in this process is pellet agglomeration, which occurs when the polymer is pliable or easily deformed under heat. To tackle this issue, the non-Newtonian flow of a polymer, along with the turbulent flow of heating oil and heat transfer through the die, are modeled using three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations in ANSYS Fluent. The computational model is validated by comparing its predictions of temperature and pressure using two models with and without a slip method, to experimental measurements from an industrial-scale pelletizer, resulting in a maximum error of <3 % for temperature and <16 % for pressure. The efficiency of the underwater die pelletizer is typically evaluated based on the rate at which it produces pellets. Minor variations in operational parameters, such as the inlet mass flow rate and temperature of the polymer, the temperature of the heating oil, and the water temperature, can greatly affect the quality of the final product. Firstly, contours of pressure, velocity and temperature are presented to understand their impact on pellet agglomeration. However, to more specifically link pellet quality, i.e. pellet agglomeration rate, to the input conditions, the study develops a non-dimensional parameter called the pellet agglomeration number (PAN), as a non-linear function of three other non-dimensional numbers: Reynolds number, Euler number, and a non-dimensional temperature. The values of PAN at the exit and inlet are shown to correlate well with the experimentally measured pellet agglomerations, thereby demonstrating the usefulness of PAN in not only differentiating between good and bad pellet quality but also determining apriori the appropriate operating conditions leading to fewer pellet agglomerations in commercial pelletizers.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135133230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mani Sasi Kumar, Selvaraj Sathish, Mani Makeshkumar, Sivanantham Gokulkumar
Abstract This study aimed to develop novel hybrid composites with graphene (Gr) fillers incorporated in the epoxy (E) matrix with Caesar weed fiber (CF), and roselle fiber (RF) as reinforcements. Compression molding methods were used to fabricate hybrid composite materials with a variable-weight graphene filler in a constant fiber epoxy matrix. On the basis of the results, the mechanical characteristics of the composite with 6 wt% Gr exhibited the greatest flexural strength, tensile strength, and impact strength. This occurred because 6 wt% Gr particles are more uniformly dispersed in an epoxy matrix, resulting in better compatibility between reinforcement and matrix, thus increasing the mechanical properties. The composite with 8 wt% Gr filler reinforcement had the maximum hardness rating and the lowest percentage of water absorption. According to the results, adding graphene fillers to the CF/RF/E composite significantly improved the mechanical and water absorption performances. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surfaces of the fabricated samples. The weight fraction of the graphene filler was optimized to enhance the mechanical properties of the composite for use in various engineering applications, such as automobile, defense, marine, sports, and musical instruments.
{"title":"Experimental studies on water absorption and mechanical properties of <i>Hibiscus</i> <i>s</i> <i>abdariffa</i> (Roselle) and <i>Urena</i> <i>lobata</i> (Caesar weed) plant Fiber–Reinforced hybrid epoxy composites: effect of weight fraction of nano-graphene fillers","authors":"Mani Sasi Kumar, Selvaraj Sathish, Mani Makeshkumar, Sivanantham Gokulkumar","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4398","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to develop novel hybrid composites with graphene (Gr) fillers incorporated in the epoxy (E) matrix with Caesar weed fiber (CF), and roselle fiber (RF) as reinforcements. Compression molding methods were used to fabricate hybrid composite materials with a variable-weight graphene filler in a constant fiber epoxy matrix. On the basis of the results, the mechanical characteristics of the composite with 6 wt% Gr exhibited the greatest flexural strength, tensile strength, and impact strength. This occurred because 6 wt% Gr particles are more uniformly dispersed in an epoxy matrix, resulting in better compatibility between reinforcement and matrix, thus increasing the mechanical properties. The composite with 8 wt% Gr filler reinforcement had the maximum hardness rating and the lowest percentage of water absorption. According to the results, adding graphene fillers to the CF/RF/E composite significantly improved the mechanical and water absorption performances. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surfaces of the fabricated samples. The weight fraction of the graphene filler was optimized to enhance the mechanical properties of the composite for use in various engineering applications, such as automobile, defense, marine, sports, and musical instruments.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136011689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In state-of-the-art predictive engineering software for injection molded fiber composites, it is challenging to discuss the effect of fiber properties, including fiber content and aspect ratio, on the shell-core fiber orientation and anisotropic flow front. Recently, the flow-fiber coupled model of informed isotropic (IISO) viscosity was proposed for simulating the realistic flow-induced fiber orientation. At present, one attempts to improve the IISO viscosity in relation to fiber content and aspect ratio. Therefore, injection molding simulations of 30 wt% and 50 wt% short glass fiber-reinforced Polyamide66 (30 wt% SGF/PA66 and 50 wt% SGF/PA66) are performed in the IISO flow-fiber couple 3D-FVM (three-dimensional finite volume method) computation under the fixed aspect ratio of a r = 20. As a result, the predicted fiber orientation distributions are in good agreement with related experimental data, while the core width is increased with fiber contents. In addition, the anisotropic ear flow occurs at the higher content. Based on shear viscosity of 30 wt% SGF/PA66, one can directly alter fiber content as 50 wt% SGF/PA66 in the IISO computation to anticipate the reliable trend of fiber orientation and flow behavior. When the a r = 20 short fiber is lengthened as the a r = 50 long fiber, the core obviously becomes the wider. It is significant to investigate the difference between the decoupled and coupled computation, as well as the influence of the flow-fiber coupled and fiber orientation model parameters.
