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Navigating Competition through Alliances: An Analysis of Toyota's Strategy in the Japanese Auto Industry 通过联盟引导竞争:日本丰田汽车战略分析
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.53819/81018102t4188
Ikujiro Y. Takeuchi
This study aimed at examining Toyota's strategy of forming alliances to navigate competition in the Japanese auto industry. Utilizing data from 2000 to 2020, the study found that Toyota engaged in 17 strategic alliances, of which 65% were with other Japanese companies. Quantitative analysis showed that these alliances led to an average revenue increase of 8.7% and a market share growth of 5.1% for Toyota within three years of each alliance's initiation. Regression models confirmed that these alliances had a statistically significant positive impact on Toyota's overall market position (p < 0.05). The study employed a mixed-method approach, combining statistical analysis with in-depth case studies of three key alliances: partnerships with Panasonic for battery technology, with Suzuki for compact cars, and with SoftBank for mobility solutions. Interviews with senior executives revealed that these alliances were not just opportunistic but were deeply ingrained in Toyota's long-term competitive strategy. Thematic analysis of the interviews pointed towards objectives such as technology sharing, market penetration, and risk diversification as the primary motivations behind these alliances. The findings have significant implications for understanding the role of strategic alliances in competitive strategy, particularly in highly competitive and mature markets like the Japanese auto industry. They also add to the existing literature by demonstrating that such alliances can serve as a powerful tool for sustaining and even increasing market share in a challenging environment. The study thereby confirms the effectiveness of Toyota's alliance-based approach in maintaining its leadership position in the Japanese automotive market. Keywords: Strategic Alliances, Competitive Strategy, Toyota, Japanese Auto Industry, Market Share
本研究旨在研究丰田的战略,形成联盟,以导航竞争在日本汽车工业。利用2000年至2020年的数据,该研究发现丰田参与了17个战略联盟,其中65%是与其他日本公司合作的。定量分析表明,在每个联盟成立后的三年内,丰田的平均收入增长了8.7%,市场份额增长了5.1%。回归模型证实,这些联盟对丰田的整体市场地位有统计学上显著的正影响(p < 0.05)。该研究采用了混合方法,将统计分析与三个关键联盟的深入案例研究相结合:与松下(Panasonic)合作开发电池技术,与铃木(Suzuki)合作开发紧凑型汽车,与软银(SoftBank)合作开发移动解决方案。对丰田高管的采访显示,这些联盟不仅是机会主义,而且是丰田长期竞争战略中根深蒂固的一部分。访谈的专题分析指出,这些联盟背后的主要动机是技术共享、市场渗透和风险分散等目标。研究结果对理解战略联盟在竞争战略中的作用具有重要意义,特别是在竞争激烈的成熟市场,如日本汽车行业。他们还通过证明这种联盟可以作为在充满挑战的环境中维持甚至增加市场份额的有力工具,为现有文献增添了新的内容。因此,该研究证实了丰田以联盟为基础的方法在保持其在日本汽车市场的领导地位方面的有效性。关键词:战略联盟,竞争战略,丰田,日本汽车工业,市场占有率
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引用次数: 0
Strategic Innovation Management in U.S. Automobile Manufacturing: Electric Vehicles and Competitive Advantage 美国汽车制造业的战略创新管理:电动汽车与竞争优势
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.53819/81018102t4189
Michael W. Porters
This study examined the role of strategic innovation management in the U.S. automobile manufacturing sector, focusing on the development and deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). Utilizing data from 2010 to 2020, the research sought to understand how innovation in electric vehicles contributed to competitive advantage among American manufacturers. Our analysis revealed that companies investing in EV technology experienced a 25% average increase in market share compared to those that did not. Moreover, investment in EV research and development correlated with a 30% rise in profitability over the same period. Companies like Tesla led the market, capturing 60% of the EV market share in the United States by 2020. Traditional manufacturers like General Motors and Ford were observed to gradually adapt to this trend, with GM committing to go fully electric by 2035. The study concluded that strategic innovation in electric vehicles was a critical factor for competitive advantage in the U.S. automobile manufacturing industry. Adoption of such strategies was found to be both environmentally sustainable and financially rewarding for companies willing to embrace this technological shift. Keywords: Strategic Innovation, U.S. Automobile Manufacturing, Electric Vehicles, Competitive Advantage, Market Share
本研究考察了战略创新管理在美国汽车制造业中的作用,重点是电动汽车(ev)的开发和部署。该研究利用2010年至2020年的数据,试图了解电动汽车的创新如何为美国制造商的竞争优势做出贡献。我们的分析显示,与没有投资电动汽车技术的公司相比,投资电动汽车技术的公司的市场份额平均增长了25%。此外,电动汽车研发投资与同期盈利能力增长30%相关。像特斯拉这样的公司引领了市场,到2020年占据了美国60%的电动汽车市场份额。据观察,通用汽车(General Motors)和福特(Ford)等传统制造商正在逐渐适应这一趋势,通用汽车承诺到2035年实现全电动化。该研究得出结论,电动汽车的战略创新是美国汽车制造业竞争优势的关键因素。人们发现,采用这种战略既有利于环境的可持续发展,也有利于愿意接受这种技术转变的公司获得经济上的回报。关键词:战略创新,美国汽车制造业,电动汽车,竞争优势,市场份额