摘要在目前最先进的注塑成型纤维复合材料预测工程软件中，讨论纤维性能(包括纤维含量和长径比)对壳芯纤维取向和各向异性流动前沿的影响具有挑战性。最近，为了模拟真实的流动诱导纤维取向，提出了通知各向同性(IISO)粘度的流-纤维耦合模型。目前，人们试图通过纤维含量和长径比来提高IISO的粘度。因此，在固定长径比为r = 20的条件下，采用IISO流-纤维耦合3D-FVM(三维有限体积法)进行30wt %和50wt %短玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺66 (30wt % SGF/PA66和50wt % SGF/PA66)的注射成型模拟。结果表明，纤维取向分布与实验数据吻合较好，芯宽随纤维含量的增加而增大。此外，各向异性耳流发生在较高的含量。基于30 wt% SGF/PA66的剪切粘度，在IISO计算中可以直接将纤维含量改变为50 wt% SGF/PA66，以预测纤维取向和流动行为的可靠趋势。当a r = 20的短光纤与a r = 50的长光纤拉长时，纤芯明显变宽。研究解耦和耦合计算的差异以及流-光纤耦合和光纤取向模型参数的影响具有重要意义。
{"title":"The effect of fiber content and aspect ratio on anisotropic flow front and fiber orientation for injection-molded fiber composites","authors":"Huan-Chang Tseng","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4386","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In state-of-the-art predictive engineering software for injection molded fiber composites, it is challenging to discuss the effect of fiber properties, including fiber content and aspect ratio, on the shell-core fiber orientation and anisotropic flow front. Recently, the flow-fiber coupled model of informed isotropic (IISO) viscosity was proposed for simulating the realistic flow-induced fiber orientation. At present, one attempts to improve the IISO viscosity in relation to fiber content and aspect ratio. Therefore, injection molding simulations of 30 wt% and 50 wt% short glass fiber-reinforced Polyamide66 (30 wt% SGF/PA66 and 50 wt% SGF/PA66) are performed in the IISO flow-fiber couple 3D-FVM (three-dimensional finite volume method) computation under the fixed aspect ratio of a r = 20. As a result, the predicted fiber orientation distributions are in good agreement with related experimental data, while the core width is increased with fiber contents. In addition, the anisotropic ear flow occurs at the higher content. Based on shear viscosity of 30 wt% SGF/PA66, one can directly alter fiber content as 50 wt% SGF/PA66 in the IISO computation to anticipate the reliable trend of fiber orientation and flow behavior. When the a r = 20 short fiber is lengthened as the a r = 50 long fiber, the core obviously becomes the wider. It is significant to investigate the difference between the decoupled and coupled computation, as well as the influence of the flow-fiber coupled and fiber orientation model parameters.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136011380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared using biomass soybean oil-based polyol and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as raw materials. The effects of APP on the thermal stability and combustion performance of soybean oil-based polyol-modified RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis kinetic analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, cone calorimetry (CONE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and smoke density (Ds). The results showed that the modified RPUF with 20 wt% APP (RPUF-S3-20) had the lowest mass loss, the highest integrated programmed decomposition temperature and the highest activation energy. In addition, RPUF-S3-20 had the lowest Ds (30.9), the highest light transmittance (61.4 %), the lowest heat release rate (602.7 kW/m2, 506.8 MJ/m2, and 847.3 kW/m2) and the total heat release (18.3 MJ/m2, 21.4 MJ/m2, and 31.4 MJ/m2), which showed that RPUF-S3-20 had good thermal stability and flame retardant performance. The current results can provide an effective reference for the preparation of environmentally friendly RPUF by bio-based modification.
{"title":"Fabrication of soybean oil-based polyol modified polyurethane foam from ammonium polyphosphate and its thermal stability and flame retardant properties","authors":"Xu Zhang, Zhaoqian Wang, Simiao Sun, Dehe Yuan, Yueqi Wen, Zhanpeng Su, Zhi Wang, Hua Xie","doi":"10.1515/ipp-2023-4399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4399","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared using biomass soybean oil-based polyol and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as raw materials. The effects of APP on the thermal stability and combustion performance of soybean oil-based polyol-modified RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis kinetic analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, cone calorimetry (CONE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and smoke density (Ds). The results showed that the modified RPUF with 20 wt% APP (RPUF-S3-20) had the lowest mass loss, the highest integrated programmed decomposition temperature and the highest activation energy. In addition, RPUF-S3-20 had the lowest Ds (30.9), the highest light transmittance (61.4 %), the lowest heat release rate (602.7 kW/m2, 506.8 MJ/m2, and 847.3 kW/m2) and the total heat release (18.3 MJ/m2, 21.4 MJ/m2, and 31.4 MJ/m2), which showed that RPUF-S3-20 had good thermal stability and flame retardant performance. The current results can provide an effective reference for the preparation of environmentally friendly RPUF by bio-based modification.","PeriodicalId":14410,"journal":{"name":"International Polymer Processing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44554113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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