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引用次数: 0
Quality Management Practices and Service Delivery: A Case of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa 质量管理实践和服务提供:以东非天主教大学为例
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.53819/81018102t2187
Chai Teresia Wangari
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Transformational Leadership on Digital Innovation and Performance in Large Organizations 变革型领导在大型组织数字创新和绩效中的作用
4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.53819/81018102t2186
Ehud Gachugu
Transformational leadership is a leadership style that emphasizes the importance of inspiring and motivating employees to achieve a common goal. The role of transformational leadership on digital innovation in large organizations is critical. Transformational leaders are able to inspire and motivate their employees to embrace the digital innovation process. They are able to create a vision of the future that is compelling and inspiring. This paper sought to determine the role of transformational leadership on digital innovation and performance in large organizations. The paper adopted a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes. The study was conducted in large organizations. The study finds that role of transformational leadership on digital innovation and performance in large organizations is vital. Transformational leaders have the ability to inspire and motivate their followers to achieve common goals, and this is particularly important in the context of digital innovation and performance. The study concluded that digital innovation has become a critical aspect for large organizations to remain competitive in the rapidly evolving business landscape. As organizations continue to embrace digitalization, there is a growing need for transformational leadership to drive digital innovation initiatives successfully.  The study recommends that leaders should develop a clear vision and strategy for digital innovation that is aligned with the organization's overall objectives. This should be clearly communicated to all stakeholders and employees. The leaders should foster a culture of innovation that encourages experimentation, risk-taking, and creativity. This can be achieved by promoting an environment that rewards new ideas and initiatives. Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Digital Innovation, Performance, Large Organizations
变革型领导是一种领导风格,强调激励和激励员工实现共同目标的重要性。在大型组织中,变革型领导力在数字创新中的作用至关重要。变革型领导者能够激励员工接受数字化创新过程。他们能够创造出令人信服和鼓舞人心的未来愿景。本文试图确定变革型领导在大型组织中对数字创新和绩效的作用。本文采用桌面研究回顾方法,其中相关的实证文献进行了审查,以确定主要主题。这项研究是在大型组织中进行的。研究发现,在大型组织中,变革型领导对数字创新和绩效的作用至关重要。变革型领导者有能力激励他们的追随者实现共同目标,这在数字创新和绩效的背景下尤为重要。该研究的结论是,数字创新已成为大型组织在快速发展的商业环境中保持竞争力的关键方面。随着组织不断接受数字化,越来越需要变革型领导力来成功推动数字化创新计划。该研究建议,领导者应制定与组织总体目标相一致的数字创新清晰愿景和战略。这一点应清楚地传达给所有利益相关者和员工。领导者应该培养一种鼓励实验、冒险和创造的创新文化。这可以通过促进奖励新想法和倡议的环境来实现。关键词:变革型领导,数字化创新,绩效,大型组织
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引用次数: 0
ARE WE THERE OR DO WE HAVE MORE TO DO? METAVERSE IN FACILITY MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 我们做到了吗,还是我们还有更多的事情要做?元宇宙在设施管理中的应用及未来展望
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.19516
Asmae El Jaouhari, Jabir Arif, Ashutosh Samadhiya, Ashok Kumar, Vaidotas Trinkūnas
Businesses are eager to adopt new technologies such as augmented reality, blockchain, extended reality, and artificial intelligence, among others, as they see beneficial applications for strategic empowerment. As one of the technological disruptions, metaverse has caught the attention of the larger business community and facility management (FM) sector. In a world where various virtual realities converge, the hyper-connected digital universe known as the metaverse has the potential to fundamentally alter how FM and business interactions are conducted in the future. More people are spending time conducting business online, increasing the metaverse’s potential. Businesses are also making significant investments in the development of metaverse techniques. This study reviews the current literature to comprehend how metaverse techniques have shaped the building blocks of FM by looking at 206 papers. There is currently a dearth of functional metaverse research. This article aims to provide a thorough analysis of the integration of metaverse techniques for facility management. The review reveals several opportunities for further research into the FM-metaverse ecosystem, including improving data interoperability, enhancing the precision of point cloud data for as-built models of existing facilities, and producing efficient virtual property database integration.
企业渴望采用增强现实、区块链、扩展现实和人工智能等新技术,因为他们看到了战略赋权的有益应用。作为技术颠覆之一,元宇宙已经引起了更大的商业社区和设施管理(FM)部门的注意。在各种虚拟现实融合的世界中,被称为虚拟世界的超连接数字宇宙有可能从根本上改变未来FM和业务交互的方式。越来越多的人花时间在网上做生意,增加了虚拟世界的潜力。企业也在开发虚拟世界技术方面进行了大量投资。本研究回顾了当前的文献,通过查看206篇论文来理解元宇宙技术如何塑造FM的构建模块。目前对功能元宇宙的研究还很缺乏。本文旨在全面分析用于设施管理的元空间技术的集成。该综述揭示了进一步研究FM-metaverse生态系统的几个机会,包括改进数据互操作性,提高现有设施已建成模型的点云数据的精度,以及产生有效的虚拟财产数据库集成。
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引用次数: 0
Aligning Strategic Intelligence and Graduate Employability: A Conceptual Review 调整战略智力和毕业生就业能力:一个概念回顾
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.53819/81018102t4178
D. O. Lawrence
The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for scholars carrying out reviews of research that meet international standards for publication. Conceptualizing the factors that determine graduate employability and how it relates to strategic intelligence. A set of propositions are presented using three themes namely: strategic intelligence, career counselling and skill gap. This is primarily a conceptual paper focusing on the approach of performing systematic reviews. Nevertheless, the paper builds on a database of previously done research in graduate employability, career development, and strategic intelligence. The paper uses narrative examples from empirical reviews to further explain the parts of the conceptual framework drawing from theoretical frameworks of human capital theory and adaptive theory. The study also alludes to specific findings from previous research to demonstrate general trends in how the framework's main aspects have been used in exemplary reviews. The contribution of this paper is to emphasize the importance of students developing strategic intelligence in order to be employable. It is intended that this conceptual framework would give helpful methodological input in enhancing long-standing efforts in graduate employability, and career development discipline to progress knowledge in a more methodical and coherent manner. The paper reveals that foresight and environmental intelligence are proxies for strategic intelligence and when applied to career counselling, they will result in new capacity outcomes that are more suitable to the energy requirements and other sustainable green technologies via university career counsel partnerships with government and industry. It also revealed that, when a student can predict the direction of their desired industry, he or she can develop the necessary skill sets to be employable after graduation. Finally, it found out that the alignment of strategic intelligence and graduate employability helps in recruitment effectiveness and improves efficiency in the entire career ecosystem processes. Apart from undergraduates, the paper proposes a practical framework for universities, graduates, and industry to help produce employable personnel and entrepreneurs, as well as a set of requirements for maintaining employability in a career ecosystem. The paper contributes to theory by integrating strategic intelligence and graduate employability literature by recognizing shared characteristics of fast and continuous learning, as well as foresight. Thus this paper helps to bridge the gaps in respective research agendas. As a result, this research is unique in that it contributes to the advancement of human capital theory, graduate employability, and strategic intelligence. Keywords: Graduate Employability, Strategic Intelligence, Career Counselling, Skill Gap, Education for Sustainable Development
本文的目的是为学者进行符合国际出版标准的研究审查提供一个框架。概念化决定毕业生就业能力的因素以及它与战略情报的关系。通过三个主题提出了一系列命题,即:战略情报、职业咨询和技能差距。这主要是一篇概念性的论文,聚焦于执行系统评审的方法。然而,这篇论文建立在一个数据库的基础上,该数据库包含了先前在毕业生就业能力、职业发展和战略情报方面所做的研究。本文通过实证分析中的叙述性例子,进一步解释了从人力资本理论和适应性理论的理论框架中提取的概念框架的部分。该研究还提到了以前研究的具体发现,以展示框架的主要方面如何用于示范评论的总体趋势。本文的贡献在于强调培养学生的战略智力对于就业的重要性。这一概念框架的目的是提供有益的方法投入,以加强长期以来在毕业生就业能力和职业发展学科方面的努力,以更有条理和连贯的方式发展知识。研究表明,前瞻性和环境智能是战略智能的代理,当应用于职业咨询时,它们将通过与政府和行业的大学职业咨询合作,产生更适合能源需求和其他可持续绿色技术的新能力结果。调查还显示,当一名学生能够预测自己心仪行业的发展方向时,他或她就能培养出毕业后就业所需的技能。最后,研究发现,战略智能和毕业生就业能力的结合有助于提高招聘效果,并提高整个职业生态系统过程的效率。除了本科生之外,本文还为大学、毕业生和行业提出了一个实用框架,以帮助培养可就业的人才和企业家,以及在职业生态系统中保持可就业能力的一系列要求。本文通过整合战略情报和毕业生就业能力文献,认识到快速和持续学习以及远见的共同特征,从而为理论做出贡献。因此,本文有助于弥合各自研究议程的差距。因此,本研究的独特之处在于它对人力资本理论、毕业生就业能力和战略智力的发展做出了贡献。关键词:毕业生就业能力,战略智能,职业咨询,技能差距,可持续发展教育
{"title":"Aligning Strategic Intelligence and Graduate Employability: A Conceptual Review","authors":"D. O. Lawrence","doi":"10.53819/81018102t4178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t4178","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for scholars carrying out reviews of research that meet international standards for publication. Conceptualizing the factors that determine graduate employability and how it relates to strategic intelligence. A set of propositions are presented using three themes namely: strategic intelligence, career counselling and skill gap. This is primarily a conceptual paper focusing on the approach of performing systematic reviews. Nevertheless, the paper builds on a database of previously done research in graduate employability, career development, and strategic intelligence. The paper uses narrative examples from empirical reviews to further explain the parts of the conceptual framework drawing from theoretical frameworks of human capital theory and adaptive theory. The study also alludes to specific findings from previous research to demonstrate general trends in how the framework's main aspects have been used in exemplary reviews. The contribution of this paper is to emphasize the importance of students developing strategic intelligence in order to be employable. It is intended that this conceptual framework would give helpful methodological input in enhancing long-standing efforts in graduate employability, and career development discipline to progress knowledge in a more methodical and coherent manner. The paper reveals that foresight and environmental intelligence are proxies for strategic intelligence and when applied to career counselling, they will result in new capacity outcomes that are more suitable to the energy requirements and other sustainable green technologies via university career counsel partnerships with government and industry. It also revealed that, when a student can predict the direction of their desired industry, he or she can develop the necessary skill sets to be employable after graduation. Finally, it found out that the alignment of strategic intelligence and graduate employability helps in recruitment effectiveness and improves efficiency in the entire career ecosystem processes. Apart from undergraduates, the paper proposes a practical framework for universities, graduates, and industry to help produce employable personnel and entrepreneurs, as well as a set of requirements for maintaining employability in a career ecosystem. The paper contributes to theory by integrating strategic intelligence and graduate employability literature by recognizing shared characteristics of fast and continuous learning, as well as foresight. Thus this paper helps to bridge the gaps in respective research agendas. As a result, this research is unique in that it contributes to the advancement of human capital theory, graduate employability, and strategic intelligence. Keywords: Graduate Employability, Strategic Intelligence, Career Counselling, Skill Gap, Education for Sustainable Development","PeriodicalId":14424,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Strategic Property Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74486662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Corporate Parenting Strategies and Performance: A Conceptual Review 企业育儿策略与绩效:一项概念回顾
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.47672/jsm.1530
C. Adim, D. Emumena
Purpose: The success and performance of corporate entities heavily depend on the strategies adopted by their parent companies. This conceptual review aims to explore the relationship between corporate parenting strategies and organizational performance. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, this review identifies and examines the key components of corporate parenting strategies that influence performance outcomes. The dimensions of corporate parenting are stand-alone influence, linkage influence, central functions and activities and corporate development influence. Performance is measured in terms of sales growth, product quality and innovativeness.  Methodology: A desk research methodology is employed in reviewing extant literature on the conceptualized variables. Finding: From the review of literature, it is concluded that corporate parenting influences performance of subsidiaries. Recommendation: The paper recommends that an empirical study should be carried out using various variables in the conceptual model developed so as to test the validity of the concepts reviewed in this paper.
目的:公司实体的成功和绩效在很大程度上取决于其母公司所采取的战略。本研究旨在探讨企业父母教养策略与组织绩效之间的关系。通过对现有文献的全面分析,本综述确定并检验了影响绩效结果的企业育儿策略的关键组成部分。企业教养的维度为:独立影响、联动影响、中心职能和活动影响、企业发展影响。业绩是根据销售增长、产品质量和创新来衡量的。方法学:案头研究方法学是在审查现有的文献概念化变量。研究发现:从文献回顾来看,公司育儿对子公司绩效有影响。建议:本文建议使用所开发的概念模型中的各种变量进行实证研究,以检验本文所回顾的概念的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
HOW TO MAKE URBAN RENEWAL SUSTAINABLE? PATHWAY ANALYSIS BASED ON FUZZY-SET QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (FSQCA) 如何使市区更新可持续?基于模糊集定性比较分析(fsqca)的路径分析
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.3846/ijspm.2023.19352
Yijing Huang, Wanyue Wei, Fernando A. F. Ferreira
Even though urban renewal has attracted much attention in recent years, relatively few studies focus on the sustainability of urban renewal projects, which is surprising given the associated economic benefits. To fill this gap, we review 31 typical cases of urban renewal in China that have existed for over 10 years and utilize fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to identify causal configurations that lead to a high level of stakeholder satisfaction. Our findings show that: (1) there are four antecedent configurations that lead to the sustainability of urban renewal of urban renewal (these are: ~ preservation of history and culture * differentiation * project reformation * ~ incremental innovation; ~ preservation of history and culture * differentiation * commercial publicity * incremental innovation; preservation of history and culture * commercial publicity * ~ project reformation * incremental innovation; and preservation of history and culture * differentiation * ~ commercial publicity * project reformation * incremental innovation); (2) compared with other conditions, differentiation and incremental innovation play more important roles in the sustainability of urban renewal; and (3) not only the improvement of the environment but also the operation and management of projects should be considered carefully. This paper contributes to urban renewal literature and offers practical suggestions for sustainable urban development.
尽管近年来城市更新备受关注,但关注城市更新项目可持续性的研究相对较少,考虑到相关的经济效益,这一点令人惊讶。为了填补这一空白,我们回顾了中国存在超过10年的31个典型城市更新案例,并利用模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)来识别导致高水平利益相关者满意度的因果配置。研究结果表明:(1)城市更新的可持续性存在4个先行配置,即:历史文化保护*差异化*项目改革*增量创新;~历史文化保护*差异化*商业宣传*增量创新;历史文化保护*商业宣传* ~项目改造*增量创新;与历史文化保护*差异化*商业宣传*项目改造*增量创新);(2)与其他条件相比,差异化和渐进式创新对城市更新的可持续性作用更大;(3)不仅要考虑环境的改善,而且要认真考虑项目的运营和管理。本文对城市更新的相关文献有所贡献,并为城市可持续发展提供切实可行的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Strategic Controls and Organizational Performance in Rwanda. A Case of Duterimbere IMF PLC 卢旺达的战略控制和组织绩效。国际货币基金组织有限责任公司的案例
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.53819/81018102t3096
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引用次数: 0
Self-Efficacy and Sustainability of Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria 尼日利亚石油和天然气公司的自我效能和可持续性
IF 2.7 4区 管理学 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.53819/81018102t4173
Sam Damiebi Achebelema
This study examined the relationship between self-efficacy and sustainability of oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey in its investigation of the variables. Primary source of data was generated through structured questionnaire. The population of the study was eleven (11) indigenous oil and gas companies quoted in Nigeria Exchange Group. The entire population was adopted as a census since the study population was small. Hence, the entire population of 11 indigenous oil and gas companies in Nigeria were adopted as a census. However, the respondents/ participants in the study were two hundred and sixty-four (264) Managers of the 11 indigenous oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The research instrument was validated by my supervisors vetting and approval while the reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between self- efficacy and sustainability of oil and gas companies in Nigeria. Based on the finding, the study concludes that self-efficacy correlates with economic, social and environmental sustainability respectively. Keyword: Self-Efficacy, Sustainability, Economic Sustainability, Social Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability
本研究考察了尼日利亚石油和天然气公司的自我效能与可持续性之间的关系。本研究在变量调查中采用了横断面调查法。数据的主要来源是通过结构化问卷。研究对象为11家在尼日利亚交易所集团上市的本土石油和天然气公司。由于研究人口较少,因此采用整个人口作为人口普查。因此,尼日利亚11家本土石油和天然气公司的全部人口被作为人口普查。然而,该研究的受访者/参与者是尼日利亚11家本土石油和天然气公司的264名经理。本研究仪器经导师审核通过,采用Cronbach Alpha系数,所有项目得分均在0.70以上,实现了仪器的信度。采用Spearman秩序相关系数对假设进行检验。研究结果表明,自我效能感与尼日利亚石油和天然气公司的可持续性之间存在显著关系。在此基础上,本研究得出自我效能感分别与经济、社会和环境可持续性相关的结论。关键词:自我效能感,可持续性,经济可持续性,社会可持续性,环境可持续性
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Strategic Property Management
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